Various Perspective on Religion
Relevant for Sociology Optional for Civil Service Examination.
Relevance : Sociology Paper -1 , Unit – Religion & Society
Various Perspective on Religion
NEO MARXISTS
- Neo-Marxists offer a different perspective on the role of Religion in society compared to traditional Marxists. While Karl Marx viewed religion primarily as a conservative force, some neo-Marxists acknowledge its potential for bringing about radical social change.
- Friedrich Engels: He suggested that religion could act both as a conservative force and a catalyst for challenging the status quo.
- Otto Maduro: he proposed that religious institutions possess a degree of autonomy from the economic base, allowing them to act independently. Maduro further contended that these institutions might become crucial for organizing people towards radical social change, potentially serving as the primary means for such organization.
- Antoniao Gramsci : he saw religion as a tool for cultural dimension of hegemony . It portrays prevailing ideology as common sense , thereby enabling the ruling elite to control the population .
- Bryan Turner, a British sociologist, has explored the relationship between religion and consumerism in his work. While consumerism is often associated with economic and material concerns, Turner delves into the sociological aspects of how consumer culture intersects with religious practices and beliefs.
- One aspect of Turner’s work involves examining how religious symbols, rituals, and identities may be commodified and incorporated into consumer culture. This could include the commercialization of religious symbols in products or the incorporation of religious themes into advertising and marketing strategies.
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- Additionally, Turner explores how consumerism may influence the way individuals engage with religion. In contemporary societies, where consumer culture plays a significant role, religious practices and beliefs might be adapted or influenced by consumerist values and behaviors.
Faith becomes the very basis of rational investigation : Indian Perspective -
- From the Indian perspective faith becomes the very basis of rational investigation. But this faith (Sraddha) is different from that usual idea of faith as mere static visvasa or belief, swallowing everything that is said by any authority without subjecting it to evidential tests.
- We can see the scientific and rational and human aspects of sraddha; and all physical science, all religion, and all human life itself needs this type of sraddha. What does sraddha means in the physical sciences? It means a faith in the meaningfulness of the universe.
- A scientist cannot investigate into nature unless he has a prior feeling that nature is worth investigating. Without that faith he cannot get even the impulse to undertake his scientific inquiry. Viewing faith from the point of view of scientific reason.
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- Additionally, Turner explores how consumerism may influence the way individuals engage with religion. In contemporary societies, where consumer culture plays a significant role, religious practices and beliefs might be adapted or influenced by consumerist values and behaviors.
Reference: Static Portion
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Frequently Asked Questions:
1. Question: Define the term “ethnic movement” and provide an example from India.
Answer: An ethnic movement refers to a collective effort by a group sharing common cultural, linguistic, or religious traits, seeking to assert their identity and rights; an example from India is the Khalistan Movement in Punjab.
2. Question: Identify the main objectives behind the Gorkhaland ethnic movement.
Answer: The Gorkhaland ethnic movement primarily seeks to establish a separate state for India’s Nepali-speaking population in the Darjeeling region, advocating for linguistic and cultural recognition and political autonomy.
3. Question: What was the Operation Blue Star, and which ethnic movement was it related to?
Answer: Operation Blue Star was a military action in 1984, aiming to remove Sikh militants hiding in the Golden Temple in Amritsar; it is related to the Khalistan movement, which sought a separate Sikh country.
4. Question: Mention a critical factor that triggered the emergence of ethnic movements in India, as discussed by Dipankar Gupta.
Answer: Dipankar Gupta emphasized that ethnicity is fundamentally a political process, wherein caste and religion, the key components of identity formation, are politicized by leaders for vested interests.
5. Question: What were the primary reasons for the Assam Ethnicity conflicts involving Bodo tribals and Bengali Muslim settlers?
Answer: The Assam Ethnicity conflicts primarily stemmed from issues related to immigration, land rights, and resource allocation, leading to clashes, riots, and evolving relationships among indigenous communities to address challenges.
6. Question: Briefly describe the role of the Dravidian Movement in terms of caste and societal structure.
Answer: The Dravidian Movement, led notably by E.V. Ramasamy, aimed to establish an egalitarian society, focusing on anti-Brahmanism and advocating for equal rights for backward castes, while also introducing reforms like self-respect marriages.
7. Question: Name the prominent ethnic movements in North-East India and specify one common objective.
Answer: Prominent ethnic movements in North-East India include the Nagas’ and Mizos’ struggles; a common objective was to gain autonomy and recognition for their distinct tribal identities and cultural uniqueness.
8. Question: What is the key argument of Gail Omveldt regarding traditional Indian society and multiculturalism?
Answer: Gail Omveldt opposed romanticizing traditional Indian society, arguing that hierarchy has always dominated it and dismissing the notion that multiculturalism is an intrinsic feature of Indian society as a myth.
9. Question: Briefly explain the social hierarchy factor as a contributing element to ethnic movements as suggested by Olzak.
Answer: Olzak suggests that the construction of hierarchies among ethnic communities, which often leads to the suppression of one group by another, is a key factor that can instigate social and ethnic movements.
10. Question: Identify one consequence of the unequal economic development factor within the context of ethnic movements in India.
Answer: One consequence of unequal economic development is the marginalization and underdevelopment of certain groups, leading to feelings of alienation and sometimes initiating ethnic movements as these groups strive for equality and recognition.
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META TAGS:
Ethnic Movements, ethnic movements in india, ethnic movement in sociology, Punjab Movement, North-East Ethnic Movements, Gorkhaland Movement, Dravidian Movement, Assam Ethnicity, Ethnic Conflicts, Sociopolitical Impact, India, Ethnic Consciousness, Ethnic Rights, Political Crisis, Economic Development, Cultural Disparities, Khalistan Movement, Nagaland, Mizoram, Multiculturalism, Political Economy, Identity Formation, Social Hierarchies, Bodo Tribals, Bengali Muslim Settlers, Anti-Sikh Riots, Operation Blue Star, Unequal Development, Ethnic Violence, Political Mobilization
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