Role in Women Empowerment
Relevant for Sociology Optional for Civil Service Examination.
Sociology Paper -2
Unit 3 : Social Change in India : Vision of Social change in India
Role in Women Empowerment
- Right from the nineteenth century, legislations have been passed to emancipate women from disabilities, which confined their role and lowered their status. With independence, there has been a constitutional commitment to promote justice, liberty and equality. The period after independence witnessed the enactment of a number of laws that sought to apply the principle underlying the constitutional guarantees to the sphere of social life.
- With the acceptance of planning it became evident that if development was to be accelerated, the economy could not afford to ignore the potential for contribution of half the population. Hence efforts were made to involve women in the development process.
Law and social change
- The reform in personal laws governing marriage and inheritance, the labour laws ensuring human conditions of work, maternity benefits and welfare of workers have been some of the measures aimed at removing the disabilities that contributed to the low status of women.
- The policies and programmes of planned socio-economic development attempted positive action to improve and widen opportunities for women to participate in the socio-economic processes of development in a more effective manner.
- The other factor, which sharpened the focus on women’s participation in development, was the change in development theory. The realisation that the benefits of planned process of development do not trickle down automatically to poorer and weaker sections of society stimulated special efforts towards the weaker and exploited sections of society.
- Specially targeted programmes were conceived and implemented along with other measures to raise the rate of growth. Women were identified as one such disadvantaged group to whom special attention needs to be paid. Education, vocational training, health services, family planning, welfare schemes sought to change and improve the conditions of living and mental horizons of women.
Facets of Legal Empowerment:
- Constitutional Safeguards: The constitutional provisions in India, such as Article 14 guaranteeing equality before the law and Article 15 prohibiting sex-based discrimination, lay a foundational groundwork for women’s empowerment. These legal assurances serve as a starting point for addressing gender disparities.
- Specialized Legislation: India has witnessed the enactment of specific laws tailored to address women’s rights concerns, encompassing issues like dowry, domestic violence, sexual harassment, and equitable remuneration. These legal instruments aim to safeguard and advance the rights of women, constituting a pivotal aspect of legal empowerment.
- Evolution of Legal Interpretations: The dynamic interpretation of laws and personal laws over time, notably exemplified in the Maneka Gandhi case, signifies a transformative shift. This evolving legal landscape contributes to the articulation and realization of women’s rights, aligning with constitutional principles.
Reference: Static Portion
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Frequently Asked Questions:
1. Question: Define the term “ethnic movement” and provide an example from India.
Answer: An ethnic movement refers to a collective effort by a group sharing common cultural, linguistic, or religious traits, seeking to assert their identity and rights; an example from India is the Khalistan Movement in Punjab.
2. Question: Identify the main objectives behind the Gorkhaland ethnic movement.
Answer: The Gorkhaland ethnic movement primarily seeks to establish a separate state for India’s Nepali-speaking population in the Darjeeling region, advocating for linguistic and cultural recognition and political autonomy.
3. Question: What was the Operation Blue Star, and which ethnic movement was it related to?
Answer: Operation Blue Star was a military action in 1984, aiming to remove Sikh militants hiding in the Golden Temple in Amritsar; it is related to the Khalistan movement, which sought a separate Sikh country.
4. Question: Mention a critical factor that triggered the emergence of ethnic movements in India, as discussed by Dipankar Gupta.
Answer: Dipankar Gupta emphasized that ethnicity is fundamentally a political process, wherein caste and religion, the key components of identity formation, are politicized by leaders for vested interests.
5. Question: What were the primary reasons for the Assam Ethnicity conflicts involving Bodo tribals and Bengali Muslim settlers?
Answer: The Assam Ethnicity conflicts primarily stemmed from issues related to immigration, land rights, and resource allocation, leading to clashes, riots, and evolving relationships among indigenous communities to address challenges.
6. Question: Briefly describe the role of the Dravidian Movement in terms of caste and societal structure.
Answer: The Dravidian Movement, led notably by E.V. Ramasamy, aimed to establish an egalitarian society, focusing on anti-Brahmanism and advocating for equal rights for backward castes, while also introducing reforms like self-respect marriages.
7. Question: Name the prominent ethnic movements in North-East India and specify one common objective.
Answer: Prominent ethnic movements in North-East India include the Nagas’ and Mizos’ struggles; a common objective was to gain autonomy and recognition for their distinct tribal identities and cultural uniqueness.
8. Question: What is the key argument of Gail Omveldt regarding traditional Indian society and multiculturalism?
Answer: Gail Omveldt opposed romanticizing traditional Indian society, arguing that hierarchy has always dominated it and dismissing the notion that multiculturalism is an intrinsic feature of Indian society as a myth.
9. Question: Briefly explain the social hierarchy factor as a contributing element to ethnic movements as suggested by Olzak.
Answer: Olzak suggests that the construction of hierarchies among ethnic communities, which often leads to the suppression of one group by another, is a key factor that can instigate social and ethnic movements.
10. Question: Identify one consequence of the unequal economic development factor within the context of ethnic movements in India.
Answer: One consequence of unequal economic development is the marginalization and underdevelopment of certain groups, leading to feelings of alienation and sometimes initiating ethnic movements as these groups strive for equality and recognition.
GS Related Practices Questions…
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