linkages between Patriarchy and Honour killing in India

Sociology Optional Mains Paper-1 for UPSC | Year 2023 | Explain the thematic linkages between ‘Patriarchy’ and ‘Honour killing’ in India, citing some recent cases. | Triumph IAS

Explain the thematic linkages between ‘Patriarchy’ and ‘Honour killing’ in India, citing some recent cases.

Section: B.
Sociology Paper 2023 Analysis.
Relevant for Paper-2 :

Systems of Kinship in India: Patriarchy, entitlements and sexual division of labour.

Question- 8 (A): Explain the thematic linkages between ‘Patriarchy’ and ‘Honour killing’ in India, citing some recent cases.
(20 Marks)

Introduction: Briefly explain honour killing

Main Body: Highlight the linkages between patriarchy and honour killing by highlighting the concepts like women as gatekeeper of caste, Hegemonic masculinity, patriarchal bargain , traditional patriarchal authority etc.

Conclusion:Need proper implementation of laws along with change in collective consciousness of patriarchal society


Introduction

  • Honour killing is a form of violence against women committed with the motive of protecting or regaining the honour of the perpetrator, family, or community. Patriarchy and honour killings in India are interconnected through the deeply ingrained social norms and power structures that perpetuate gender inequality.
  • Victims of honour violence are targeted because their actual or perceived behaviour is deemed to be shameful or to violate patriarchal norms. All of these abuses have the same roots, and those roots are patriarchy, misogyny, and inequality.

Main Body
Patriarchy and honour killing thematic linkages

  • Patriarchal bargain and violation of norms: Patriarchy in India operates through a patriarchal bargain, where women are subordinated in exchange for protection and provision. However, when perceived violations of caste and patriarchal norms occur, especially in cases of inter-caste or inter-religious marriages, the patriarchal bargain can break down, leading to extreme consequences such as honour killings.
  • Women as gatekeepers of caste: Leela Dube’s concept of women as gatekeepers of caste implies that women play a crucial role in maintaining caste boundaries and purity. When women are perceived to transgress these norms, it can result in severe consequences, including violence. Recent case of killing of Manoj Babali highlights these aspects.
  • Male violence as a social structure: Sylvia Walby’s assertion that “male violence against women is sufficiently common and repetitive to constitute a social structure” is particularly relevant. Honour killings can be seen as a manifestation of this social structure, where violence against women becomes a normalized and accepted means of enforcing patriarchal and caste-based norms.
    • The Kausalya and Shankar case (2016) in Tamil Nadu highlights the lethal consequences of defying patriarchal norms. Kausalya’s inter-caste marriage provoked a brutal attack by her own family, resulting in Shankar’s murder and Kausalya’s severe injuries
  • Cultural beliefs and practices: Veena Das emphasizes the role of cultural beliefs in perpetuating violence against women. Deep-seated cultural norms that reinforce women’s inferiority contribute to practices such as honour killings. The cultural enslavement of women, seen through practices like dowry and child marriage, creates an environment conducive to violence against women.
  • Gendering of caste in the arena of sexuality: Kalpana Kannaviran’s perspective on the gendering of caste highlights the regulation of female sexuality as a critical aspect. The desire to control and regulate female sexuality contributes to the occurrence of honour killings, particularly when women defy societal expectations regarding their relationships and marriages.
  • Dominance of traditional authority over statutory norms : Uma Chakravorty’s observation that despite liberal legislations, the conditions of women remain unimproved is crucial. Cultural and patriarchal norms often dominate statutory norms, resulting in a disjuncture between legal frameworks and the lived experiences of women facing violence, including honor killings.

Conclusion

Kishwar and Vanita highlight the incompatibility between Indian constitutional law and the prevalent violence against women underscores the need for a comprehensive revaluation of legal frameworks. The clash between sociocultural norms and legal provisions contributes to the persistence of honour killings. Hence better implementation of legal provisions along with the change in collective consciousness based on patriarchal norms is required so that these issues can be solved. 

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