Cyclones
(Relevant for Geography section of General Studies Paper Prelims/Mains)
Cyclones involve swift inward air movement encircling a region of low pressure. In the Northern hemisphere, the airflow follows a counterclockwise path, while in the Southern hemisphere, it adopts a clockwise course.
Typically, cyclones are accompanied by intense storms and adverse weather conditions.
The term “Cyclone” originates from the Greek word “Cyclos,” signifying the coils of a serpent. This term was introduced by Henry Peddington, inspired by the resemblance of tropical storms in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea to coiled sea serpents.
Types of cyclones
There exist two categories of cyclones:
- Tropical cyclones
- Extra Tropical cyclones (also referred to as Temperate cyclones, middle latitude cyclones, Frontal cyclones, or Wave Cyclones).
- The term ‘Tropical Cyclone’ is utilized by the World Meteorological Organisation to encompass weather systems characterized by winds surpassing ‘Gale Force’ (a minimum of 63 km per hour).
- Tropical cyclones emerge within the zone between the Tropics of Capricorn and Cancer. These are extensive weather systems originating over tropical or subtropical waters, where they organize into surface wind patterns.
- Meanwhile, extra tropical cyclones manifest in temperate regions and high latitude areas, although their source can be traced back to the Polar Regions.
Tropical cyclones
Tropical cyclones are fierce storms originating over oceans in tropical regions, subsequently advancing towards coastal areas and inflicting significant devastation due to their violent winds, heavy rainfall, and storm surges.
Tropical Cyclones stand as one of the most catastrophic natural disasters globally.
Tropical cyclones come into existence and gain strength over warm tropical oceans. The conditions conducive to their formation and intensification are as follows:
- Extensive ocean surface with temperatures surpassing 27°C.
- Presence of the Coriolis force.
- Minimal fluctuations in vertical wind speed.
- A pre-existing weak low-pressure zone or low-level cyclonic circulation.
- Upper divergence over the sea-level system.
Stages of Tropical Cyclone Formation: The life cycle of tropical cyclones can be segmented into three stages:
- Formation and Initial Development Stage: The birth and preliminary growth of a cyclonic storm hinge on the transfer of heat and water vapor from the warm ocean to the air above, primarily through ocean surface evaporation. This process leads to the creation of towering vertical cumulus clouds as warm air ascends, condensing above the ocean surface.
- Mature Stage: As a tropical storm strengthens, air ascends vigorously in thunderstorms, spreading out horizontally at the tropopause level. This horizontal expansion generates positive pressure at higher levels, driving descending air through convection. Due to this subsidence, the air warms up through compression, forming a warm ‘Eye’ (low-pressure center). In the Indian Ocean, a mature tropical cyclone exhibits a concentric arrangement of turbulent cumulus thundercloud bands.
- Modification and Decay: A tropical cyclone initiates its weakening process in terms of central low pressure, internal warmth, and high speeds as its supply of warm, moist air diminishes or is abruptly halted. This decrease occurs post-landfall or upon traversing cold waters.
Extra Tropical cyclones
Extratropical cyclones are known by various names, including mid-latitude depressions, temperate cyclones, frontal depressions, and wave cyclones.
These cyclones are active in the mid-latitudinal regions, spanning between 35° and 65° latitude in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Their movement predominantly occurs from west to east, particularly during the winter seasons. Within these latitude bands, the convergence of polar and tropical air masses takes place, resulting in the formation of fronts.
Formation of Extratropical Cyclones:
- The emergence and progression of temperate cyclones find their most suitable explanation in the Polar Front theory.
- According to this theory, humid and warm air masses from the tropics converge with cold and dry air masses from the polar regions, resulting in the creation of a polar front.
- The denser and heavier cold air mass causes the warmer air mass to be lifted upwards.
- This interaction between the cold and warm air masses induces instability, leading to the development of low pressure at the intersection point, especially at its central region.
- This scenario results in the formation of a void due to the reduction in pressure. The surrounding air rushes in to fill this void, and when combined with the Earth’s rotation, a cyclone takes shape.
- Extratropical cyclones stand in contrast to the more intense cyclones or hurricanes in the tropics, which materialize in areas with relatively consistent temperatures.
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