Types of Political Parties in India
Relevant for Sociology Optional for Civil Service Examination.
Sociology Paper -2
Unit 3 : Social Change in India : Politics and Society
Types of Political Parties in India
- Certain specific criteria are given by the Election Commission of India to categorise the political parties as national, state/regional and registered/ unrecognized parties.
- National Party: According to the Election Commission, for being considered as a national party a political party should atleast have one of the following qualifications:
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- It has to win a minimum of two percent of the seats in the Lok Sabha from atleast three different States;
- In general elections, the party must manage to win six per cent of the votes and win at least four Lok Sabha seats;
- It should be recognised as a state-level party in four or more states.
- There are seven national Parties in India: Indian National Congress (INC), Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP), Communist Party of India (CPI), Communist Party of India-Marxist (CPI (M)), Nationalist Congress Party (NCP) and All India Trinamool Congress.
- State Party/Regional Party :
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- Election Commission does not use the concept of regional party. Instead, it uses the notion of state party. However, in academic discourse and general parlance, state and regional parties are used interchangeably. But there are differences in ways the Election Commission and academic discourse define state and regional parties.
- The Election Commission identifies a regional party on the basis of its electoral performance in a number of states. Academic discourse defines a regional or state party in terms of its policies, activities, support-bases and leadership in specific regions or states.
- According to EC, to be considered as state party, a party should have one of the qualifications to be acknowledged as a state party:
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- It must have engaged in political activity for at least five years;
- It must have won either four percent of the seats in a general election or three percent in a state election;
- In addition, it must have had the support of six percent of the votes cast;
- The status of a state party can still be bestowed upon an entity even if it fails to win any seats in the Lok Sabha or the Assembly if it manages to win at least eight per cent of the total votes cast in the entire state.
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- Registered /UnrecognizedParty: Registered party is a party that is neither recognised as a state nor a national party, but it is registered with the election commission. It is also called unrecognised party. At present, there are more than 2000 registered parties in India.
Reference: Static Portion
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Frequently Asked Questions:
1. Question: Define the term “ethnic movement” and provide an example from India.
Answer: An ethnic movement refers to a collective effort by a group sharing common cultural, linguistic, or religious traits, seeking to assert their identity and rights; an example from India is the Khalistan Movement in Punjab.
2. Question: Identify the main objectives behind the Gorkhaland ethnic movement.
Answer: The Gorkhaland ethnic movement primarily seeks to establish a separate state for India’s Nepali-speaking population in the Darjeeling region, advocating for linguistic and cultural recognition and political autonomy.
3. Question: What was the Operation Blue Star, and which ethnic movement was it related to?
Answer: Operation Blue Star was a military action in 1984, aiming to remove Sikh militants hiding in the Golden Temple in Amritsar; it is related to the Khalistan movement, which sought a separate Sikh country.
4. Question: Mention a critical factor that triggered the emergence of ethnic movements in India, as discussed by Dipankar Gupta.
Answer: Dipankar Gupta emphasized that ethnicity is fundamentally a political process, wherein caste and religion, the key components of identity formation, are politicized by leaders for vested interests.
5. Question: What were the primary reasons for the Assam Ethnicity conflicts involving Bodo tribals and Bengali Muslim settlers?
Answer: The Assam Ethnicity conflicts primarily stemmed from issues related to immigration, land rights, and resource allocation, leading to clashes, riots, and evolving relationships among indigenous communities to address challenges.
6. Question: Briefly describe the role of the Dravidian Movement in terms of caste and societal structure.
Answer: The Dravidian Movement, led notably by E.V. Ramasamy, aimed to establish an egalitarian society, focusing on anti-Brahmanism and advocating for equal rights for backward castes, while also introducing reforms like self-respect marriages.
7. Question: Name the prominent ethnic movements in North-East India and specify one common objective.
Answer: Prominent ethnic movements in North-East India include the Nagas’ and Mizos’ struggles; a common objective was to gain autonomy and recognition for their distinct tribal identities and cultural uniqueness.
8. Question: What is the key argument of Gail Omveldt regarding traditional Indian society and multiculturalism?
Answer: Gail Omveldt opposed romanticizing traditional Indian society, arguing that hierarchy has always dominated it and dismissing the notion that multiculturalism is an intrinsic feature of Indian society as a myth.
9. Question: Briefly explain the social hierarchy factor as a contributing element to ethnic movements as suggested by Olzak.
Answer: Olzak suggests that the construction of hierarchies among ethnic communities, which often leads to the suppression of one group by another, is a key factor that can instigate social and ethnic movements.
10. Question: Identify one consequence of the unequal economic development factor within the context of ethnic movements in India.
Answer: One consequence of unequal economic development is the marginalization and underdevelopment of certain groups, leading to feelings of alienation and sometimes initiating ethnic movements as these groups strive for equality and recognition.
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