Determinate’s of Citizenship

Relevant for Sociology Optional for Civil Service Examination.

Relevance : Sociology Paper -1
Unit – Polity & Society

Determinate’s of Citizenship

• Each country establishes its own set of policies, regulations, and criteria to determine who is eligible for its citizenship. Citizenship can be granted based on various grounds, with birthplace often resulting in automatic citizenship, while other cases may require an application process. There are two main types of citizens: natural-born and naturalized.
• Natural-born citizens acquire citizenship either by birth within a country or through blood relations. This category includes individuals who are citizens by virtue of their birth or familial connections to the state. In contrast, naturalized citizens are foreigners who are granted citizenship after fulfilling specific conditions set by the respective country. Those seeking citizenship in a foreign country often need to renounce their original citizenship.
  • • Citizenship by Birth (Jus Sanguinis): If one or both parents are citizens of a given state, the person may have the right to citizenship in that state as well. This type of citizenship, based on blood relations, is not commonly practiced in civil law countries.
    • Born within a Country (Jus Soli): Individuals born within a country are automatically considered citizens. This practice originated in England and is common in common law countries, where being born within the realm confers citizenship.
    • Citizenship by Marriage: Some countries expedite the naturalization process for individuals married to citizens. Regulations are in place to prevent fraudulent marriages, where a citizen marries a non-citizen for payment without the intention of living together.
    • Naturalization: States typically grant citizenship to individuals who have legally entered the country, obtained permits or political asylum, and resided there for a specified period. Naturalization may be subject to conditions such as passing language or cultural knowledge tests, demonstrating good conduct and moral character, pledging allegiance to the new state, and renouncing prior citizenship. Some countries allow dual citizenship without requiring the formal renunciation of other citizenships.
      

• In the international context, a clear distinction exists between aliens and citizens. Citizens enjoy both civil and political rights in their home country, while aliens only have civil rights such as the right to life and religion.

Evolution of concept of citizenship:

• In ancient Greek city-states, citizenship was characterized by a strict division of the population into two classes: citizens and slaves. Citizens, constituting the privileged class, enjoyed both civil and political rights, actively participating in various functions of the state’s civic and political life.
  • Meanwhile, slaves suffered from political and economic disabilities, devoid of such rights.
  • Citizenship in ancient Greece was limited to “free native-born men,” excluding women from these rights.
  • Similarly, ancient Rome followed a comparable pattern where only the wealthy class, known as Patricians, held the privilege of enjoying civil and political rights.
  • Participation in the functions of the state’s civil and political life was exclusive to the Patricians, leaving the rest of the population without such privileges.
  • Civic virtue, derived from the Latin word ‘virtus,’ was emphasized among citizens, encompassing qualities like performing military duty, patriotism, and devotion to duty and the law.

• In medieval times, citizenship was associated with state protection, reflecting the absolute states’ desire to assert authority over their diverse populations. This concept aligned with social contract theorists like Hobbes and Locke, who believed that the sovereign’s primary aim was to protect individual life and property. This understanding of citizenship was passive, as individuals depended on the state for security.
• The French Revolution in 1789 challenged this passive notion of citizenship. In ‘The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen,‘ the citizen was redefined as a free and autonomous individual. This marked a departure from the earlier idea of dependence on the state for security, emphasizing the individual’s freedom and autonomy.
• The modern concept of citizenship aims to reconcile freedom and equality. Efforts are made to eliminate inequalities based on factors such as caste, class, and gender through affirmative action, thereby providing conditions of equality for all citizens. This contemporary understanding seeks to create a more inclusive and balanced approach to citizenship.

Reference: Static Portion

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Frequently Asked Questions:

1. Question: Define the term “ethnic movement” and provide an example from India.

Answer: An ethnic movement refers to a collective effort by a group sharing common cultural, linguistic, or religious traits, seeking to assert their identity and rights; an example from India is the Khalistan Movement in Punjab.

2. Question: Identify the main objectives behind the Gorkhaland ethnic movement.

Answer: The Gorkhaland ethnic movement primarily seeks to establish a separate state for India’s Nepali-speaking population in the Darjeeling region, advocating for linguistic and cultural recognition and political autonomy.

3. Question: What was the Operation Blue Star, and which ethnic movement was it related to?
Answer: Operation Blue Star was a military action in 1984, aiming to remove Sikh militants hiding in the Golden Temple in Amritsar; it is related to the Khalistan movement, which sought a separate Sikh country.

4. Question: Mention a critical factor that triggered the emergence of ethnic movements in India, as discussed by Dipankar Gupta.
Answer: Dipankar Gupta emphasized that ethnicity is fundamentally a political process, wherein caste and religion, the key components of identity formation, are politicized by leaders for vested interests.

5. Question: What were the primary reasons for the Assam Ethnicity conflicts involving Bodo tribals and Bengali Muslim settlers?
Answer: The Assam Ethnicity conflicts primarily stemmed from issues related to immigration, land rights, and resource allocation, leading to clashes, riots, and evolving relationships among indigenous communities to address challenges.

6. Question: Briefly describe the role of the Dravidian Movement in terms of caste and societal structure.
Answer: The Dravidian Movement, led notably by E.V. Ramasamy, aimed to establish an egalitarian society, focusing on anti-Brahmanism and advocating for equal rights for backward castes, while also introducing reforms like self-respect marriages.

7. Question: Name the prominent ethnic movements in North-East India and specify one common objective.
Answer: Prominent ethnic movements in North-East India include the Nagas’ and Mizos’ struggles; a common objective was to gain autonomy and recognition for their distinct tribal identities and cultural uniqueness.

8. Question: What is the key argument of Gail Omveldt regarding traditional Indian society and multiculturalism?
Answer: Gail Omveldt opposed romanticizing traditional Indian society, arguing that hierarchy has always dominated it and dismissing the notion that multiculturalism is an intrinsic feature of Indian society as a myth.

9. Question: Briefly explain the social hierarchy factor as a contributing element to ethnic movements as suggested by Olzak.
Answer: Olzak suggests that the construction of hierarchies among ethnic communities, which often leads to the suppression of one group by another, is a key factor that can instigate social and ethnic movements.

10. Question: Identify one consequence of the unequal economic development factor within the context of ethnic movements in India.
Answer: One consequence of unequal economic development is the marginalization and underdevelopment of certain groups, leading to feelings of alienation and sometimes initiating ethnic movements as these groups strive for equality and recognition.

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GS Related Practices Questions… 

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