What is ageing

Sociology Optional Mains Paper-2 for UPSC | Year 2023 | What is ageing’? Discuss the major problems of aged people in India | Triumph IAS

What is ageing’? Discuss the major problems of aged people in India.

Section: B.
Sociology Paper 2023 Analysis.
Relevant for Paper-2 : POPULATION DYNAMICS

Question- 8 (C): What is ageing’? Discuss the major problems of aged people in India. (10 Marks)

Introduction: Define ageing and data about aged population in India according to census 2011

Main Body: Highlight the problems associated with aged people in India covering aspects like decline in their role and status, discrimination, abuse and ill treatment faced by aged, lack of social security and financial independence, feminisation of ageing, health related issues and lack of trained manpower to help old people lack of functional alternatives like old age homes, alienation and lack of mechanisms boosting active ageing.

Conclusion: Successful ageing as highlighted by Rowe and Khan .

Introduction

Ageing is a natural and inevitable process characterized by the gradual decline in physiological and psychological functions, leading to changes in an individual’s capabilities and appearance over time. The ageing process varies among individuals and is influenced by genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors.

According to the Census of India 2011, the country witnessed a significant increase in the ageing population. The proportion of people aged 60 years and above is 8.6%. This demographic shift poses several challenges for India, as the elderly face a range of problems that impact their well-being and quality of life.

Main Body

  • Decline in Role and Status: The traditional role of elders as respected family leaders and decision-makers is diminishing. With changing societal structures and values, the elderly often find themselves marginalized, leading to a decline in their social standing. This was highlighted by Max Weber when he said age would play lesser role in modern society.
  • Discrimination, Abuse, and Ill-treatment: Loraine Green  has highlighted that Aged individuals are sometimes subjected to discrimination, abuse, and ill-treatment, both within and outside their families. According to Longitudinal Ageing Study of India (LASI) Ill treatment /abuse is faced by 53 per cent of elderly people once in two month.
  • Lack of Social Security and Financial Independence: Many elderly individuals lack adequate social security measures, and financial independence becomes a challenge. The absence of robust pension systems and limited access to healthcare services further exacerbates their vulnerability.
  • Feminization of Ageing: The phenomenon of the feminization of ageing is observed as a higher proportion of elderly individuals are women. Women often face additional challenges due to factors like lower educational attainment, limited economic opportunities during their youth, and gender-based discrimination.
  • Health-related Issues: Ageing is often accompanied by various health issues, including chronic diseases, cognitive decline, and mental health disorders. Access to affordable and quality healthcare services becomes crucial for maintaining the health and well-being of the elderly.
  • Institutional ageism: Institutional ageism is systematic discrimination against the elderly by institutions. These may either be organisations specifically dedicated to elderly care or social institutions more generally such as workplaces.
  • Lack of Trained Manpower: There is a shortage of trained caregivers and healthcare professionals to cater to the specific needs of the elderly. This shortage adds to the challenges faced by the aged population in accessing adequate support and care.
  • Lack of Functional Alternatives like Old Age Homes: The concept of old age homes as an alternative living arrangement is still not widely accepted in India. Additionally, the availability and quality of such facilities are limited, leaving many elderly without viable options for living arrangements.
  • Empty Nest Syndrome:  it refers to the feelings of sadness, loneliness, and grief that parents may experience when their children leave home to live independently. As households increasingly transition into spaces occupied solely by elderly couples, the vulnerability of these individuals to criminal activities, such as robbery, becomes a pressing concern
  • Alienation and Lack of Mechanisms for Active Ageing: Elderly individuals often face social alienation, as changing lifestyles and urbanization can disrupt traditional community structures. Lack of mechanisms to promote active ageing, such as recreational programs, further contributes to feelings of isolation and loneliness.

Conclusion

Rowe and Khan talk about successful ageing, which is free from disease, unrestricted physical and cognitive activity and active ageing. It requires special motivation mobilisation from the government with developing the adaptational capacities.  This can be achieved through strengthening the social security network, providing adequate infrastructure, and promoting intergenerational caregiving and support.

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