Relevant for Sociology Optional for Civil Service Examination.
Relevance : Sociology Paper -1 , Unit 9- System Of Kinship
Theories of Change: From Joint to Nuclear
The structure of the family has undergone significant transformations due to the influence of economic, cultural, and political changes. Various theorists have sought to elucidate these changes:
- Evolutionary Theories:
- The evolutionary theory, encapsulated in Maine’s work “Ancient Law” (1861), proposes a transition from a status-oriented marriage, centered on family and kin, to an individual choice-oriented contract. This transition is linked to the emergence of the nuclear family, as the joint family, based on kin relations, gives way to the conjugal or nuclear family.
- Social evolution, driven by structural differentiation, leads to the emergence of specialized institutions such as schools, workplaces, and hospitals, taking over functions traditionally performed by the family and facilitating the formation of nuclear families.
- Theory of Nuclearization – From Joint to Nuclear:
- The genesis of family nuclearization theories can be traced to the industrial revolution, where modernization impacts family structures.
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- Nuclearization is considered an outcome of industrialization and urbanization, leading to the decline of traditional joint families and the rise of single conjugal families known as nuclear families.
- Sociologists like Talcott Parsons and Goode argue that the growth of modern industrial society has given rise to the “isolated nuclear family,” structurally separated from larger kinship networks.
- Engels proposes that the monogamous nuclear family emerged with the development of private property and state institutions, aiming to control female sexuality and ensure legitimate progeny.
- Joint-Nuclear Continuum: Contrary to the nuclearization theory, Indian sociologists argue for viewing nuclear and joint family systems on a continuum.
- Families in urban areas, even after physically separating from joint families, maintain ties to their extended family in villages or towns. Kinship orientation and the joint family ethic persist, evident in participation in events like births, marriages, and deaths.
- The joint family, according to scholars like K.M. Kapadia and M.N. Srinivas, remains integral, even with the impact of industrialization and urbanization.
- M. Shah challenges the assumptions of evolutionary theories, asserting that industrialization, urbanization, and modernization increase the size of households in both rural and urban India, without leading to a decline in joint family values.
Indian sociologists propose a joint-nuclear continuum, arguing that these family structures coexist and represent stages in a developmental cycle. Family dynamics, influenced by fission and fusion, suggest that family structure evolves cyclically, with death and partition leading from joint to nuclear and marriage and birth expanding from nuclear to joint. The nuclear family, then, is a stage in a cycle that includes other types of family units.
Reference: Static Portion
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Frequently Asked Questions:
1. Question: Define the term “ethnic movement” and provide an example from India.
Answer: An ethnic movement refers to a collective effort by a group sharing common cultural, linguistic, or religious traits, seeking to assert their identity and rights; an example from India is the Khalistan Movement in Punjab.
2. Question: Identify the main objectives behind the Gorkhaland ethnic movement.
Answer: The Gorkhaland ethnic movement primarily seeks to establish a separate state for India’s Nepali-speaking population in the Darjeeling region, advocating for linguistic and cultural recognition and political autonomy.
3. Question: What was the Operation Blue Star, and which ethnic movement was it related to?
Answer: Operation Blue Star was a military action in 1984, aiming to remove Sikh militants hiding in the Golden Temple in Amritsar; it is related to the Khalistan movement, which sought a separate Sikh country.
4. Question: Mention a critical factor that triggered the emergence of ethnic movements in India, as discussed by Dipankar Gupta.
Answer: Dipankar Gupta emphasized that ethnicity is fundamentally a political process, wherein caste and religion, the key components of identity formation, are politicized by leaders for vested interests.
5. Question: What were the primary reasons for the Assam Ethnicity conflicts involving Bodo tribals and Bengali Muslim settlers?
Answer: The Assam Ethnicity conflicts primarily stemmed from issues related to immigration, land rights, and resource allocation, leading to clashes, riots, and evolving relationships among indigenous communities to address challenges.
6. Question: Briefly describe the role of the Dravidian Movement in terms of caste and societal structure.
Answer: The Dravidian Movement, led notably by E.V. Ramasamy, aimed to establish an egalitarian society, focusing on anti-Brahmanism and advocating for equal rights for backward castes, while also introducing reforms like self-respect marriages.
7. Question: Name the prominent ethnic movements in North-East India and specify one common objective.
Answer: Prominent ethnic movements in North-East India include the Nagas’ and Mizos’ struggles; a common objective was to gain autonomy and recognition for their distinct tribal identities and cultural uniqueness.
8. Question: What is the key argument of Gail Omveldt regarding traditional Indian society and multiculturalism?
Answer: Gail Omveldt opposed romanticizing traditional Indian society, arguing that hierarchy has always dominated it and dismissing the notion that multiculturalism is an intrinsic feature of Indian society as a myth.
9. Question: Briefly explain the social hierarchy factor as a contributing element to ethnic movements as suggested by Olzak.
Answer: Olzak suggests that the construction of hierarchies among ethnic communities, which often leads to the suppression of one group by another, is a key factor that can instigate social and ethnic movements.
10. Question: Identify one consequence of the unequal economic development factor within the context of ethnic movements in India.
Answer: One consequence of unequal economic development is the marginalization and underdevelopment of certain groups, leading to feelings of alienation and sometimes initiating ethnic movements as these groups strive for equality and recognition.
GS Related Practices Questions…
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