Make in India: Story of Success and Challenges

Make in India: Story of Success and Challenges | Sociology Optional Coaching | Vikash Ranjan Classes | Triumph IAS | UPSC Sociology Optional

When considering the array of 51 optional subjects for the UPSC Mains Examination, Sociology consistently stands out as a top choice. Its inherent appeal lies in its accessibility and intriguing exploration of humanity and society, catering even to students from Science and Commerce backgrounds. With a well-defined UPSC sociology syllabus comprising only 13 units, Sociology can be comprehensively covered within 4 to 5 Month Comprehensive “Foundation to Finale” Classroom Programme, Many of Our Sociology Foundation Course Students have Cleared CSE 2023- Kajal Singh, First Attempt (Age 22) Mahi Sharma, First Mains (Age 23), Anand Sharma First Mains and Many Others. Previously also Many students like IAS Pradeep Singh, IAS Ashish, IPS Bindu Madhav, IPS Aparna Gautam, IPS Shahnaz Illyas got Success in CSE in First Attempt with Sociology Optional.

IAS Medha Anand, has get 310 marks in her optional subject sociology, 156 in paper – 1 & 154 marks in Paper-2 in CSE 2023. Notably, Sociology for UPSC has garnered a reputation as one of the Highest scoring optional subjects in the UPSC Main Examination, with numerous candidates consistently achieving 300+. Its popularity is evident in the fact that a significant proportion of top 100 rankers opt for Sociology as their optional subject, showcasing its high scoring potential, particularly for those not from sociology backgrounds. Moreover, relevance of Sociology Optional Syllabus for UPSC extends beyond the examination hall, enriching understanding across various aspects of life, from social and economic to political and cultural domains. In recent times, Sociology Optional has gained traction, aligning with the evolving trend of the UPSC Mains towards conceptual analysis. Unlike other optional subjects with unpredictable question patterns, Sociology offers stability and predictability, making it an attractive choice. This adaptability, coupled with its concise syllabus and relevance to both academic and social spheres, positions Sociology as the ideal optional subject for engineers as well as optional subject for commerce graduates and optional subject for  science graduates seeking success in the Civil Services Examination. For those pursuing Sociology as an optional subject, accessing comprehensive Sociology optional notes and few good Sociology optional books, and previous years’ UPSC sociology optional question papers is pivotal for thorough preparation. Additionally, for aspirants seeking guidance, renowned  educator Vikash Ranjan Sir at TRIUMPH IAS coaching institutes in Delhi, offer valuable support and resources. Vikash Ranjan Sir is the Best Sociology Teacher and Triumph IAS is the
best sociology coaching in Delhi. If you are away from Old Rajendra Nagar, Delhi, you can still complete Journey of UPSC civil service preparation through online Sociology class The scientific nature of Sociology, coupled with its direct applicability to daily social interactions, renders it a subject that can be comprehended without extensive reference materials, distinguishing it from other optional subjects requiring extensive reading and research.

Make in India: Story of Success and Challenges

Relevant for Civil Services Examination

GS Paper-3

(Growth and Prelims)

Make in India: Story of Success and Challenges

The “Make in India” initiative was launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on September 25, 2014, with the aim of transforming India into a global manufacturing hub. As the program marks its 10th anniversary this year, it is crucial to assess both the achievements and challenges that have emerged over the past decade.

Objectives of Make in India

  • Boost Manufacturing: The initiative aims to increase manufacturing sector growth to 12-14% per year, create 100 million additional jobs by 2022, and raise the sector’s contribution to GDP to 25% by 2025.
  • Global Competitiveness: It seeks to enhance India’s global competitiveness by attracting foreign direct investment (FDI), modernizing infrastructure, and streamlining bureaucratic procedures.
  • Focus Sectors: Initially targeting 25 sectors, including automobiles, textiles, electronics, pharmaceuticals, defense manufacturing, and renewable energy, the program now covers 27 sectors under the “Make in India 2.0” phase, driving significant progress with renewed focus.
  • The initiative is designed to reshape India’s economic trajectory and create employment opportunities for the country’s vast young workforce.

Main components  of ‘Make in India’

  • New Processes: The initiative emphasized ‘Ease of Doing Business’ as vital for fostering entrepreneurship. It introduced streamlined procedures, simplified regulations, and minimized bureaucratic hurdles to improve the business environment for both startups and established enterprises.
  • New Infrastructure: The government focused on developing industrial corridors and smart cities, equipped with advanced technology, high-speed communication, and world-class infrastructure to support industrial growth. It also worked to strengthen intellectual property rights (IPR) infrastructure.
  • New Sectors: The program opened various sectors to Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), encouraging greater participation from global investors.
  • New Mindset: The government adopted a facilitator role rather than a regulator, forming partnerships with industry to accelerate the country’s economic development.

key Initiatives taken under 10 Years of Make in India

  • Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme:
    The PLI scheme was introduced to boost domestic manufacturing and reduce reliance on imports, aligning with India’s vision of becoming ‘Atmanirbhar’ (self-reliant). Its primary objectives are to attract significant investments, integrate advanced technology, and enhance operational efficiency.

    Covering 14 sectors, including electronics, solar panels, and pharmaceuticals, it aims to create large-scale manufacturing ecosystems. The scheme was launched with an incentive outlay of ₹1.97 lakh crore, with ₹1.23 lakh crore in investments realized by March 2024.
  • PM Gati Shakti:
    Launched in October 2021, PM Gati Shakti aims to build multimodal and last-mile connectivity infrastructure, supporting India’s goal of becoming a US$5 trillion economy by 2025. It is driven by seven key sectors: Railways, Roads, Ports, Waterways, Airports, Mass Transport, and Logistics Infrastructure. The government has also focused on developing industrial corridors such as the Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor (DMIC) and the Bengaluru-Mumbai Economic Corridor (BMEC).
  • Semiconductor Ecosystem Development:
    The Semicon India Programme, with an outlay of ₹76,000 crore, was launched to develop a sustainable semiconductor and display ecosystem. Notable projects, like Tata’s joint venture with Taiwan’s Powerchip in Dholera, have emerged from this initiative.
  • National Logistics Policy:
    Launched in September 2022, this policy aims to improve logistics efficiency and cut costs, with the goal of placing India among the top 25 in the Logistics Performance Index by 2030.
  • Boost in FDI:
    Numerous reforms have been made to facilitate Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), including raising the FDI cap in crucial sectors like defense (from 26% to 74%), insurance, and railways. These reforms have led to a steady increase in FDI, with $84 billion received in 2021-22, making India a leading global FDI destination.
  • Skill Development Initiatives:
    To meet the growing demand for skilled labor, the government launched programs like Skill India and the Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY), training millions of youths across the country.
  • Startup India:
    Launched to foster a thriving startup ecosystem, Startup India aims to transform India from a nation of job seekers into a nation of job creators. As of September 25, 2024, India boasts the world’s third-largest startup ecosystem, with 148,931 DPIIT-recognized startups creating over 15.5 lakh direct jobs.
  • Tax Reforms:
    The implementation of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) on July 1, 2017, simplified the tax system, reducing production costs and enhancing the competitiveness of local manufacturing.
  • Unified Payments Interface (UPI):
    India’s UPI has become a global leader in digital payments, processing transactions worth nearly ₹81 lakh crore between April and July 2024 alone.

Major achievements

  • Vaccines: India produces nearly 60% of the world’s vaccines, meaning that one in every two vaccines globally is proudly manufactured in the country. India not only achieved COVID-19 vaccination coverage in record time but also emerged as a key exporter of essential life-saving vaccines.
  • Rise in Mobile Manufacturing: India has become the second-largest mobile phone manufacturer in the world. The number of mobile manufacturing units in the country has grown from just two in 2014 to over 200 today, producing 99% of the mobile phones used domestically. Mobile exports surged from ₹1,556 crore to ₹1.2 lakh crore in 2024.
  • Defence Manufacturing: India has made significant advancements in defence production, particularly in decreasing imports. For instance, Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) and other domestic manufacturers are now producing vital military equipment such as fighter jets and submarines. In 2023-24, defence production reached ₹1.27 lakh crore, with exports going to over 90 countries, demonstrating India’s growing capabilities in this crucial sector.
  • Semiconductor and Chip Manufacturing: The semiconductor industry, which was previously underdeveloped, has attracted investments totaling ₹1.5 lakh crore, with five semiconductor fabrication plants planned. These facilities are expected to have a combined daily capacity of 7 crore chips.
  • Railway Infrastructure: The Vande Bharat Trains, India’s first indigenous semi-high-speed trains, exemplify the success of the ‘Make in India’ initiative. These trains feature state-of-the-art coaches, providing passengers with a modern and enhanced travel experience.
  • Renewable Energy Growth: India has become the fourth-largest producer of renewable energy in the world. The country’s capacity has surged from 76.38 gigawatts (GW) in 2014 to an impressive 203.1 GW in 2024.
  • Steel Production: India has transitioned to being a net exporter of finished steel, with production increasing by 50%. This growth is a direct result of policy efforts aimed at building domestic capacity.
  • Automobile Industry Growth: India has established itself as a global leader in automotive manufacturing, particularly in two-wheelers and electric vehicles (EVs). The EV market, valued at $3 billion, has experienced substantial growth since 2014, contributing to the country’s sustainable mobility objectives.

Challenges faced by Make in India program during last 10 years

  • Slowing Growth Rate: According to the National Accounts Statistics (NAS), the growth rate of real gross value added (GVA) in manufacturing has decreased from 8.1% during 2001-12 to 5.5% during 2012-23.
  • Lagging Manufacturing Share in GDP: The manufacturing sector’s share of GDP has remained stagnant at 17%-18% over the past three decades, though it is slightly higher in the latest GDP figures due to methodological changes. This is still far from the target of 25%.
  • Limited Job Creation: The increase in output has not been accompanied by a corresponding rise in employment. According to the NSSO sample surveys, manufacturing employment dropped from 12.6% in 2011-12 to 11.4% in 2022-23. Meanwhile, agriculture’s share of the workforce rose from 42.5% in 2018-19 to 45.8% in 2022-23. Surveys of unincorporated sector enterprises reveal that employment in the unorganized or informal sector manufacturing still constitutes the majority of jobs, although it decreased from 38.8 million in 2015-16 to 30.6 million by 2022-23.
  • Exports: India’s exports as a percentage of GDP have declined from 25.2% in 2013-14 to 22.7% in 2022-23. Although India’s contribution to global exports has increased, it has done so at a sluggish pace. In 2005-06, India accounted for 1% of global exports, which rose to 1.6% by 2015-16. However, by 2022-23, this figure only reached 1.8%, indicating a significantly modest increase.

Reason behind challanges

  • Supply Chain and Infrastructure Bottlenecks: Despite advancements in industrial corridors and infrastructure projects, certain regions continue to face challenges such as inadequate logistics, poor connectivity, and inefficient supply chains.
  • Complexity in the Regulatory Environment: Although some reforms have simplified processes, bureaucratic obstacles and delays in approvals persist in specific sectors, creating difficulties for businesses.
  • Overdependence on Imports: Many critical components, particularly in high-tech industries like electronics and semiconductors, remain heavily reliant on imports, hindering India’s self-sufficiency in key areas. Additionally, the trade imbalance has been increasing from 2020-21 to 2023-24.
  • High Logistics Costs: The logistics costs in India are significantly higher, accounting for 13% to 14% of GDP, compared to 8% to 9% in developed economies like the USA. These elevated logistics costs diminish the competitiveness of “Made in India” products in global markets.
  • Research and Development (R&D): The India Innovation Index 2021 indicates that overall spending on R&D in India is relatively low, accounting for less than 1% of GDP. Moreover, there are no additional provisions for R&D in emerging sectors. The best talent in the country often migrates abroad, contributing to a brain drain.

What can be done?

  • Research and Development (R&D): India should focus on investment-driven growth and technological advancement. This effort must be supported by domestic R&D to encourage adaptive research and the localization of imported technology.
  • Finance: There is a need for publicly funded development finance institutions, or “policy banks,” to provide affordable long-term credit. This approach will help mitigate the risks associated with learning and advancing toward the technological frontier.
  • Deepening Domestic Value Chains: India should establish backward linkages in manufacturing sectors such as electronics and automotive by fostering the domestic production of essential components and raw materials.
  • Enhancing Innovation and R&D: A stronger emphasis on research and development (R&D) is crucial, particularly in fields like semiconductors, electric vehicles, and clean energy. Establishing R&D hubs and offering increased tax incentives for innovation will be beneficial.

Strengthening Skill Development: Expanding the range and depth of skill development programs, particularly in digital and high-tech skills, will better equip India’s workforce to meet the demands of modern industries.


The End of the Blog: Make in India: Story of Success and Challenges

After Class Doubts Session of Students
with Vikash Ranjan Sir


Frequently Asked Questions by
UPSC Sociology Optional Students

How to prepare for the Sociology Optional without coaching?

Understand the syllabus thoroughly: Familiarize yourself with the entire syllabus for both Paper I and Paper II. Download the official UPSC syllabus and use it as your roadmap. You can attend Sociology Orientation Lectures by Vikash Ranjan sir  on YouTube

Build a strong foundation: Start with introductory textbooks and NCERT books to grasp core sociological concepts. You can start with Introduction to Sociology books

Choose reliable study materials: Select high-quality textbooks, reference books, and online resources recommended by experts. You can opt for Vikash Ranjan Sir Notes too.

Develop a study schedule: Create a realistic and consistent study schedule that allocates dedicated time for each topic. Stick to it and track your progress.

Take notes effectively: Don’t just passively read. Summarize key points, create mind maps, or use other note-taking techniques to aid understanding and revision.

Practice answer writing: Regularly write answers to past year question papers and model questions. Focus on clarity, structure, and critical thinking. Evaluate your answers for improvement.

Seek guidance: You can take free Mentorship on Sociology Optional preparation by Vikash Ranjan sir. Connect with Vikash Ranjan sir (7303615329) to share strategies, ask questions, and stay motivated.  

Can I prepare for Sociology Optional without coaching?

Absolutely! Many aspirants successfully clear the exam through self-study. However coaching can provide structure and guidance, for time bound preparation.

What are the benefits of preparing without coaching?

Cost-effective: Coaching can be expensive, and self-study allows you to manage your resources efficiently.

Flexibility: You can tailor your study plan to your individual needs and pace.

Independence: You develop critical thinking and research skills, valuable assets for your career.

What are the challenges of preparing without coaching?

Discipline and motivation: You need self-discipline to stay on track and motivated without external guidance. Coaching and Teacher keeps you motivated.

Access to resources: You may need to do extra research to find quality study materials and answer-writing practice opportunities. Teacher help you on this respect.

Doubt clearing: You might lack immediate access to someone to address your doubts and questions. Teacher like Vikash Ranjan sir is accessible to his students 24×7   Mo- 7303615329

What additional resources can help me?

Vikash Ranjan Sir’s YouTube channel and website: Offers free Sociology lectures, study materials, and guidance.

Triumph IAS website: Provides past year question papers, model answers, and other helpful resources.

Public libraries and online databases: Utilize these resources for access to relevant books, journals, and academic articles. 


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