Table of Contents

A glimpse at 4^th anniversary: Revocation of Article 370

(Relevant for General Studies Paper Prelims/Mains)

As the 4th anniversary of the abrogation of Article 370 from the Indian Constitution, which granted temporary special status to the former state of Jammu & Kashmir (now divided into the Union Territories of Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh), is marked, the Union Home Minister asserted that Article 370 had contributed to corruption and secessionist tendencies. He emphasized that the elimination of this article was crucial to putting an end to terrorism in the region.

Signs of Peace and Security in J&K After Abrogation of the Article

Enhanced security measures and actions carried out by central agencies such as the NIA have resulted in a reduction in occurrences of stone pelting.
There has been a notable decrease in instances of stone-pelting: 76 recorded from January to July 2021, a significant drop from 222 in 2020 and 618 in 2019 within the same time frame.
The number of injuries sustained by security personnel has seen a decline, going from 64 in 2019 to just 10 in 2021.
Civilian injuries stemming from the use of pellet guns and baton charges have also witnessed a decrease, plummeting from 339 cases in 2019 to 25 cases in 2021.
The overall law and order situation in Jammu & Kashmir has seen improvement, with only 20 law and order incidents recorded in 2022.
The administration has initiated a range of development initiatives in Jammu & Kashmir, encompassing aspects like road and railway connectivity, healthcare and education infrastructure, bolstering tourism and heritage preservation, promoting sports and fostering youth empowerment.
Within the framework of the Prime Minister’s Development Package (PMDP) for Jammu & Kashmir, a total of 54 projects have been approved by the government.
Furthermore, the implementation of several flagship schemes of the central government has been underway in Jammu & Kashmir, encompassing programs such as Ayushman Bharat, Ujjwala Yojana, PM Kisan Samman Nidhi, and PM Awas Yojana.
Notably, the Ayushman Bharat initiative has registered over 21 lakh beneficiaries and facilitated more than 1.5 lakh individuals in accessing free medical treatment within the region.
In a bid to spotlight the region’s potential as an attractive location for tourism and investments, the government played host to the G20 Tourism Working Group gathering in Srinagar. This event marked a significant stride towards integrating Jammu & Kashmir with the rest of the country and the global community.
Furthermore, various business conferences have been organized by the government to encourage investment and boost industrial growth within the region.
Notably, in June 2022, a Global Investors Summit was held in Jammu & Kashmir, drawing participation from over 200 domestic and international companies. This event showcased multiple sectors and investment prospects, including agriculture, horticulture, handicrafts, tourism, IT, and renewable energy.
These initiatives underscore the government’s steadfast commitment to invigorate Jammu & Kashmir’s economy and livelihood opportunities. They have also succeeded in transforming the global perception of the region, turning it into a symbol of peace and prosperity rather than one of conflict.
The government took a historic step by organizing the inaugural district development council (DDC) elections in December 2020, which saw an impressive voter turnout of 51.42%.
Additionally, amendments were made to the Jammu and Kashmir Panchayati Raj Act, 1989 to introduce reserved seats for women, scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, and backward classes in panchayats.
A comprehensive delimitation process was also initiated by the government to redraw assembly and parliamentary constituency boundaries in Jammu & Kashmir based on the latest census data.

Developments in the UT of Ladakh:

In the wake of the Article 370 abrogation, a series of development undertakings have been launched in the Union Territory of Ladakh, aimed at enhancing its infrastructure, education, healthcare, employment opportunities, and governance mechanisms. A few noteworthy endeavours include:
The administration has expedited progress on crucial infrastructure projects including: The Zojila tunnel, a venture poised to establish uninterrupted all-season connectivity between Srinagar and Leh. Expansion of the Leh airport, a move set to augment passenger capacity and facilitate a greater number of flights to and from Ladakh.
Substantial enhancements have been made to the telecommunication network within Ladakh. This encompasses the installation of fiber-optic cables and the setup of solar-powered communication towers, thereby extending internet and mobile services even to the remotest villages.
A pivotal stride involves the provision of employment-oriented skill development training to over 75,000 young individuals residing in Ladakh.
Prominent educational institutions are also being established in Ladakh, including a fresh medical college, an engineering college, and a National Skill Training Institute.
The establishment of a Hill Council for the Kargil district has been initiated, serving as a vehicle to ensure local representation and a measure of self-governance.
In pursuit of robust grassroots democratic practices, the organization of local elections has taken place for both panchayats and urban local bodies in Ladakh. This initiative bolsters the principles of democracy at the community level.

Challenges UTs of J&K and Ladakh are Still Facing

A surge in deliberate assassinations, especially targeting Kashmiri Hindus and non-Kashmiris like migrant laborers, has been observed.
More than half of civilian fatalities since August 5, 2019, have occurred within the last eight months. Low-cost drones from across the border have been deployed to carry out targeted killings by dropping small firearms.
Instances of crimes against women and children have witnessed an escalation. Over 5,000 individuals were detained as a preemptive measure to forestall protests against the events of August 5 and 9, 2019. Several journalists and human rights advocates have been incarcerated for voicing opposing viewpoints.
Militant activities have resurged in the Pir Panjal region, which had witnessed a decline over the past 15 years. The count of casualties among CRPF troops has shown a notable increase since 2019.
Challenges persist, such as land dispossession, discontinuation of cross-border trade, and the decline of local enterprises. Legislative elections have been deferred for a span of five years since the abrogation of the Article.
Ladakh, in terms of infrastructure, education, health, employment, and governance, trails behind other parts of India. The region contends with issues of inadequate connectivity, low literacy rates, elevated mortality rates, restricted opportunities, and frail institutions.
The inhabitants of Ladakh maintain a unique cultural identity that draws influences from Tibetan, Balti, Dardic, Mongoloid, and Indo-Aryan elements.
They possess distinct languages, scripts, customs, festivals, artistic expressions, and craftsmanship. Amidst the currents of modernization and globalization, they aspire to safeguard and promote their cultural heritage.

To ensure a prosperous future for the region’s inhabitants while safeguarding its unity, a multifaceted strategy is essential. This strategy should encompass various aspects such as economic advancement, inclusive governance, security measures, preservation of cultural heritage, and skillful diplomacy.

Article 370, Jammu & Kashmir, Ladakh, development, security, governance, peace, cultural heritage, G20 Tourism Working Group, infrastructure, challenges, economic growth, grassroots democracy, Ayushman Bharat, PMDP, global perception, Zojila tunnel, skill development, grassroots democracy, Best Sociology Optional Coaching, Sociology Optional Syllabus,

Sociology Optional Syllabus

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Instructional Format:

Each class session is scheduled for a duration of two hours.
At the conclusion of each lecture, an assignment will be distributed by Vikash Ranjan Sir for Paper-I & Paper-II coverage.

Study Material:

A set of printed booklets will be provided for each topic. These materials are succinct, thoroughly updated, and tailored for examination preparation.
A compilation of previous years’ question papers (spanning the last 27 years) will be supplied for answer writing practice.
Access to PDF versions of toppers’ answer booklets will be available on our website.
Post-course, you will receive two practice workbooks containing a total of 10 sets of mock test papers based on the UPSC format for self-assessment.

Additional Provisions:

In the event of missed classes, video lectures will be temporarily available on the online portal for reference.
Daily one-on-one doubt resolution sessions with Vikash Ranjan Sir will be organized post-class.

Syllabus of Sociology Optional

Paper-1

FUNDAMENTALS OF SOCIOLOGY

Sociology – The Discipline
Sociology as Science:
Research Methods and Analysis:
Sociological Thinkers:
Stratification and Mobility:
Works and Economic Life:
1. Social organization of work in different types of society- slave society, feudal society, industrial /capitalist society
2. Formal and informal organization of work.
3. Labour and society.
Politics and Society:
1. Sociological theories of power.
2. Power elite, bureaucracy, pressure groups, and political parties.
3. Nation, state, citizenship, democracy, civil society, ideology.
4. Protest, agitation, social movements, collective action, revolution.
Religion and Society:
1. Sociological theories of religion.
2. Types of religious practices: animism, monism, pluralism, sects, cults.
3. Religion in modern society: religion and science, secularization, religious revivalism, fundamentalism.
Systems of Kinship:
1. Family, household, marriage.
2. Types and forms of family.
3. Lineage and descent.
4. Patriarchy and sexual division of labour.
5. Contemporary trends.
Social Change in Modern Society:
1. Sociological theories of social change.
2. Development and dependency.
3. Agents of social change.
4. Education and social change.
5. Science, technology and social change.

Paper-2

INDIAN SOCIETY: STRUCTURE AND CHANGE

INTRODUCING INDIAN SOCIETY

Perspectives on the study of Indian society:
1. Indology (GS. Ghurye).
2. Structural functionalism (M N Srinivas).
3. Marxist sociology (A R Desai).
Impact of colonial rule on Indian society :
1. Social background of Indian nationalism.
2. Modernization of Indian tradition.
3. Protests and movements during the colonial period.
4. Social reforms.

SOCIAL STRUCTURE

Perspectives on the study of Indian society:
1. The idea of Indian village and village studies.
2. Agrarian social structure – evolution of land tenure system, land reforms.
Caste System:
1. Perspectives on the study of caste systems: GS Ghurye, M N Srinivas, Louis Dumont, Andre Beteille.
2. Features of caste system.
3. Untouchability – forms and perspectives.
Tribal communities in India
1. Definitional problems.
2. Geographical spread.
3. Colonial policies and tribes.
4. Issues of integration and autonomy.
Social Classes in India:

1. Agrarian class structure.

- - Industrial class structure.
  - Middle classes in India.
Systems of Kinship in India:
1. Lineage and descent in India.
2. Types of kinship systems.
3. Family and marriage in India.
4. Household dimensions of the family.
5. Patriarchy, entitlements and sexual division of labour
Religion and Society:
1. Religious communities in India.
2. Problems of religious minorities.
3. Patriarchy, entitlements and sexual division of labour

SOCIAL CHANGES IN INDIA

Visions of Social Change in India:
- Idea of development planning and mixed economy
- Constitution, law and social change.
- Education and social change.
Rural and Agrarian transformation in India:
- Programmes of rural development, Community Development Programme, cooperatives,poverty alleviation schemes
- Green revolution and social change.
- Changing modes of production in Indian agriculture.
- Problems of rural labour, bondage, migration.

3. Industrialization and Urbanisation in India:

- Evolution of modern industry in India.
- Growth of urban settlements in India.
- Working class: structure, growth, class mobilization.
- Informal sector, child labour
- Slums and deprivation in urban areas.

4. Politics and Society:

- Nation, democracy and citizenship.
- Political parties, pressure groups , social and political elite
- Regionalism and decentralization of power.
- Secularization

5. Social Movements in Modern India:

- Peasants and farmers movements.
- Women’s movement.
- Backward classes & Dalit movement.
- Environmental movements.
- Ethnicity and Identity movements.

6. Population Dynamics:

- Population size, growth, composition and distribution
- Components of population growth: birth, death, migration.
- Population policy and family planning.
- Emerging issues: ageing, sex ratios, child and infant mortality, reproductive health.

7. Challenges of Social Transformation:

- Crisis of development: displacement, environmental problems and sustainability
- Poverty, deprivation and inequalities.
- Violence against women.
- Caste conflicts.
- Ethnic conflicts, communalism, religious revivalism.
- Illiteracy and disparities in education.

About Vikash Ranjan Sir

Vikash Ranjan Sir
(Best Sociology Optional Teacher, Educator, Mentor & Author)

Mr. Vikash Ranjan, arguably the Best Sociology Optional Teacher, has emerged as a versatile genius in teaching and writing books on Sociology & General Studies. His approach to the Sociology Optional Syllabus / Sociology Syllabus is remarkable, and his Sociological Themes and Perspectives are excellent. His teaching aptitude is Simple, Easy and Exam Focused. He is often chosen as the Best Sociology Teacher for Sociology Optional UPSC aspirants.

About Triumph IAS

Innovating Knowledge, Inspiring Success We, at Triumph IAS, pride ourselves on being the best sociology optional coaching platform. We believe that each Individual Aspirant is unique and requires Individual Guidance and Care, hence the need for the Best Sociology Teacher. We prepare students keeping in mind his or her strength and weakness, paying particular attention to the Sociology Optional Syllabus / Sociology Syllabus, which forms a significant part of our Sociology Foundation Course.

Course Features

Every day, the Best Sociology Optional Teacher spends 2 hours with the students, covering each aspect of the Sociology Optional Syllabus / Sociology Syllabus and the Sociology Course. Students are given assignments related to the Topic based on Previous Year Question to ensure they’re ready for the Sociology Optional UPSC examination.

Regular one-on-one interaction & individual counseling for stress management and refinement of strategy for Exam by Vikash Ranjan Sir, the Best Sociology Teacher, is part of the package. We specialize in sociology optional coaching and are hence fully equipped to guide you to your dream space in the civil service final list.

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Vikash Ranjan Sir is a specialist and arguably the Best Sociology Optional Teacher. His scientific, systematic, applied & exam-focused approach has helped many students to get selected in the Civil Services.

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Classrooms Interaction & Participatory Discussion

The Best Sociology Teacher, Vikash Sir, ensures that there’s explanation & DISCUSSION on every topic of the Sociology Optional Syllabus / Sociology Syllabus in the class. The emphasis is not just on teaching but also on understanding, which is why we are known as the Best Sociology Optional Coaching institution.

Preparatory-Study Support

The Sociology Foundation Course is designed to provide students with a strong base for the Sociology Optional. Study support from Triumph IAS & personal mentorship of the Best Sociology Teacher, Vikash Sir, is provided till final selection. Vikash Sir provides special guidance session for “Essay & Mains General Study” too, making our Sociology Course a well-rounded one.

Online Support System (Oss)

Get access to an online forum for value addition study material, journals, and articles relevant to Sociology on www.triumphias.com. Ask preparation related queries directly to the Best Sociology Teacher, Vikash Sir, via mail or WhatsApp.

Strategic Classroom Preparation

Our Sociology Course is characterized by interactive and applied teaching with an “Exam Focussed” approach, which inculcates a Sociological sense and competency in the students. The Sociology Foundation Course, lasting four months, includes theoretical discussion, concept building, and answer writing with a focus on learning & application.

Comprehensive Study Material

We provide printed booklets of concise, well-researched, exam-ready study material for every unit of the Sociology Optional Syllabus / Sociology Syllabus, making us the Best Sociology Optional Coaching platform.

Why Vikash Ranjan’s Classes for Sociology?

Proper guidance and assistance are required to learn the skill of interlinking current happenings with the conventional topics. VIKASH RANJAN SIR at TRIUMPH IAS guides students according to the Recent Trends of UPSC, making him the Best Sociology Teacher for Sociology Optional UPSC.

At Triumph IAS, the Best Sociology Optional Coaching platform, we not only provide the best study material and applied classes for Sociology for IAS but also conduct regular assignments and class tests to assess candidates’ writing skills and understanding of the subject.

Choose The Best Sociology Optional Teacher for IAS Preparation?

At the beginning of the journey for Civil Services Examination preparation, many students face a pivotal decision – selecting their optional subject. Questions such as “which optional subject is the best?” and “which optional subject is the most scoring?” frequently come to mind. Choosing the right optional subject, like choosing the best sociology optional teacher, is a subjective yet vital step that requires a thoughtful decision based on facts. A misstep in this crucial decision can indeed prove disastrous.

Ever since the exam pattern was revamped in 2013, the UPSC has eliminated the need for a second optional subject. Now, candidates have to choose only one optional subject for the UPSC Mains, which has two papers of 250 marks each. One of the compelling choices for many has been the sociology optional. However, it’s strongly advised to decide on your optional subject for mains well ahead of time to get sufficient time to complete the syllabus. After all, most students score similarly in General Studies Papers; it’s the score in the optional subject & essay that contributes significantly to the final selection.

“A sound strategy does not rely solely on the popular
Opinion of toppers or famous YouTubers cum teachers.”

It requires understanding one’s ability, interest, and the relevance of the subject, not just for the exam but also for life in general. Hence, when selecting the best sociology teacher, one must consider the usefulness of sociology optional coaching in General Studies, Essay, and Personality Test.

The choice of the optional subject should be based on objective criteria, such as the nature, scope, and size of the syllabus, uniformity and stability in the question pattern, relevance of the syllabic content in daily life in society, and the availability of study material and guidance. For example, choosing the best sociology optional coaching can ensure access to top-quality study materials and experienced teachers. Always remember, the approach of the UPSC optional subject differs from your academic studies of subjects. Therefore, before settling for sociology optional, you need to analyze the syllabus, previous years’ pattern, subject requirements (be it ideal, visionary, numerical, conceptual theoretical), and your comfort level with the subject.

This decision marks a critical point in your UPSC – CSE journey, potentially determining your success in a career in IAS/Civil Services. Therefore, it’s crucial to choose wisely, whether it’s the optional subject or the best sociology optional teacher. Always base your decision on accurate facts, and never let your emotional biases guide your choices. After all, the search for the best sociology optional coaching is about finding the perfect fit for your unique academic needs and aspirations.

To master these intricacies and fare well in the Sociology Optional Syllabus, aspiring sociologists might benefit from guidance by the Best Sociology Optional Teacher and participation in the Best Sociology Optional Coaching. These avenues provide comprehensive assistance, ensuring a solid understanding of sociology’s diverse methodologies and techniques. Sociology, Social theory, Best Sociology Optional Teacher, Best Sociology Optional Coaching, Sociology Optional Syllabus.
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