White Revolution
(Relevant for Economics Section of General Studies Paper Prelims/Mains)
White revolution
The White Revolution, also known as Operation Flood, stands as the world’s most extensive dairy development initiative. In the span of three decades, Operation Flood played a pivotal role in doubling the per capita milk availability in India, thereby establishing dairy farming as the country’s most significant self-sustaining source of rural employment.
The triumph of the White Revolution can be credited to the cooperative approach, famously known as the Amul model. The Amul Model empowered farmers by granting them direct authority over the resources they generated, enabling them to steer their individual progress and market their products effectively.
- Monoculture Farming: The Green Revolution primarily concentrates on cultivating food grains, including wheat, rice, jowar, bajra, and maize, among others. However, it is wheat and rice that have reaped the most benefits.
- Disparities among Regions: The adoption of Green Revolution technology has contributed to growing economic disparities both at regional and intra-regional levels.
- The regions that have benefitted the most are Punjab, Haryana, and western Uttar Pradesh in the north, as well as Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu in the south.
- Favouring Larger Landowners: Large landowners have been the primary beneficiaries of this revolution due to their financial capacity to invest in farm equipment, superior seeds, fertilizers, and the ability to ensure consistent irrigation for their crops.
- Hidden Unemployment: The mechanization of farming under the Green Revolution has resulted in widespread unemployment among agricultural labourers in rural areas.
- Environmental Degradation: The Green Revolution has led to the deterioration of the Earth’s natural environment. This degradation has occurred as a result of the application of modern technology and management practices aimed at achieving economic growth.
Lessons Learnt From White Revolution
- Localized Approach: Instead of relying solely on global or national-scale solutions, we should adopt localized approaches similar to those employed in the White Revolution. For instance:
- Utilizing Local Resources: Local resources should serve as the primary assets for farming endeavors.
- Cooperative Farming: Implementing cooperative management principles in natural farming can lead to more effective economic policies and improved management practices, promoting inclusivity and environmental sustainability.
- Boosting Food Processing Industries: Among agricultural products, milk is relatively stable due to its higher share of processing compared to production. The AMUL model, for instance, relies on substantial milk procurement from farmers’ cooperatives. It involves processing and storing excess milk in skimmed milk powder form during peak production seasons for use during lean periods. Milk distribution is conducted through a well-organized retail network. Therefore, the government should actively support the development of food processing units in agriculture. The recent announcement to establish an additional 10,000 Farmer Processing Organizations, along with the Agriculture Infrastructure Fund, is promising but should be swiftly implemented.
- Market Reforms: The success of Operation Flood highlights the necessity for market reforms, including changes in Agricultural Produce Market Committees (APMC), infrastructure enhancements in existing APMC markets, and the promotion of contract farming.
The essence of the success of the white revolution lies in its democratic economic governance. According to which enterprise must be of the people, for the people, and governed by the people too. In this context, it is important that lessons learnt from the white revolution should be deployed to re green the green revolution.
Sample Question for UPSC Sociology Optional Paper:
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Question 1: What sociological implications did the White Revolution have on India’s rural economy?
Answer: The White Revolution empowered rural communities through cooperative farming, providing a self-sustaining source of income and employment, thereby reducing economic inequalities and fostering community development.Question 2: How does the Amul Model reflect principles of democratic economic governance?
Answer: The Amul Model promotes democratic economic governance by granting farmers direct control over their resources, allowing them to make individual progress and market their products effectively, thus embodying the principles of economic democracy.Question 3: How can the lessons from the White Revolution be applied to address the environmental degradation caused by the Green Revolution?
Answer: Lessons from the White Revolution advocate for localized, cooperative, and sustainable farming practices, which can serve as a model to mitigate the environmental impact of agricultural practices, particularly those that arose from the Green Revolution.Question 4: What role do food processing industries play in the sustainability and economic viability of agricultural products, as seen in the White Revolution?
Answer: Food processing industries enhance economic viability by stabilizing agricultural products, allowing for effective storage and distribution, as exemplified by the Amul model’s approach to milk processing and distribution.Question 5: How does the White Revolution offer insights into addressing hidden unemployment caused by agricultural mechanization?
Answer: By promoting cooperative farming and diversifying agricultural practices, the White Revolution provides a pathway to address hidden unemployment by engaging the community in different aspects of farming and food processing.
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To master these intricacies and fare well in the Sociology Optional Syllabus, aspiring sociologists might benefit from guidance by the Best Sociology Optional Teacher and participation in the Best Sociology Optional Coaching. These avenues provide comprehensive assistance, ensuring a solid understanding of sociology’s diverse methodologies and techniques.
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