Table of Contents

Determinants of Ethics in Human Action

(Relevant for Ethics, Integrity and Aptitude)

As implied by the term, ‘determinants’ refer to the elements that ascertain whether the assessed action is ethical or not.

Nature/Object of the Act:

One of the criteria for evaluating the morality or virtuousness of human deeds is their inherent nature. Every action possesses a distinct essence that sets it apart from other actions. A specified action may inherently be categorized as good, bad, or neutral. For instance, aiding a visually impaired person across the road is inherently commendable, while engaging in blasphemy is intrinsically wrong. On the other hand, learning to shoot is deemed neutral in itself.
Nevertheless, certain forms of actions are designated as intrinsically wicked or immoral due to their inherent moral connotations. An intrinsically evil action is perpetually wrong and sinful. It never holds virtue, appropriateness, or usefulness, regardless of the underlying intentions of the individual carrying it out or the surrounding circumstances.
Reason also acknowledges that particular human actions, by their very nature, are incapable of embodying goodness as they fundamentally clash with the concept of virtue. Examples include rape, the murder of innocent children, or blasphemy.
Concurrently, specific actions like abortion, embryonic stem cell research, same-sex marriage, and euthanasia are regarded as intrinsically immoral according to the moral standards of specific societies or religions. Even though intentions might occasionally be pure and circumstances challenging, these actions are considered non-negotiable and consequently subject to punitive measures in such societies.
However, the practice of deeming an action morally reprehensible or sinful without considering the context and intentions might be debatable, disputable, or even invalid within alternate societies.

Circumstances of the Action:

Each human action within a specific context transpires amid particular circumstances. Consequently, circumstances possess the capacity to influence the morality of an action and contribute an element to its moral essence. The circumstances encompassing a human action encompass aspects such as the timing, location, agent involved, and manner in which the action unfolds. The manner in which varying circumstances impact the rightness or wrongness of actions can be comprehended through the following elucidation:
In certain instances, circumstances solely influence the moral evaluation of an action to a certain degree, either intensifying or mitigating the moral virtue or malevolence inherent in human deeds. For example, stealing is inherently wrong, but the severity of the act heightens if it involves pilfering a precious possession or taking from someone impoverished. Conversely, if a thief employs a Robin Hood approach, redistributing wealth from the affluent to assist the less privileged, the reprehensibility of their thievery diminishes.
Certain circumstances introduce a fresh dimension of goodness or badness to an action based on the context in which and the location where the action transpires.
When: This pertains to whether the action occurs during a time of war or peace. For instance, the culpability of an intelligence officer intensifies if, during wartime, they succumb to threats and divulge highly classified information detrimental to national security while under the control of an enemy nation.
Where: Similarly, the morality of an action can be influenced by its location. For example, a murder committed within a church or cathedral amplifies the moral transgression beyond the act of murder itself, as it profanes a consecrated place of worship, thus incurring the additional wrongdoing of sacrilege.
Circumstances also possess the power to mitigate or lessen an agent’s responsibility. For example, a woman who takes the life of an assailant attempting to violate her chastity is absolved of the guilt associated with taking a life.

Individual Factors

It encompasses knowledge, values, attitudes, and intentions. These aspects are influenced by the prevailing moral philosophy, which subsequently affects the actual process of decision-making.
Individuals analyze the outcomes of each potential course of action, determining its inherent ethicality (deontological) or assessing the potential benefits and drawbacks (teleological).
These assessments feed into and shape their individual experiences, which, in conjunction with cultural, industry, and organizational norms, impact the processes of ethical perception and evaluation that initiate the model.

Situational factors

In the ethical decision-making process, individuals’ significant connections from both their professional and personal lives can influence their choices.
This encompasses not only broader society but also peers.
The chance to partake in unethical conduct, along with the incentives and consequences tied to ethical or unethical actions, will inevitably affect the process of ethical decision-making.
Furthermore, the institution in which an individual is employed also holds substantial sway in shaping their ethical stance.

Other factors

Nature of action.
Childhood upbringing.
Later life experience.
Religious belief.
Discussions with others.
Moral philosopher.
“Apriori” truth, i.e. like something that we have embedded in us as “knowledge”.
Self-interest.

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Sociology Optional Syllabus

Course Commencement Information

Enrolment is limited to a maximum of 250 Seats.
Batch Timing: Evening Batch
Course Duration: 4.5 Months
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Instructional Format:

Each class session is scheduled for a duration of two hours.
At the conclusion of each lecture, an assignment will be distributed by Vikash Ranjan Sir for Paper-I & Paper-II coverage.

Study Material:

A set of printed booklets will be provided for each topic. These materials are succinct, thoroughly updated, and tailored for examination preparation.
A compilation of previous years’ question papers (spanning the last 27 years) will be supplied for answer writing practice.
Access to PDF versions of toppers’ answer booklets will be available on our website.
Post-course, you will receive two practice workbooks containing a total of 10 sets of mock test papers based on the UPSC format for self-assessment.

Additional Provisions:

In the event of missed classes, video lectures will be temporarily available on the online portal for reference.
Daily one-on-one doubt resolution sessions with Vikash Ranjan Sir will be organized post-class.

Syllabus of Sociology Optional

Paper-1

FUNDAMENTALS OF SOCIOLOGY

Sociology – The Discipline
Sociology as Science:
Research Methods and Analysis:
Sociological Thinkers:
Stratification and Mobility:
Works and Economic Life:
1. Social organization of work in different types of society- slave society, feudal society, industrial /capitalist society
2. Formal and informal organization of work.
3. Labour and society.
Politics and Society:
1. Sociological theories of power.
2. Power elite, bureaucracy, pressure groups, and political parties.
3. Nation, state, citizenship, democracy, civil society, ideology.
4. Protest, agitation, social movements, collective action, revolution.
Religion and Society:
1. Sociological theories of religion.
2. Types of religious practices: animism, monism, pluralism, sects, cults.
3. Religion in modern society: religion and science, secularization, religious revivalism, fundamentalism.
Systems of Kinship:
1. Family, household, marriage.
2. Types and forms of family.
3. Lineage and descent.
4. Patriarchy and sexual division of labour.
5. Contemporary trends.
Social Change in Modern Society:
1. Sociological theories of social change.
2. Development and dependency.
3. Agents of social change.
4. Education and social change.
5. Science, technology and social change.

Paper-2

INDIAN SOCIETY: STRUCTURE AND CHANGE

INTRODUCING INDIAN SOCIETY

Perspectives on the study of Indian society:
1. Indology (GS. Ghurye).
2. Structural functionalism (M N Srinivas).
3. Marxist sociology (A R Desai).
Impact of colonial rule on Indian society :
1. Social background of Indian nationalism.
2. Modernization of Indian tradition.
3. Protests and movements during the colonial period.
4. Social reforms.

SOCIAL STRUCTURE

Perspectives on the study of Indian society:
1. The idea of Indian village and village studies.
2. Agrarian social structure – evolution of land tenure system, land reforms.
Caste System:
1. Perspectives on the study of caste systems: GS Ghurye, M N Srinivas, Louis Dumont, Andre Beteille.
2. Features of caste system.
3. Untouchability – forms and perspectives.
Tribal communities in India
1. Definitional problems.
2. Geographical spread.
3. Colonial policies and tribes.
4. Issues of integration and autonomy.
Social Classes in India:

1. Agrarian class structure.

- - Industrial class structure.
  - Middle classes in India.
Systems of Kinship in India:
1. Lineage and descent in India.
2. Types of kinship systems.
3. Family and marriage in India.
4. Household dimensions of the family.
5. Patriarchy, entitlements and sexual division of labour
Religion and Society:
1. Religious communities in India.
2. Problems of religious minorities.
3. Patriarchy, entitlements and sexual division of labour

SOCIAL CHANGES IN INDIA

Visions of Social Change in India:
- Idea of development planning and mixed economy
- Constitution, law and social change.
- Education and social change.
Rural and Agrarian transformation in India:
- Programmes of rural development, Community Development Programme, cooperatives,poverty alleviation schemes
- Green revolution and social change.
- Changing modes of production in Indian agriculture.
- Problems of rural labour, bondage, migration.

3. Industrialization and Urbanisation in India:

- Evolution of modern industry in India.
- Growth of urban settlements in India.
- Working class: structure, growth, class mobilization.
- Informal sector, child labour
- Slums and deprivation in urban areas.

4. Politics and Society:

- Nation, democracy and citizenship.
- Political parties, pressure groups , social and political elite
- Regionalism and decentralization of power.
- Secularization

5. Social Movements in Modern India:

- Peasants and farmers movements.
- Women’s movement.
- Backward classes & Dalit movement.
- Environmental movements.
- Ethnicity and Identity movements.

6. Population Dynamics:

- Population size, growth, composition and distribution
- Components of population growth: birth, death, migration.
- Population policy and family planning.
- Emerging issues: ageing, sex ratios, child and infant mortality, reproductive health.

7. Challenges of Social Transformation:

- Crisis of development: displacement, environmental problems and sustainability
- Poverty, deprivation and inequalities.
- Violence against women.
- Caste conflicts.
- Ethnic conflicts, communalism, religious revivalism.
- Illiteracy and disparities in education.

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Vikash Ranjan Sir
(Best Sociology Optional Teacher, Educator, Mentor & Author)

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Determinants of Ethics in Human Action: Factors Shaping Ethical Behavior