Relevant for Sociology Optional for Civil Service Examination.
Relevance : Sociology Paper -1 , Unit 6- Work & Economic Life
Anthony Giddens in the transformation of Intimacy
- Historical Perspective on Marriage: In pre-modern societies, marriage was not primarily founded on sexual attraction or romantic love. Instead, economic considerations, such as family creation and property inheritance, played a central role. The peasantry’s demanding labor conditions made sustained sexual passion less likely, although extramarital liaisons for men were common.
- Rise of Romantic Love: Giddens identifies the late eighteenth century as the period when romantic love, distinct from universal passionate love, emerged. Despite its promise of equality based on mutual attraction, romantic love often led to male dominance. Men often coped with tensions between the respectability of romantic love and the compulsions of passionate love by maintaining separate spheres for their wives and mistresses.
- Plastic Sexuality in Modernity: Giddens argues that the most recent phase of modernity introduces plastic sexuality, providing individuals in modern societies with unprecedented choices regarding when, how often, and with whom they engage in sexual activity. Contraceptive advancements have alleviated women’s fear of repetitive pregnancies, and the development of a self that can be actively chosen contributes to the emergence of plastic sexuality.
- Transformation to Confluent Love: The emergence of plastic sexuality coincides with a transformation in the nature of love. Giddens contends that the ideals of romantic love are fragmenting, giving way to “confluent love,” which is active and contingent. This shift contributes to the increasing prevalence of separation and divorce, as individuals now have more freedom to choose whether to continue a relationship.
- The Pure Relationship: Rather than being based on romantic passion, contemporary relationships are increasingly guided by the ideal of the “pure relationship.” Giddens describes the pure relationship as one where partners choose to stay together, continuously assessing the benefits gained from the relationship. This form of love relies on emotional intimacy, trust, and the willingness of each partner to reveal vulnerabilities and needs.
Critiques and Considerations:
- Some critics argue that the pure relationship model neglects the complexities introduced by family practices involving children. The focus on adult relationships, according to critics, marginalizes the experiences of children and childhood in sociological thought.
- Additionally, Giddens’ thesis may not adequately address the practical aspects, such as home-building and childcare, which are crucial “joint projects” contributing to the maintenance of intimate relationships.
Reference: Static Portion
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Frequently Asked Questions:
1. Question: Define the term “ethnic movement” and provide an example from India.
Answer: An ethnic movement refers to a collective effort by a group sharing common cultural, linguistic, or religious traits, seeking to assert their identity and rights; an example from India is the Khalistan Movement in Punjab.
2. Question: Identify the main objectives behind the Gorkhaland ethnic movement.
Answer: The Gorkhaland ethnic movement primarily seeks to establish a separate state for India’s Nepali-speaking population in the Darjeeling region, advocating for linguistic and cultural recognition and political autonomy.
3. Question: What was the Operation Blue Star, and which ethnic movement was it related to?
Answer: Operation Blue Star was a military action in 1984, aiming to remove Sikh militants hiding in the Golden Temple in Amritsar; it is related to the Khalistan movement, which sought a separate Sikh country.
4. Question: Mention a critical factor that triggered the emergence of ethnic movements in India, as discussed by Dipankar Gupta.
Answer: Dipankar Gupta emphasized that ethnicity is fundamentally a political process, wherein caste and religion, the key components of identity formation, are politicized by leaders for vested interests.
5. Question: What were the primary reasons for the Assam Ethnicity conflicts involving Bodo tribals and Bengali Muslim settlers?
Answer: The Assam Ethnicity conflicts primarily stemmed from issues related to immigration, land rights, and resource allocation, leading to clashes, riots, and evolving relationships among indigenous communities to address challenges.
6. Question: Briefly describe the role of the Dravidian Movement in terms of caste and societal structure.
Answer: The Dravidian Movement, led notably by E.V. Ramasamy, aimed to establish an egalitarian society, focusing on anti-Brahmanism and advocating for equal rights for backward castes, while also introducing reforms like self-respect marriages.
7. Question: Name the prominent ethnic movements in North-East India and specify one common objective.
Answer: Prominent ethnic movements in North-East India include the Nagas’ and Mizos’ struggles; a common objective was to gain autonomy and recognition for their distinct tribal identities and cultural uniqueness.
8. Question: What is the key argument of Gail Omveldt regarding traditional Indian society and multiculturalism?
Answer: Gail Omveldt opposed romanticizing traditional Indian society, arguing that hierarchy has always dominated it and dismissing the notion that multiculturalism is an intrinsic feature of Indian society as a myth.
9. Question: Briefly explain the social hierarchy factor as a contributing element to ethnic movements as suggested by Olzak.
Answer: Olzak suggests that the construction of hierarchies among ethnic communities, which often leads to the suppression of one group by another, is a key factor that can instigate social and ethnic movements.
10. Question: Identify one consequence of the unequal economic development factor within the context of ethnic movements in India.
Answer: One consequence of unequal economic development is the marginalization and underdevelopment of certain groups, leading to feelings of alienation and sometimes initiating ethnic movements as these groups strive for equality and recognition.
GS Related Practices Questions…
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