Discuss the phenomenon of rural-urban continuum with suitable examples.
Section: B.
Sociology Paper 2023 Analysis.
Relevant for Paper-2 : Industrializations and Urbanization in INDIA
Question- 7 (B): Discuss the phenomenon of rural-urban continuum with suitable examples. (20 Marks)
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Introduction: Explain the phenomenon of rural urban continuum. Main Body: Reasons of emergence of rural urban continuum and explain its consequences both positive and negative. Conclusion: Inclusive development of rural areas PURA model can be adopted to reduce dysfunctions of over burden of rural urban continuums. |
Introduction
The rural-urban continuum is a concept that emphasizes the existence of a socio-economic and cultural linkage between rural and urban areas. It suggests that there is no sharp demarcation to separate the rural and urban areas, rather a gradation from rural to urban society that can be measured and quantified. Examples of rural-urban continuum include metropolitan cities and their outskirts, where the outskirts often have a rural setting with agriculture as the primary occupation, but they are also influenced by the urban lifestyle and economy of the city.
Main Body
Several reasons contribute to the emergence of the rural-urban continuum:
- Population Growth: As populations grow, there is increased pressure on resources and opportunities in both rural and urban areas. This growth can lead to a blending of characteristics as people move between these spaces.
- Large-scale Migration: Migration from rural to urban areas is a significant factor in the continuum. People often move to urban centres in search of better employment opportunities, improved amenities, and a higher standard of living.
- Development of Industrial Towns: The establishment of industrial towns on the outskirts of urban areas contributes to the continuum. These towns often serve as a bridge between rural and urban lifestyles, attracting both rural migrants seeking employment and urban residents looking for more affordable housing.
- Improved Life Choices and Chances: Increased awareness, education, and access to information lead to improved life choices for individuals in both rural and urban areas. This, in turn, contributes to a blurring of traditional distinctions.
Positive Consequences:
- Cultural Exchanges: The continuum facilitates cultural exchanges between rural and urban populations. This interaction can lead to a richer and more diverse cultural landscape, with the sharing of traditions, practices, and ideas. Little and great tradition interactions take place. Even distant tribal areas often display a unique blend of urban, tribal, and rural cultural characteristics.
For instance: Chat Pooja is very common in metropolitans like Delhi .
- Modernization: Urbanization often brings technological advancements and modern infrastructure. As these improvements extend to rural areas, there is a positive impact on the overall quality of life, access to services, and economic opportunities.
- Accessibility to Basic Education and Health Facilities: The continuum allows for improved accessibility to basic education and healthcare facilities. The exchange of resources and ideas between rural and urban areas contributes to the development of educational and healthcare infrastructure.
- Enabling Capacity Development: The continuum enables the development of human capital by providing individuals with diverse opportunities for skill development and capacity building. This can lead to a more skilled and adaptable workforce.
Negative Consequences:
- Overcrowding in Rural Areas: Migration from rural to urban areas may result in overcrowding in rural spaces that were previously characterized by more open environments. This can lead to strain on local resources and infrastructure.
- Loss of Local Cultural Systems: The blending of rural and urban characteristics may lead to the erosion of traditional rural cultural systems. As urban influences increase, there may be a decline in unique local practices and traditions.
- Lifestyle Degradation: Rapid urbanization and the influx of urban lifestyles into rural areas may contribute to the degradation of traditional ways of life. This can result in changes to dietary habits, social structures, and community dynamics.
- Diffusion of orthodox values: O.M. Lynch has made a study in his book “Politics of Untouchability”. He found that caste panchayats like in villages existed in Agra city presenting features of continuity.
Conclusion
Acknowledging the rural-urban continuum is crucial for sustainable development. Initiatives like the Providing Urban Amenities in Rural Areas (PURA) model; proposed by former President A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, aim to bridge the rural-urban divide by providing urban amenities and infrastructure in rural areas. By adopting such inclusive development models, we can mitigate the negative consequences of the rural-urban continuum and ensure balanced growth.
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