Secularisation and Secularism: Interrelation
Relevant for Sociology Optional for Civil Service Examination.
Relevance : Sociology Paper -1 , Unit – Religion & Society
Secularisation and Secularism: Interrelation
- Secularism as a Product of Secularization:
- Secularism is presented as a sociopolitical ideal or ideology that is deeply connected to the social process of secularization.
- Secularization is described as a social process involving the decline of traditional church-oriented religion and the rise of modernity in the West.
- The idea is that secularism becomes a reality in social institutions only to the extent that they are influenced by the process of secularization.
- Historical Roots in the Renaissance and Enlightenment:
- Secularism is portrayed as a product of the worldview of the Renaissance and Enlightenment, representing a desire for independence from church domination in medieval Western society.
- It emphasizes the affirmation of life in this world, the authority of reason and science in secular matters, and the rejection of the prevailing religious influence.
- Origin and Evolution of the Term “Secularism”:
- The term “secularism” was coined in 1851 by Gorge Jacob Holyoake, who described it as an ideology where morality was determined by reason rather than religious principles.
- Holyoake’s secularism is characterized by a focus on concerns for life in this world, independence of scientific knowledge, and the pursuit of human happiness.
- Secularism’s Relation to Religion:
- Secularism is presented as mutually exclusive rather than hostile to religion. It is indifferent to questions of the afterlife and theological matters.
- Holyoake’s secularism is more concerned with countering the irrationalism of Christian theology than negating religion itself.
- Secularization in the West:
- The process of secularization in the West is linked to the rise of modernity and is considered a significant development over several hundred years.
- Secularization is described as the liberation of modern man from religious tutelage, marked by a decline in traditional church-oriented religion.
- Defining Secularization:
- Bryan Wilson defines secularization as the process in which social institutions operate with considerable autonomy and experience a decline in religious activities, beliefs, and ways of thinking.
- In a secularized society, people turn to science for explanations and solutions, and religion becomes a department of the social order rather than a pervasive influence.
- Features of a Secular Society:
- Wilson identifies three features of a secular or secularized society: prevalence of instrumental values, rational procedures, and technological methods.
- A secular society is characterized by the absence of a strong sense of the sacred, sanctity of life, and deep religiosity.
Reference: Static Portion
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Frequently Asked Questions:
1. Question: Define the term “ethnic movement” and provide an example from India.
Answer: An ethnic movement refers to a collective effort by a group sharing common cultural, linguistic, or religious traits, seeking to assert their identity and rights; an example from India is the Khalistan Movement in Punjab.
2. Question: Identify the main objectives behind the Gorkhaland ethnic movement.
Answer: The Gorkhaland ethnic movement primarily seeks to establish a separate state for India’s Nepali-speaking population in the Darjeeling region, advocating for linguistic and cultural recognition and political autonomy.
3. Question: What was the Operation Blue Star, and which ethnic movement was it related to?
Answer: Operation Blue Star was a military action in 1984, aiming to remove Sikh militants hiding in the Golden Temple in Amritsar; it is related to the Khalistan movement, which sought a separate Sikh country.
4. Question: Mention a critical factor that triggered the emergence of ethnic movements in India, as discussed by Dipankar Gupta.
Answer: Dipankar Gupta emphasized that ethnicity is fundamentally a political process, wherein caste and religion, the key components of identity formation, are politicized by leaders for vested interests.
5. Question: What were the primary reasons for the Assam Ethnicity conflicts involving Bodo tribals and Bengali Muslim settlers?
Answer: The Assam Ethnicity conflicts primarily stemmed from issues related to immigration, land rights, and resource allocation, leading to clashes, riots, and evolving relationships among indigenous communities to address challenges.
6. Question: Briefly describe the role of the Dravidian Movement in terms of caste and societal structure.
Answer: The Dravidian Movement, led notably by E.V. Ramasamy, aimed to establish an egalitarian society, focusing on anti-Brahmanism and advocating for equal rights for backward castes, while also introducing reforms like self-respect marriages.
7. Question: Name the prominent ethnic movements in North-East India and specify one common objective.
Answer: Prominent ethnic movements in North-East India include the Nagas’ and Mizos’ struggles; a common objective was to gain autonomy and recognition for their distinct tribal identities and cultural uniqueness.
8. Question: What is the key argument of Gail Omveldt regarding traditional Indian society and multiculturalism?
Answer: Gail Omveldt opposed romanticizing traditional Indian society, arguing that hierarchy has always dominated it and dismissing the notion that multiculturalism is an intrinsic feature of Indian society as a myth.
9. Question: Briefly explain the social hierarchy factor as a contributing element to ethnic movements as suggested by Olzak.
Answer: Olzak suggests that the construction of hierarchies among ethnic communities, which often leads to the suppression of one group by another, is a key factor that can instigate social and ethnic movements.
10. Question: Identify one consequence of the unequal economic development factor within the context of ethnic movements in India.
Answer: One consequence of unequal economic development is the marginalization and underdevelopment of certain groups, leading to feelings of alienation and sometimes initiating ethnic movements as these groups strive for equality and recognition.
GS Related Practices Questions…
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META TAGS:
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