Table of Contents

India-Sri Lanka Relations: New Perspective

(Relevant for General Studies Paper Prelims/Mains)

India-Sri Lanka Relation

In recent times, the President of Sri Lanka paid a visit to India. Given that Sri Lanka holds a significant position within India’s “neighbourhood first” policy and its Vision for Security and Growth for All in the Region (SAGAR), this visit served to strengthen the enduring friendship between the two nations. Moreover, it sought to explore avenues for enhanced connectivity and collaborative efforts spanning various sectors.

Sri Lanka is a vital partner for India, particularly in terms of its regional approach. The visit underscored the enduring relationship between these two countries and delved into possibilities for improved connectivity and mutually advantageous cooperation across diverse domains.

Sri Lanka is India’s immediate neighbour, and the history of interaction between the two nations spans over 2,500 years. This lengthy association has been enriched by intellectual, cultural, religious, and linguistic exchanges. In contemporary times, this relationship has been characterized by frequent high-level political engagements, expanding trade and investments, joint efforts in development, education, culture, and defense sectors, as well as a shared comprehension of major global concerns.

Major MoUs Signed Between India and Sri Lanka

The Joint Declaration of Intent (JDI) in the domain of Animal Husbandry and Dairying. Collaboration in the realm of renewable energy.
Memorandum of Cooperation for initiatives in economic development within Sri Lanka’s Trincomalee district.
Network to Network Agreement signed between NPCI International Payments Limited (NPIL) and Lanka Pay, facilitating the acceptance of Unified Payments Interface (UPI) applications in Sri Lanka. Granting of an energy permit for the Sampur Solar Power Project, which is set to generate 100 MW of power for Sri Lanka.

Relations Between India and Sri Lanka Been

India and Sri Lanka share an extensive historical backdrop enriched with cultural, religious, and trade connections that date back to ancient epochs.
Robust cultural links intertwine these two nations, with a considerable number of Sri Lankans tracing their ancestral roots to India. Notably, Buddhism, originating in India, holds substantial significance as a religion in Sri Lanka.
In a moment of unprecedented economic turmoil, India extended around USD 4 billion in aid to Sri Lanka. This support proved instrumental in steering the country through the crisis.
The year 2022 witnessed a severe financial debacle in Sri Lanka, the most severe since its independence from British rule in 1948, primarily attributed to a profound scarcity of foreign exchange reserves.
India has actively engaged with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and creditors, joining forces to facilitate the debt restructuring process for Sri Lanka.
India stood as the pioneer in offering its endorsement for the financing and debt restructuring endeavor in Sri Lanka, solidifying their collaborative efforts.
A mutual vision has been established by both nations, accentuating comprehensive connectivity across realms like People to People interaction, cooperative ventures in renewable energy, logistic coordination, port connections, and the establishment of grid connectivity to facilitate electricity trade.
Given their substantial presence in the Indian Ocean, these two countries’ interactions are viewed in the wider context of regional dynamics and the Indian Ocean milieu.
A shared aspiration for an Economic and Technology Cooperation Agreement (ETCA) has prompted both countries to explore avenues to integrate their economies and foster collective development.
In a notable stride towards bolstering financial technology connectivity between the two nations, Sri Lanka has embraced India’s Unified Payments Interface (UPI) service.
As Sri Lanka’s third-largest export destination, India follows the US and the UK in importance. Over 60% of Sri Lanka’s exports reap the advantages of the India-Sri Lanka Free Trade Agreement. Additionally, India emerges as a substantial investor in Sri Lanka’s economic landscape.

Significance of Bilateral Relations

India’s progress is intricately interwoven with its neighboring nations, while Sri Lanka envisions integration with the Southern economy as a catalyst for its own developmental strides.
The Indian Ocean, holding strategic significance for both trade and military endeavours, underscores its crucial role. Given Sri Lanka’s pivotal position intersecting major shipping routes, it emerges as a pivotal locus of control for India.
Embracing the Unified Payments Interface (UPI) is poised to foster economic harmony and streamline business interactions between India and Sri Lanka. This move is poised to not only streamline trade activities but also bolster connectivity in the tourism sector between the two nations.
One of the enduring matters between India and Sri Lanka pertains to fishing rights in the Palk Strait and the Gulf of Mannar. Sri Lankan authorities have recurrently apprehended Indian fishermen on charges of breaching the maritime boundary and engaging in unauthorized fishing within Sri Lankan waters.
The permeable maritime demarcation line between India and Sri Lanka has raised apprehensions concerning border security and the illicit transportation of commodities, encompassing narcotics and undocumented migrants.
The ethnic strife in Sri Lanka, particularly concerning the Tamil minority, stands as a delicate subject within India-Sri Lanka relations. India has historically exhibited concern regarding the well-being and entitlements of the Tamil community in Sri Lanka.
India has articulated unease regarding China’s escalating economic and strategic sway over Sri Lanka, spanning Chinese investments in infrastructure endeavors and the evolution of the Hambantota Port. This has at times been perceived as a potential counteraction to India’s own vested interests within the region.

What is way forward?

Enhancing Economic Collaboration: Both nations can collaborate in efforts to rectify trade imbalances and boost more extensive economic cooperation. Identifying sectors where interests harmonize and nurturing investments can pave the way for outcomes that mutually benefit both sides.
Maintaining Equilibrium in External Relationships: While upholding amicable relations with other nations is crucial, India and Sri Lanka should ensure that their bilateral rapport remains resilient and is not disproportionately swayed by external influences.
Fortifying Security Partnership: Jointly addressing security concerns and sharing intelligence can effectively tackle shared threats and augment trust between the two states.
Resolving the Tamil Ethnic Matter: India can persist in its engagement with Sri Lanka to guarantee the safeguarding and preservation of the welfare and entitlements of the Tamil community. Providing support for initiatives aimed at ethnic reconciliation and devolution of authority can play a pivotal role in promoting stability and inclusiveness within Sri Lanka.
Enhancing People-to-People Interaction: Fostering cultural exchanges, tourism, and educational bonds can nurture enhanced people-to-people interaction and enhance understanding between the citizens of both nations.

India-Sri Lanka relations, bilateral relations, regional approach, connectivity, cooperation, MoUs, economic development, security partnership, Tamil ethnic matter, people-to-people interaction, trade imbalances, foreign aid, investment, regional dynamics, Indian Ocean, fishing rights, border security, Unified Payments Interface (UPI), financial technology, Hambantota Port, China’s influence, Best Sociology Optional Coaching, Sociology Optional Syllabus.

Sociology Optional Syllabus

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Syllabus of Sociology Optional

Paper-1

FUNDAMENTALS OF SOCIOLOGY

Sociology – The Discipline
Sociology as Science:
Research Methods and Analysis:
Sociological Thinkers:
Stratification and Mobility:
Works and Economic Life:
1. Social organization of work in different types of society- slave society, feudal society, industrial /capitalist society
2. Formal and informal organization of work.
3. Labour and society.
Politics and Society:
1. Sociological theories of power.
2. Power elite, bureaucracy, pressure groups, and political parties.
3. Nation, state, citizenship, democracy, civil society, ideology.
4. Protest, agitation, social movements, collective action, revolution.
Religion and Society:
1. Sociological theories of religion.
2. Types of religious practices: animism, monism, pluralism, sects, cults.
3. Religion in modern society: religion and science, secularization, religious revivalism, fundamentalism.
Systems of Kinship:
1. Family, household, marriage.
2. Types and forms of family.
3. Lineage and descent.
4. Patriarchy and sexual division of labour.
5. Contemporary trends.
Social Change in Modern Society:
1. Sociological theories of social change.
2. Development and dependency.
3. Agents of social change.
4. Education and social change.
5. Science, technology and social change.

Paper-2

INDIAN SOCIETY: STRUCTURE AND CHANGE

INTRODUCING INDIAN SOCIETY

Perspectives on the study of Indian society:
1. Indology (GS. Ghurye).
2. Structural functionalism (M N Srinivas).
3. Marxist sociology (A R Desai).
Impact of colonial rule on Indian society :
1. Social background of Indian nationalism.
2. Modernization of Indian tradition.
3. Protests and movements during the colonial period.
4. Social reforms.

SOCIAL STRUCTURE

Perspectives on the study of Indian society:
1. The idea of Indian village and village studies.
2. Agrarian social structure – evolution of land tenure system, land reforms.
Caste System:
1. Perspectives on the study of caste systems: GS Ghurye, M N Srinivas, Louis Dumont, Andre Beteille.
2. Features of caste system.
3. Untouchability – forms and perspectives.
Tribal communities in India
1. Definitional problems.
2. Geographical spread.
3. Colonial policies and tribes.
4. Issues of integration and autonomy.
Social Classes in India:

1. Agrarian class structure.

- - Industrial class structure.
  - Middle classes in India.
Systems of Kinship in India:
1. Lineage and descent in India.
2. Types of kinship systems.
3. Family and marriage in India.
4. Household dimensions of the family.
5. Patriarchy, entitlements and sexual division of labour
Religion and Society:
1. Religious communities in India.
2. Problems of religious minorities.
3. Patriarchy, entitlements and sexual division of labour

SOCIAL CHANGES IN INDIA

Visions of Social Change in India:
- Idea of development planning and mixed economy
- Constitution, law and social change.
- Education and social change.
Rural and Agrarian transformation in India:
- Programmes of rural development, Community Development Programme, cooperatives,poverty alleviation schemes
- Green revolution and social change.
- Changing modes of production in Indian agriculture.
- Problems of rural labour, bondage, migration.

3. Industrialization and Urbanisation in India:

- Evolution of modern industry in India.
- Growth of urban settlements in India.
- Working class: structure, growth, class mobilization.
- Informal sector, child labour
- Slums and deprivation in urban areas.

4. Politics and Society:

- Nation, democracy and citizenship.
- Political parties, pressure groups , social and political elite
- Regionalism and decentralization of power.
- Secularization

5. Social Movements in Modern India:

- Peasants and farmers movements.
- Women’s movement.
- Backward classes & Dalit movement.
- Environmental movements.
- Ethnicity and Identity movements.

6. Population Dynamics:

- Population size, growth, composition and distribution
- Components of population growth: birth, death, migration.
- Population policy and family planning.
- Emerging issues: ageing, sex ratios, child and infant mortality, reproductive health.

7. Challenges of Social Transformation:

- Crisis of development: displacement, environmental problems and sustainability
- Poverty, deprivation and inequalities.
- Violence against women.
- Caste conflicts.
- Ethnic conflicts, communalism, religious revivalism.
- Illiteracy and disparities in education.

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Vikash Ranjan Sir
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