J.F. Bulsara: community development program evaluation
Relevant for Sociology Optional for Civil Service Examination.
Sociology Paper -2
Unit 3 : Social Change in India : Rural and Agrarian transformation in India
J.F. Bulsara: community development program evaluation
J.F. Bulsara presented the project evaluation report in 1957 :
- Physical change, especially constructional and irrigational activity, is widespread and has contributed in some measure to the production potential and the social overheads of the block areas.
- Change in production attitudes in agriculture and animal husbandry is comparatively successful, while those concerning cottage industries are neither widespread nor particularly successful.
- Changes in standard of living, especially in regard to primary education and drinking water are comparatively successful, while those concerning adult literacy and personal and environmental hygiene are not equally successful.
- Social Attitudes such as readiness to go in for community centres, youth clubs, and women’s organisations are least successful.
- Change in organisational attitudes in the political field such a better understanding of the objectives and obligations of cooperation and readiness to make use of cooperative societies for purposes other than credit such as production and marketing are comparatively unsuccessful.
- Change in organisational attitudes in the political field such as better understanding of the objectives and responsibilities of panchayat membership and readiness to use panchayats for planning and executing village development programmes are comparatively unsuccessful.
Suggestions by Bulsara:
- The emphasis should not be so much on construction activities and targets as on people’s constructive orientation into initiating and undertaking progressively to say responsibility for satisfying local needs, so that they may soon develop the skill and mention to accomplish such schemes as would improve their overall standards of living physically, culturally and in the spiritual sphere.
- The administrative structure has to be refitted into the new would, necessary for the implementation of the vast C.D.P. in what has come to be a welfare state, based on a socialistic pattern of society. It must include all ranks of officers and field workers- administrative, technical, clerical and ministerial.
- The Gram Sevak, being a pivotal liaison functionary his training and orientation have to be carried out according to the work expected of him. Refreshers courses and seminars should be a regular feature of his training and equipment.
- For effective participation, training is essential, and it would be helpful to the total programme if capable youths and adults of both sexes from the villages are given opportunities, so that the very objective of the programme be fulfilled that it is not for the people but by them.
Reference: Static Portion
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1. Question: Define the term “ethnic movement” and provide an example from India.
Answer: An ethnic movement refers to a collective effort by a group sharing common cultural, linguistic, or religious traits, seeking to assert their identity and rights; an example from India is the Khalistan Movement in Punjab.
2. Question: Identify the main objectives behind the Gorkhaland ethnic movement.
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3. Question: What was the Operation Blue Star, and which ethnic movement was it related to?
Answer: Operation Blue Star was a military action in 1984, aiming to remove Sikh militants hiding in the Golden Temple in Amritsar; it is related to the Khalistan movement, which sought a separate Sikh country.
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Answer: The Assam Ethnicity conflicts primarily stemmed from issues related to immigration, land rights, and resource allocation, leading to clashes, riots, and evolving relationships among indigenous communities to address challenges.
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7. Question: Name the prominent ethnic movements in North-East India and specify one common objective.
Answer: Prominent ethnic movements in North-East India include the Nagas’ and Mizos’ struggles; a common objective was to gain autonomy and recognition for their distinct tribal identities and cultural uniqueness.
8. Question: What is the key argument of Gail Omveldt regarding traditional Indian society and multiculturalism?
Answer: Gail Omveldt opposed romanticizing traditional Indian society, arguing that hierarchy has always dominated it and dismissing the notion that multiculturalism is an intrinsic feature of Indian society as a myth.
9. Question: Briefly explain the social hierarchy factor as a contributing element to ethnic movements as suggested by Olzak.
Answer: Olzak suggests that the construction of hierarchies among ethnic communities, which often leads to the suppression of one group by another, is a key factor that can instigate social and ethnic movements.
10. Question: Identify one consequence of the unequal economic development factor within the context of ethnic movements in India.
Answer: One consequence of unequal economic development is the marginalization and underdevelopment of certain groups, leading to feelings of alienation and sometimes initiating ethnic movements as these groups strive for equality and recognition.
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