Table of Contents

Combining methods and triangulation

(Relevant for Sociology Optional for Civil Services Examination)

Combining methods

Combining different methods is sometimes referred to as methodological pluralism and sometimes as triangulation.
The practice of merging quantitative and qualitative research has a long-standing history, as seen in Weber’s approach.
Bryman proposed that the ongoing debate between qualitative and quantitative research may seem overly polarized to someone outside the field of sociology, and a dispassionate observer not involved in the debate might suggest a more pragmatic approach, combining both types of methods
Bryman observes that it is typical for sociological researchers to center their studies on one of the two methods, but then to bolster the credibility of their findings using the alternative method.

Example of combining methods

Eileen Barker: In her research of the Unification Church, or Moonies, Eileen Barker employed participant observation, questionnaires, and in-depth interviewing.

She argued that this mix of methods enabled her to understand how the movement was structured overall and how it shaped the daily activities and interactions of its members. She sought to validate hypotheses derived from qualitative data using questionnaires.

Multiple aspects in which triangulation can help us to shape research in multiple ways:

According to Bryman, the main advantage of triangulation is that it increases confidence in the research findings.

Qualitative research might be useful for generating hypotheses to be tested in quantitative research. It might also be used to aid measurement. For example, it can help researchers to operationalize complex concepts in questionnaires through an understanding of what the concepts mean to those being studied.
Quantitative research facilitates qualitative research. A good example of this is when questionnaires are used to identify people suitable for inclusion in a sample to be studied using qualitative methods. This can save researchers a lot of time which would otherwise be wasted in carrying out research on people from whom no useful data are likely to be obtained.
Sometimes research might employ one main method but find that this leaves gaps in the data which need to be filled. For example, William Foot Whyte (1955) interviewed ‘Doc’. a leader of the street-corner gang he was studying using participant observation.
In some circumstances quantitative methods are used to study the more stable aspects of social life while qualitative methods are employed to study changes.
It helps in understanding and differentiating both researchers’ and participants’ perspectives. In this case, a researcher uses qualitative data to understand the point of view of the people being studied, and quantitative data to examine the specific issues that the researcher has chosen to investigate.
It helps in dealing with the problem of generality. Qualitative research usually employs a small sample for practical reasons. It may be supplemented by quantitative research using a larger sample to make it possible to generalize the findings.
Qualitative research facilitating the interpretation of the relationship between variables. Quantitative research might identify general patterns, but qualitative research can help to explain why those patterns exist.
It helps in studying different aspects of a phenomenon. Different aspects of a phenomenon might lend themselves to the use of different research methods. Quantitative methods were used to find out about what people thought family obligations were in theory while qualitative methods were used to examine how they actually worked in practice.
Sometimes research throws up unexpected results that are hard to explain. Researchers might need to use a different method from that used initially to try to understand their findings.

Conclusion

Bryman contends that both qualitative and quantitative research have their respective merits. Neither can produce wholly valid and entirely reliable data, but both can offer valuable insights into social life. Bryman suggests that quantitative data can represent the ways in which social life is structured, while qualitative data can better express its processes.

However, Bryman does not view methodological pluralism as a cure-all for research issues. He recognizes that plural methodologies can offer deeper insights than a single methodology alone and that employing multiple methodologies may make a study’s results more compelling.

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Methodology, Values, and Objectivity in Sociological Research, Best Sociology Optional Coaching, Sociology Optional Syllabus.

Historical Sources: Understanding Their Significance and Types in Sociology, Best Sociology Optional Coaching, Sociology Optional Syllabus.

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Paper-1

FUNDAMENTALS OF SOCIOLOGY

Sociology – The Discipline
Sociology as Science:
Research Methods and Analysis:
Sociological Thinkers:
Stratification and Mobility:
Works and Economic Life:
1. Social organization of work in different types of society- slave society, feudal society, industrial /capitalist society
2. Formal and informal organization of work.
3. Labour and society.
Politics and Society:
1. Sociological theories of power.
2. Power elite, bureaucracy, pressure groups, and political parties.
3. Nation, state, citizenship, democracy, civil society, ideology.
4. Protest, agitation, social movements, collective action, revolution.
Religion and Society:
1. Sociological theories of religion.
2. Types of religious practices: animism, monism, pluralism, sects, cults.
3. Religion in modern society: religion and science, secularization, religious revivalism, fundamentalism.
Systems of Kinship:
1. Family, household, marriage.
2. Types and forms of family.
3. Lineage and descent.
4. Patriarchy and sexual division of labour.
5. Contemporary trends.
Social Change in Modern Society:
1. Sociological theories of social change.
2. Development and dependency.
3. Agents of social change.
4. Education and social change.
5. Science, technology and social change.

Paper-2

INDIAN SOCIETY: STRUCTURE AND CHANGE

INTRODUCING INDIAN SOCIETY

Perspectives on the study of Indian society:
1. Indology (GS. Ghurye).
2. Structural functionalism (M N Srinivas).
3. Marxist sociology (A R Desai).
Impact of colonial rule on Indian society :
1. Social background of Indian nationalism.
2. Modernization of Indian tradition.
3. Protests and movements during the colonial period.
4. Social reforms.

SOCIAL STRUCTURE

Perspectives on the study of Indian society:
1. The idea of Indian village and village studies.
2. Agrarian social structure – evolution of land tenure system, land reforms.
Caste System:
1. Perspectives on the study of caste systems: GS Ghurye, M N Srinivas, Louis Dumont, Andre Beteille.
2. Features of caste system.
3. Untouchability – forms and perspectives.
Tribal communities in India
1. Definitional problems.
2. Geographical spread.
3. Colonial policies and tribes.
4. Issues of integration and autonomy.
Social Classes in India:

1. Agrarian class structure.

- - Industrial class structure.
  - Middle classes in India.
Systems of Kinship in India:
1. Lineage and descent in India.
2. Types of kinship systems.
3. Family and marriage in India.
4. Household dimensions of the family.
5. Patriarchy, entitlements and sexual division of labour
Religion and Society:
1. Religious communities in India.
2. Problems of religious minorities.
3. Patriarchy, entitlements and sexual division of labour

SOCIAL CHANGES IN INDIA

Visions of Social Change in India:
- Idea of development planning and mixed economy
- Constitution, law and social change.
- Education and social change.
Rural and Agrarian transformation in India:
- Programmes of rural development, Community Development Programme, cooperatives,poverty alleviation schemes
- Green revolution and social change.
- Changing modes of production in Indian agriculture.
- Problems of rural labour, bondage, migration.

3. Industrialization and Urbanisation in India:

- Evolution of modern industry in India.
- Growth of urban settlements in India.
- Working class: structure, growth, class mobilization.
- Informal sector, child labour
- Slums and deprivation in urban areas.

4. Politics and Society:

- Nation, democracy and citizenship.
- Political parties, pressure groups , social and political elite
- Regionalism and decentralization of power.
- Secularization

5. Social Movements in Modern India:

- Peasants and farmers movements.
- Women’s movement.
- Backward classes & Dalit movement.
- Environmental movements.
- Ethnicity and Identity movements.

6. Population Dynamics:

- Population size, growth, composition and distribution
- Components of population growth: birth, death, migration.
- Population policy and family planning.
- Emerging issues: ageing, sex ratios, child and infant mortality, reproductive health.

7. Challenges of Social Transformation:

- Crisis of development: displacement, environmental problems and sustainability
- Poverty, deprivation and inequalities.
- Violence against women.
- Caste conflicts.
- Ethnic conflicts, communalism, religious revivalism.
- Illiteracy and disparities in education.

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Combining methods

Example of combining methods

Multiple aspects in which triangulation can help us to shape research in multiple ways:

Conclusion

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