Unraveling the Gender Pay Gap in India.
Relevant for Sociology Optional for Civil Service Examination.
Sociology Paper -2
Unit 2 : Social Structure
Unraveling the Gender Pay Gap in India.
The Periodic Labour Force Surveys (PLFS) have been examining the gender pay gap across various employment types from April-June 2019 to 2023. The recent survey emphasizes the importance of considering weekly working hours to fully understand the inequality in earnings. On average, women work fewer hours than men, influenced by societal pressures and personal choices, illustrating the intricate interplay between societal norms and individual decisions in shaping gender disparities at work.
Claudia Goldin’s Nobel prize-winning research on the factors influencing gender inequalities in America resonates in India, where scholars have extensively studied the disparities in work participation and wages for women. The data, converted to weekly earnings, reveals that men consistently earn more than women across all forms of work, with the self-employed experiencing the largest gap in 2023, earning 2.8 times more than women.
Despite variations in trends, the gender pay gap persists, particularly widening for self-employed workers while narrowing for regular wage workers. Notably, the gap in work hours is significant, with men working more hours than women across all forms of work.
In 2023, self-employed men worked 50% more hours than women, while the gap was smallest for regular wage workers (19%). The rise in the gender gap in hours worked, especially in self-employment for women, requires explanation. The increase in labor force participation rates for rural women, coupled with a rise in self-employment, indicates a shift towards part-time employment for women, contrasting with men’s full-time work.
Analyzing hourly earnings reveals a significant decrease in the gap for regular wage workers, falling from 11% in 2019 to around 4% in 2023. Women in regular work earn roughly the same per hour, highlighting the importance of considering hourly earnings in understanding gender pay disparities.
Inequality in hourly earnings is higher for other forms of work, such as casual work and self-employment, although not as high as when considering total earnings. Understanding the forces driving changes in inequality over time is crucial, as seen in the contrasting trends between regular wage workers and the self-employed.
Factors influencing hours of work should be considered, recognizing that lower inequality in hourly earnings for regular wage workers may not result from women choosing fewer hours willingly. Social norms requiring women to attend to domestic and child-rearing duties limit their options, making it essential to address these barriers through workplace interventions and broader societal transformations to achieve gender equality.
Reference: The Hindu
Related Blogs…
 |
 |
Frequently Asked Questions:
1. Question: Define the term “ethnic movement” and provide an example from India.
Answer: An ethnic movement refers to a collective effort by a group sharing common cultural, linguistic, or religious traits, seeking to assert their identity and rights; an example from India is the Khalistan Movement in Punjab.
2. Question: Identify the main objectives behind the Gorkhaland ethnic movement.
Answer: The Gorkhaland ethnic movement primarily seeks to establish a separate state for India’s Nepali-speaking population in the Darjeeling region, advocating for linguistic and cultural recognition and political autonomy.
3. Question: What was the Operation Blue Star, and which ethnic movement was it related to?
Answer: Operation Blue Star was a military action in 1984, aiming to remove Sikh militants hiding in the Golden Temple in Amritsar; it is related to the Khalistan movement, which sought a separate Sikh country.
4. Question: Mention a critical factor that triggered the emergence of ethnic movements in India, as discussed by Dipankar Gupta.
Answer: Dipankar Gupta emphasized that ethnicity is fundamentally a political process, wherein caste and religion, the key components of identity formation, are politicized by leaders for vested interests.
5. Question: What were the primary reasons for the Assam Ethnicity conflicts involving Bodo tribals and Bengali Muslim settlers?
Answer: The Assam Ethnicity conflicts primarily stemmed from issues related to immigration, land rights, and resource allocation, leading to clashes, riots, and evolving relationships among indigenous communities to address challenges.
6. Question: Briefly describe the role of the Dravidian Movement in terms of caste and societal structure.
Answer: The Dravidian Movement, led notably by E.V. Ramasamy, aimed to establish an egalitarian society, focusing on anti-Brahmanism and advocating for equal rights for backward castes, while also introducing reforms like self-respect marriages.
7. Question: Name the prominent ethnic movements in North-East India and specify one common objective.
Answer: Prominent ethnic movements in North-East India include the Nagas’ and Mizos’ struggles; a common objective was to gain autonomy and recognition for their distinct tribal identities and cultural uniqueness.
8. Question: What is the key argument of Gail Omveldt regarding traditional Indian society and multiculturalism?
Answer: Gail Omveldt opposed romanticizing traditional Indian society, arguing that hierarchy has always dominated it and dismissing the notion that multiculturalism is an intrinsic feature of Indian society as a myth.
9. Question: Briefly explain the social hierarchy factor as a contributing element to ethnic movements as suggested by Olzak.
Answer: Olzak suggests that the construction of hierarchies among ethnic communities, which often leads to the suppression of one group by another, is a key factor that can instigate social and ethnic movements.
10. Question: Identify one consequence of the unequal economic development factor within the context of ethnic movements in India.
Answer: One consequence of unequal economic development is the marginalization and underdevelopment of certain groups, leading to feelings of alienation and sometimes initiating ethnic movements as these groups strive for equality and recognition.
GS Related Practices Questions…
To master these intricacies and fare well in the Sociology Optional Syllabus, aspiring sociologists might benefit from guidance by the Best Sociology Optional Teacher and participation in the Best Sociology Optional Coaching. These avenues provide comprehensive assistance, ensuring a solid understanding of sociology’s diverse methodologies and techniques.
META TAGS:
Ethnic Movements, ethnic movements in india, ethnic movement in sociology, Punjab Movement, North-East Ethnic Movements, Gorkhaland Movement, Dravidian Movement, Assam Ethnicity, Ethnic Conflicts, Sociopolitical Impact, India, Ethnic Consciousness, Ethnic Rights, Political Crisis, Economic Development, Cultural Disparities, Khalistan Movement, Nagaland, Mizoram, Multiculturalism, Political Economy, Identity Formation, Social Hierarchies, Bodo Tribals, Bengali Muslim Settlers, Anti-Sikh Riots, Operation Blue Star, Unequal Development, Ethnic Violence, Political Mobilization
Why Vikash Ranjan’s Classes for Sociology?
Proper guidance and assistance are required to learn the skill of interlinking current happenings with the conventional topics. VIKASH RANJAN SIR at TRIUMPH IAS guides students according to the Recent Trends of UPSC, making him the Best Sociology Teacher for Sociology Optional UPSC.
At Triumph IAS, the Best Sociology Optional Coaching platform, we not only provide the best study material and applied classes for Sociology for IAS but also conduct regular assignments and class tests to assess candidates’ writing skills and understanding of the subject.
Choose The Best Sociology Optional Teacher for IAS Preparation?
At the beginning of the journey for Civil Services Examination preparation, many students face a pivotal decision – selecting their optional subject. Questions such as “which optional subject is the best?” and “which optional subject is the most scoring?” frequently come to mind. Choosing the right optional subject, like choosing the best sociology optional teacher, is a subjective yet vital step that requires a thoughtful decision based on facts. A misstep in this crucial decision can indeed prove disastrous.
Ever since the exam pattern was revamped in 2013, the UPSC has eliminated the need for a second optional subject. Now, candidates have to choose only one optional subject for the UPSC Mains, which has two papers of 250 marks each. One of the compelling choices for many has been the sociology optional. However, it’s strongly advised to decide on your optional subject for mains well ahead of time to get sufficient time to complete the syllabus. After all, most students score similarly in General Studies Papers; it’s the score in the optional subject & essay that contributes significantly to the final selection.
“A sound strategy does not rely solely on the popular
Opinion of toppers or famous YouTubers cum teachers.”
It requires understanding one’s ability, interest, and the relevance of the subject, not just for the exam but also for life in general. Hence, when selecting the best sociology teacher, one must consider the usefulness of sociology optional coaching in General Studies, Essay, and Personality Test.
The choice of the optional subject should be based on objective criteria, such as the nature, scope, and size of the syllabus, uniformity and stability in the question pattern, relevance of the syllabic content in daily life in society, and the availability of study material and guidance. For example, choosing the best sociology optional coaching can ensure access to top-quality study materials and experienced teachers. Always remember, the approach of the UPSC optional subject differs from your academic studies of subjects. Therefore, before settling for sociology optional, you need to analyze the syllabus, previous years’ pattern, subject requirements (be it ideal, visionary, numerical, conceptual theoretical), and your comfort level with the subject.
This decision marks a critical point in your UPSC – CSE journey, potentially determining your success in a career in IAS/Civil Services. Therefore, it’s crucial to choose wisely, whether it’s the optional subject or the best sociology optional teacher. Always base your decision on accurate facts, and never let your emotional biases guide your choices. After all, the search for the best sociology optional coaching is about finding the perfect fit for your unique academic needs and aspirations.
To master these intricacies and fare well in the Sociology Optional Syllabus, aspiring sociologists might benefit from guidance by the Best Sociology Optional Teacher and participation in the Best Sociology Optional Coaching. These avenues provide comprehensive assistance, ensuring a solid understanding of sociology’s diverse methodologies and techniques. Sociology, Social theory, Best Sociology Optional Teacher, Best Sociology Optional Coaching, Sociology Optional Syllabus.
Best Sociology Optional Teacher, Sociology Syllabus, Sociology Optional, Sociology Optional Coaching, Best Sociology Optional Coaching, Best Sociology Teacher, Sociology Course, Sociology Teacher, Sociology Foundation, Sociology Foundation Course, Sociology Optional UPSC, Sociology for IAS,
Follow us :
🔎 https://www.instagram.com/triumphias
🔎https://www.youtube.com/c/TriumphIAS
🔎https://t.me/VikashRanjanSociology
Find More Blogs…
| Compare and contrast Karl Marx’s and Max weber’s | Karl Marx- Historical Materialism |
| Talcott Parsons : Social system | Scope of the subject and comparison with other social sciences |
KEYWORD: Unraveling the Gender Pay Gap in India, Unraveling the Gender Pay Gap in India, Unraveling the Gender Pay Gap in India, Unraveling the Gender Pay Gap in India, Unraveling the Gender Pay Gap in India, Unraveling the Gender Pay Gap in India, Unraveling the Gender Pay Gap in India, Unraveling the Gender Pay Gap in India, Unraveling the Gender Pay Gap in India, Unraveling the Gender Pay Gap in India, Unraveling the Gender Pay Gap in India, Unraveling the Gender Pay Gap in India, Unraveling the Gender Pay Gap in India, Unraveling the Gender Pay Gap in India, Unraveling the Gender Pay Gap in India, Unraveling the Gender Pay Gap in India, Unraveling the Gender Pay Gap in India,