Table of Contents

Freebie Politics and Economy

(Relevant for General Studies Paper Prelims/Mains)

In recent years, the practice of offering freebies has become an inseparable aspect of electoral contests, and this trend remains unchanged in the upcoming assembly elections in five states: Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Goa, Punjab, and Manipur.

Political parties promise to offer free electricity/water supply, monthly allowance to unemployed, daily wage workers and women as well as gadgets like laptops, smartphones etc. in order to secure the vote of the people

Advocates of such freebies contend that election promises are crucial for informing voters about the party’s agenda if it assumes power, allowing them to evaluate these alternatives.
Critics of the freebies highlight that this places a substantial economic strain on the state and central exchequers (in case of Lok Sabha elections).

Arguments in Favor of Freebies

In a country like India, where states vary in their levels of development, electoral expectations arise, and these expectations are often addressed through the provision of freebies.
In states with relatively lower levels of development and a larger population experiencing poverty, such freebies become necessity-driven and crucial to uplift the people through subsidies.
Providing freebies has become a competitive practice adopted by every political party. However, a significant problem lies in the fact that the subsidies or freebies announced are not adequately integrated into the budget proposals. The financing of such proposals is often omitted from the party’s memorandums or manifestos.

Arguments Against Freebies

Offering freebies ultimately impacts the public exchequer, and many Indian states lack robust financial health, with limited revenue resources. Hastily announcing freebies without proper legislative debate leads to irresponsible expenditure and fails to yield the desired benefits.
While welfare schemes like power and water bill waivers could be justified if aimed at helping the poor, election-driven impractical announcements by parties often do not align with the budgetary and infrastructure realities of the states.

Ways to improve

If political parties adopt effective economic policies, ensuring welfare schemes and government initiatives reach their intended recipients without leakages or corruption and target the right audience, then infrastructure and development will naturally be taken care of. In such a scenario, the need for offering freebies would diminish.
India, being a large country, still has a significant population living below the poverty line. It is crucial to include all citizens in the country’s development plan.
Instead of making promises of freebies, the focus should be on utilizing the five-year tenure when a political party is in power as the ruling government to implement provisions that benefit the people.
Voters need to realize the repercussions of selling their votes for freebies and resist such practices to ensure better leadership.

When discussing the promises made during election campaigns, it is not wise to solely focus on the political aspect. It is equally crucial to consider the economic aspect since budgetary allocations and resources are limited. Politics and the economy should be considered together when addressing the issue of freebies.

Freebie politics, electoral contests, economic implications, subsidies, public exchequer, budget proposals, development, welfare schemes, economic policies, infrastructure, poverty line, leadership., Best Sociology Optional Teacher, Best Sociology Optional Coaching, Sociology Optional Syllabus, cooperative based economic development

Sociology Optional Syllabus

Course Commencement Information

Enrolment is limited to a maximum of 250 Seats.
Course Timings: 08:30 To 10:30
Course Duration: 4.5 Months
Class Schedule: Monday to Saturday
Batch Starts from: 24th July

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Instructional Format:

Each class session is scheduled for a duration of two hours.
At the conclusion of each lecture, an assignment will be distributed by Vikash Ranjan Sir for Paper-I & Paper-II coverage.

Study Material:

A set of printed booklets will be provided for each topic. These materials are succinct, thoroughly updated, and tailored for examination preparation.
A compilation of previous years’ question papers (spanning the last 27 years) will be supplied for answer writing practice.
Access to PDF versions of toppers’ answer booklets will be available on our website.
Post-course, you will receive two practice workbooks containing a total of 10 sets of mock test papers based on the UPSC format for self-assessment.

Additional Provisions:

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Syllabus of Sociology Optional

Paper-1

FUNDAMENTALS OF SOCIOLOGY

Sociology – The Discipline
Sociology as Science:
Research Methods and Analysis:
Sociological Thinkers:
Stratification and Mobility:
Works andEconomic Life:
1. Social organization of work in different types of society- slave society, feudal society, industrial /capitalist society
2. Formal and informal organization of work.
3. Labour and society.
Politics and Society:
1. Sociological theories of power.
2. Power elite, bureaucracy, pressure groups, and political parties.
3. Nation, state, citizenship, democracy, civil society, ideology.
4. Protest, agitation, social movements, collective action, revolution.
Religion and Society:
1. Sociological theories of religion.
2. Types of religious practices: animism, monism, pluralism, sects, cults.
3. Religion in modern society: religion and science, secularization, religious revivalism, fundamentalism.
Systems of Kinship:
1. Family, household, marriage.
2. Types and forms of family.
3. Lineage and descent.
4. Patriarchy and sexual division of labour.
5. Contemporary trends.
Social Change in Modern Society:
1. Sociological theories of social change.
2. Development and dependency.
3. Agents of social change.
4. Education and social change.
5. Science, technology and social change.

Paper-2

INDIAN SOCIETY: STRUCTURE AND CHANGE

INTRODUCING INDIAN SOCIETY

Perspectives on the study of Indian society:
1. Indology (GS. Ghurye).
2. Structural functionalism (M N Srinivas).
3. Marxist sociology (A R Desai).
Impact of colonial rule on Indian society :
1. Social background of Indian nationalism.
2. Modernization of Indian tradition.
3. Protests and movements during the colonial period.
4. Social reforms.

SOCIAL STRUCTURE

Perspectives on the study of Indian society:
1. The idea of Indian village and village studies.
2. Agrarian social structure – evolution of land tenure system, land reforms.
Caste System:
1. Perspectives on the study of caste systems: GS Ghurye, M N Srinivas, Louis Dumont, Andre Beteille.
2. Features of caste system.
3. Untouchability – forms and perspectives.
Tribal communities in India
1. Definitional problems.
2. Geographical spread.
3. Colonial policies and tribes.
4. Issues of integration and autonomy.
Social Classes in India:

1. Agrarian class structure.

- - Industrial class structure.
  - Middle classes in India.
Systems of Kinship in India:
1. Lineage and descent in India.
2. Types of kinship systems.
3. Family and marriage in India.
4. Household dimensions of the family.
5. Patriarchy, entitlements and sexual division of labour
Religion and Society:
1. Religious communities in India.
2. Problems of religious minorities.
3. Patriarchy, entitlements and sexual division of labour

SOCIAL CHANGES IN INDIA

Visions of Social Change in India:
- Idea of development planning and mixed economy
- Constitution, law and social change.
- Education and social change.
Rural and Agrarian transformation in India:
- Programmes of rural development, Community Development Programme, cooperatives,poverty alleviation schemes
- Green revolution and social change.
- Changing modes of production in Indian agriculture.
- Problems of rural labour, bondage, migration.

3. Industrialization and Urbanisation in India:

- Evolution of modern industry in India.
- Growth of urban settlements in India.
- Working class: structure, growth, class mobilization.
- Informal sector, child labour
- Slums and deprivation in urban areas.

4. Politics and Society:

- Nation, democracy and citizenship.
- Political parties, pressure groups , social and political elite
- Regionalism and decentralization of power.
- Secularization

5. Social Movements in Modern India:

- Peasants and farmers movements.
- Women’s movement.
- Backward classes & Dalit movement.
- Environmental movements.
- Ethnicity and Identity movements.

6. Population Dynamics:

- Population size, growth, composition and distribution
- Components of population growth: birth, death, migration.
- Population policy and family planning.
- Emerging issues: ageing, sex ratios, child and infant mortality, reproductive health.

7. Challenges of Social Transformation:

- Crisis of development: displacement, environmental problems and sustainability
- Poverty, deprivation and inequalities.
- Violence against women.
- Caste conflicts.
- Ethnic conflicts, communalism, religious revivalism.
- Illiteracy and disparities in education.

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Vikash Ranjan Sir
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