Universal Social Protection for Children: A Fundamental Right in the Face of Global Challenges.
{Relevant for Civil Service Examination.}
Universal Social Protection for Children: A Fundamental Right in the Face of Global Challenges.
“Social protection, deemed a fundamental human right and a prerequisite for a poverty-free world, is emphasized in a recent report by the International Labour Organization (ILO) and UNICEF. The report underscores the significance of universal social protection in enabling the most vulnerable children worldwide to realize their potential. Adequate social protection enhances accessibility to essential life necessities like food, healthcare, and education.
The report contends that social protection plays a pivotal role in averting child labor and underage marriages while addressing the root causes of gender inequality and exclusion. By directly addressing monetary poverty, social protection can alleviate the stigma and exclusion experienced by many impoverished children, mitigating the emotional toll of feeling inferior during childhood.
Alarming statistics indicate that between 2016 and 2020, 50 million children aged up to 15 missed out on child benefits, exacerbating the total number of children globally lacking social support to 1.46 billion. The report also reveals that child and family benefit rates either stagnated or declined across all regions during the same four-year period. This trend poses a significant challenge, as no country is currently on track to achieve the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 1.3 of establishing Social Protection Systems for All by the end of the decade.
The report highlights the most significant decline in the Americas, where coverage dropped by 6.4 percentage points. Europe and Central Asia experienced a slight decline from 84.6% to 82.3%, while Africa’s effective coverage remains the lowest, barely changing from 12.8% to 12.6%. In Asia and the Pacific, coverage has remained relatively constant at 18.0%.
A pressing concern emerges as almost 2.5 billion children globally require sufficient social protection, with over 800 million living on less than $3.20 a day. The impact of ongoing crises, including COVID-19, a cost of living crisis, and disruptions from conflict and climate change, compounds the challenges faced by children worldwide. The report notes that the pandemic has significantly increased child poverty globally, marking the first such growth in decades.
While acknowledging that many countries globally enhanced social assistance in response to the pandemic, the report points out that most of the implemented policy measures were short-lived. Furthermore, only 12% of these measures were fully gender-responsive, disproportionately affecting women and girls worldwide in the wake of COVID-19.”
Reference: Statistics
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Frequently Asked Questions:
1. Question: Define the term “ethnic movement” and provide an example from India.
Answer: An ethnic movement refers to a collective effort by a group sharing common cultural, linguistic, or religious traits, seeking to assert their identity and rights; an example from India is the Khalistan Movement in Punjab.
2. Question: Identify the main objectives behind the Gorkhaland ethnic movement.
Answer: The Gorkhaland ethnic movement primarily seeks to establish a separate state for India’s Nepali-speaking population in the Darjeeling region, advocating for linguistic and cultural recognition and political autonomy.
3. Question: What was the Operation Blue Star, and which ethnic movement was it related to?
Answer: Operation Blue Star was a military action in 1984, aiming to remove Sikh militants hiding in the Golden Temple in Amritsar; it is related to the Khalistan movement, which sought a separate Sikh country.
4. Question: Mention a critical factor that triggered the emergence of ethnic movements in India, as discussed by Dipankar Gupta.
Answer: Dipankar Gupta emphasized that ethnicity is fundamentally a political process, wherein caste and religion, the key components of identity formation, are politicized by leaders for vested interests.
5. Question: What were the primary reasons for the Assam Ethnicity conflicts involving Bodo tribals and Bengali Muslim settlers?
Answer: The Assam Ethnicity conflicts primarily stemmed from issues related to immigration, land rights, and resource allocation, leading to clashes, riots, and evolving relationships among indigenous communities to address challenges.
6. Question: Briefly describe the role of the Dravidian Movement in terms of caste and societal structure.
Answer: The Dravidian Movement, led notably by E.V. Ramasamy, aimed to establish an egalitarian society, focusing on anti-Brahmanism and advocating for equal rights for backward castes, while also introducing reforms like self-respect marriages.
7. Question: Name the prominent ethnic movements in North-East India and specify one common objective.
Answer: Prominent ethnic movements in North-East India include the Nagas’ and Mizos’ struggles; a common objective was to gain autonomy and recognition for their distinct tribal identities and cultural uniqueness.
8. Question: What is the key argument of Gail Omveldt regarding traditional Indian society and multiculturalism?
Answer: Gail Omveldt opposed romanticizing traditional Indian society, arguing that hierarchy has always dominated it and dismissing the notion that multiculturalism is an intrinsic feature of Indian society as a myth.
9. Question: Briefly explain the social hierarchy factor as a contributing element to ethnic movements as suggested by Olzak.
Answer: Olzak suggests that the construction of hierarchies among ethnic communities, which often leads to the suppression of one group by another, is a key factor that can instigate social and ethnic movements.
10. Question: Identify one consequence of the unequal economic development factor within the context of ethnic movements in India.
Answer: One consequence of unequal economic development is the marginalization and underdevelopment of certain groups, leading to feelings of alienation and sometimes initiating ethnic movements as these groups strive for equality and recognition.
GS Related Practices Questions…
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META TAGS:
Ethnic Movements, ethnic movements in india, ethnic movement in sociology, Punjab Movement, North-East Ethnic Movements, Gorkhaland Movement, Dravidian Movement, Assam Ethnicity, Ethnic Conflicts, Sociopolitical Impact, India, Ethnic Consciousness, Ethnic Rights, Political Crisis, Economic Development, Cultural Disparities, Khalistan Movement, Nagaland, Mizoram, Multiculturalism, Political Economy, Identity Formation, Social Hierarchies, Bodo Tribals, Bengali Muslim Settlers, Anti-Sikh Riots, Operation Blue Star, Unequal Development, Ethnic Violence, Political Mobilization
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