Peninsular Rivers
(Relevant for Geography Section of General Studies Paper Prelims/Mains)
Peninsular Rivers
Peninsula Rivers display a greater antiquity compared to Himalayan Rivers {Dissimilar Origins}. The drainage pattern within the peninsula is primarily Harmonious, with the exception of a few rivers in the Upper Peninsula region. These rivers are non-perennial in nature, experiencing their highest flow during the rainy season. Peninsular rivers have reached a state of maturity {Fluvial Landforms}, nearly approaching their base level. (Vertical erosion is minimal). Characterized by wide and shallow valleys, the riverbanks typically exhibit gradual slopes, though some localized areas show steep sides due to faulting.
The key water divide in the peninsular region is established by the Western Ghats, which extend from north to south along the western coastline. Owing to the gentle gradient, the water velocity within these rivers is low, and they possess a limited capacity to transport sediment. Many significant peninsular rivers, such as the Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, and Cauvery, flow eastward and ultimately empty into the Bay of Bengal, forming deltas at their estuaries. In contrast, westward-flowing rivers like the Narmada and Tapi, as well as those originating from the Western Ghats and emptying into the Arabian Sea, create estuaries instead of deltas.
Certain areas witness the formation of superimposed and rejuvenated drainage systems, exemplified by landmarks such as: Instances include the Sharvati’s Jog Falls (289 m), Mahabaleshwar’s Yenna Falls (183 m), Cauvery’s Sivasamundram Falls (101 m), Gokak Falls (55 m), as well as Kapildhara (23 m) and Dhuandar (15 m) on the Narmada. These waterfalls stand out as major geographical features in Peninsular India.
Origin of peninsular river system
- Geologists theorize that the Sahyadri-Aravali axis served as the primary water division in the past. One hypothesis suggests that the present-day peninsula constitutes the remaining portion of a larger landmass. Within this expanse, the Western Ghats occupied a central position. Consequently, drainage occurred in two directions: one flowing eastward into the Bay of Bengal and the other westward, emptying into the Arabian Sea.
Subsequently, the western segment of the Peninsula underwent fracturing and submersion into the Arabian Sea during the early Tertiary period, which coincided with the Himalayan formation. As a result of the Indian plate’s collision, certain regions of the Peninsular block experienced subsidence, leading to the development of a series of rifts characterized by troughs and faults. Through these rifts, the Narmada and Tapi rivers, currently flowing westward on the Peninsula, find their course.
- This theory holds promise due to factors such as the Peninsula’s linear coastline, the steep western incline of the Western Ghats, and the absence of delta formations along the western coast.
Direction of flow
Despite the prevalent west-to-east trajectory of Peninsular Rivers, a meticulous examination discloses three primary patterns of flow.
Rivers such as Cauvery, Krishna, Godavari, Mahanadi, and numerous smaller watercourses discharge their waters south eastward into the Bay of Bengal. Conversely, Narmada, Tapi, and various minor streams originating from the Western Ghats meander westward, reaching the Arabian Sea. Furthermore, rivers like Chambal, Betwa, Ken, Son, and Damodar (tributaries of Ganga and Yamuna) adopt a north-easterly course.
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