Relevance: Prelims/mains: G.S paper III: Science & Current Affairs
Context
As a risk factor for serious COVID-19 disease, physical inactivity was surpassed only by advanced age and a history of organ transplant.
Why in news?
Among COVID-19 patients, a lack of exercise is linked to more severe symptoms and a higher risk of death, according to a study covering nearly 50,000 people who were infected with the virus.
What did the study find?
- People physically inactive for at least two years before the pandemic were more likely to be hospitalised, to require intensive care, and to die, researchers reported.
- As a risk factor for serious COVID-19 disease, physical inactivity was surpassed only by advanced age and a history of organ transplant.
- Indeed, compared to other modifiable risk factors such as smoking, obesity or hypertension, physical inactivity was the strongest risk factor across all outcomes.
- The pre-existing conditions most associated with severe COVID-19 infection are advanced age, being male, and having diabetes, obesity or cardiovascular disease.
But up to now, a sedentary lifestyle has not been included.
To see whether a lack of exercise increases the odds of severe infection, hospitalisation, admission into an intensive care unit (ICU), and death, the researchers compared these outcomes in 48,440 adults in the United States infected with COVID-19 between January and October 2020.
The average age of patients was 47, and three out of five were women. On average, their mass-body index was 31, just above the threshold for obesity.
Intensive care
Around half had no underlying illnesses, such as diabetes, chronic lung conditions, heart or kidney disease, or cancer. Nearly 20% had one, and more than 30% had two or more.
All of the patients had reported their level of regular physical activity at least three times between March 2018 and March 2020 at outpatient clinics.
Some 15% described themselves as inactive (0-10 minutes of physical activity per week), nearly 80% reported “some activity” (11-149 minutes/week), and 7% were consistently active in keeping with national health guidelines (150+ minutes/week).
After allowing for differences due to race, age and underlying medical conditions, sedentary COVID-19 patients were more than twice as likely to be admitted to hospital as those who were most active.
They were also 73% more likely to require intensive care, and 2.5 times more likely to die due to the infection.
The study found that:
Compared to patients in the habit of doing occasional physical activity, couch potatoes were 20% more likely to be admitted to hospital, 10% more likely to require intensive care, and 32% more likely to die.
While the link is statistically strong, the study — which is observational, as opposed to a clinical trial — cannot be construed as direct evidence that a lack of exercise directly caused the difference in outcomes.
The findings also depend on self-reporting by patients, with a potential for bias.