Relevance: Sociology: Stratification and Mobility: Concepts- equality, inequality, hierarchy, exclusion, poverty and deprivation.
Caste System: Perspectives on the study of caste systems: GS Ghurye, M N Srinivas, Louis Dumont, Andre Beteille. Features of caste system. Untouchability – forms and perspectives.
G.S paper I: Society and Social Issues
The SC/ST community had the highest proportion of those who did not have access to a toilet
In India, increasing urbanisation is pushing disadvantaged populations living in informal settlements into a more poverty-stricken way of life. Multiple factors influence the quality of life in informal settlements, including access to drinking water, toilets, sanitation and waste management.
Informal settlements are areas that emerge unlawfully, either on government property or private land, thereby breaching government planning requirements. Residents often have no tenancy rights over the place they reside.
Around 41 per cent households in informal settlements depended on sources of ‘exclusive use’ for basic amenities, followed by ‘unrestricted public sources’ (25.63 per cent) and ‘common use’ (18.04 per cent), according to a National Sample Survey (NSS) study of unit-level data on urban slums.
Rather than being a public good, water in urban areas is a rival economic good since its access depends on the willingness to pay money and a certain amount of walking to obtain it.
The NSS data indicated that it is the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes (SC / ST) who largely relied on water sources outside their household premises (46.09 per cent), followed by Muslims (36.11 per cent) and other backward classes (OBC, 31.72 per cent).
Access to toilets is yet another concern for the dwellers in informal settlements. As many as 52.6 per cent households had ‘exclusive use’ toilets, 15.25 per cent had ‘common use’, 11.4 per cent used public toilets without payment, 9.3 per cent public toilets with payment and 10.3 per cent had no access to any kind of toilets.
Also, among different socio-religious groups, the OBCs had the highest access (60 per cent) to ‘exclusive use’ toilets, followed by Muslims (53 per cent) and SC / STs (51 per cent). For common use toilets too, the OBCs had the highest percentage (18 per cent) of access, followed by Muslims (13 per cent) and SC / STs (12 per cent).
Reliance on public / community toilets was highest among Muslims (12 per cent), followed by OBCs (9 per cent) and SC / STs (6 per cent).
The SC / ST community had the highest proportion of those who did not have access to a toilet, followed by Muslims and then OBCs.
Individuals often lack access to toilets because the facilities are not properly maintained for use. A functioning toilet must have regular water supply and connection to a sewerage system.
Almost 50 per cent households in informal settlements depended on septic tanks and only around 42 per cent of the households were connected to the sewer system, according to NSS data.
Excreta needs to be appropriately disposed of to prevent pollution and contamination. However, only 41 per cent households in informal settlements have claimed that excreta from their septic tanks is emptied in more than two years.
The urban local bodies are entrusted with the work of emptying tanks and pits of excreta. But the frequency of the cleaning indicates that they do not complete the task on time.
More than half of the households (around 53 per cent) depend on private agencies to get the excreta emptied and around 25 per cent depend on hired labour, the data showed.
Considering the poor quality of life in these settlements, waste mismanagement is no exception. A considerable share of households in informal settlements are denied daily garbage collection, though the garbage is generated on a daily basis.
Around 47 per cent households in these settlements do not have access to daily garbage collection in their area. Out of that, garbage collection happens just once a week for 23.45 per cent households.
Since these informal settlers are frequently in direct contact with garbage lying around, they are highly vulnerable to communicable diseases.
These informal settlements do not receive the government’s attention because they have been established unlawfully and lie outside government’s jurisdiction. At the government’s end, the fundamental issue in providing services to these informal / illegal settlements is their lack of tenurial security / status.
The informal private players fill the gap in providing services. Such practices raise serious concern regarding the rights and entitlements of these residents.
It also questions the State’s role in providing access to basic amenities to every citizen, since the state exists to offer its citizens basic human rights.
SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
Purity and Pollution in caste system
A society which has seen stratification done on each and every level has also seen the notion of purity and pollution by distance respective of their castes. The ideation of purity and pollution is the major aspect in understanding the hierarchy process of the caste system. Purity and Pollution is also known as the basis of untouchability practice.
For understanding hierarch process we will take an example of India in which there were four varnas in which Brahmins hold the superior position and Shudras had the lowest position among everyone. It is even said that the purity of a person can be measured from his/her caste.
Shudras were considered as the low living creatures which were designed to fulfill the needs of other three castes. They were mostly assigned as their slave but they were not allowed to go near the other castes.
It was firmly believed that their mere presence can pollute their earned purity from their respective castes. In those times a Shudra condition was no less than the slaves of other countries. They were not the free man and were restricted to enter any temple, well or any public place.
Untouchability was a common practice erupted from the Purity and Pollution concept. The lower castes always found harassed by the names like Chandaals.
B.R. Ambedkar also known as a popular anthropologist has given some examples which clears how purity and pollution concept was evolving in India. For example in the Peshwa Maharaja Kingdom, a Dalit was not allowed to use the public streets as his shadow over some upper caste human being is considered as an impure touch.
Also, an upper caste person never had the food made by a lower caste claiming it to be a threat to their purity.
Another example in which marriages are always said to be called as a social institution which clearly means people can have their partner of their own choice, but the concept of purity and pollution restricted them to choose anybody out of their caste.
If people fail to bind these rules, endogamy which means giving punishment for breaking rules is practiced. This system in nowadays is popularly known as Honour Killing.