India’s Remarkable Progress in Poverty Reduction.
Relevant for Sociology Optional for Civil Service Examination.
Sociology Paper -2
Unit 7 : Challenge of Social Transformation
India’s Remarkable Progress in Poverty Reduction.
Niti Aayog report
A NITI Aayog report reveals that in the last 9 years, 24.8 crore individuals have risen above the poverty line in India, marking a substantial improvement. Uttar Pradesh witnessed the most significant change, with 5.94 crore people benefiting, followed by Bihar, where 3.77 crore individuals experienced an uplift, along with 2.30 crore in Madhya Pradesh and 1.87 crore in Rajasthan.
According to the report, India’s poverty rate has declined from 29.17 percent in 2013-14 to 11.28 percent in 2022-23, reflecting a remarkable decrease of 17.89 percent over the past 9 years. The assessment of poverty alleviation considers factors such as enhanced education, healthcare, and lifestyle, encompassing aspects like child nutrition, mortality rates, maternal health, school education, attendance, cooking fuel, sanitation, drinking water, electricity, housing, property, and bank account.
The rate of poverty reduction has accelerated, with a 4 percent higher pace observed between 2015-16 and 2019-21 compared to the period from 2005-06 to 2015. The data reveals substantial improvements in all 12 indicators of the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI). Key initiatives like Poshan Abhiyaan and Anemia Mukt Bharat have played a pivotal role in enhancing access to healthcare facilities.
The report highlights the positive impact of five central government schemes:
- Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana, initiated on May 1, 2016, has benefited over 10 crore people by providing economically weaker families with free gas connections and financial assistance of Rs 1600.
- Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana, launched on August 28, 2014, has achieved almost 100% coverage, with 51.42 crore account holders and Rs 2 lakh crores deposited.
- Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana, introduced in 2020 and extended till 2029, offers free food grains to about 81.35 crore people, providing 5 kg of wheat or rice and one kilogram of whole gram monthly per family member.
- Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana, with 30 crore Ayushman cards issued under the major health insurance scheme Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana, ensures free treatment up to Rs 5 lakh for citizens and commenced on September 25, 2018.
- Jal Jeevan Mission, launched on August 15, 2019, aims to provide tap water to every household in all villages by 2024, with connections already established for 14 crore houses and a total target of 19 crore houses.
UN and Oxford University Report
A recent report from the United Nations and Oxford University has highlighted India’s significant progress in reducing poverty. The report reveals that between 2005-06 and 2019-21, 41.5 crore people in India have moved above the poverty line. This information is based on the Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) released by the United Nations Development Program and Oxford University.
The report also indicates that in 2005-06, around 6.45 crore people in India were living in extreme poverty, a number that decreased to approximately 3.70 crore in 2015-16 and further dropped to 2.30 crore in 2019-21. This demonstrates a substantial reduction in poverty levels, particularly among India’s poorest states and groups, including children and individuals from backward castes.
Globally, out of 610 crore people across 110 countries, 110 crore people live in extreme poverty, with nearly half of them being children under 18 years of age (56.6 crore). The poverty rate among children is 27.7%, while among adults, it is 13.4%.
The report also highlights that poverty disproportionately affects people in rural areas, with 84% of the poor population residing in rural areas. It is noted that rural areas are generally poorer than urban areas. Furthermore, the report identifies 25 countries, including India, that have halved their global MPI values, indicating the potential for rapid progress within a 15-year timeframe.
Reference: Daiik Bahskar
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Frequently Asked Questions:
1. Question: Define the term “ethnic movement” and provide an example from India.
Answer: An ethnic movement refers to a collective effort by a group sharing common cultural, linguistic, or religious traits, seeking to assert their identity and rights; an example from India is the Khalistan Movement in Punjab.
2. Question: Identify the main objectives behind the Gorkhaland ethnic movement.
Answer: The Gorkhaland ethnic movement primarily seeks to establish a separate state for India’s Nepali-speaking population in the Darjeeling region, advocating for linguistic and cultural recognition and political autonomy.
3. Question: What was the Operation Blue Star, and which ethnic movement was it related to?
Answer: Operation Blue Star was a military action in 1984, aiming to remove Sikh militants hiding in the Golden Temple in Amritsar; it is related to the Khalistan movement, which sought a separate Sikh country.
4. Question: Mention a critical factor that triggered the emergence of ethnic movements in India, as discussed by Dipankar Gupta.
Answer: Dipankar Gupta emphasized that ethnicity is fundamentally a political process, wherein caste and religion, the key components of identity formation, are politicized by leaders for vested interests.
5. Question: What were the primary reasons for the Assam Ethnicity conflicts involving Bodo tribals and Bengali Muslim settlers?
Answer: The Assam Ethnicity conflicts primarily stemmed from issues related to immigration, land rights, and resource allocation, leading to clashes, riots, and evolving relationships among indigenous communities to address challenges.
6. Question: Briefly describe the role of the Dravidian Movement in terms of caste and societal structure.
Answer: The Dravidian Movement, led notably by E.V. Ramasamy, aimed to establish an egalitarian society, focusing on anti-Brahmanism and advocating for equal rights for backward castes, while also introducing reforms like self-respect marriages.
7. Question: Name the prominent ethnic movements in North-East India and specify one common objective.
Answer: Prominent ethnic movements in North-East India include the Nagas’ and Mizos’ struggles; a common objective was to gain autonomy and recognition for their distinct tribal identities and cultural uniqueness.
8. Question: What is the key argument of Gail Omveldt regarding traditional Indian society and multiculturalism?
Answer: Gail Omveldt opposed romanticizing traditional Indian society, arguing that hierarchy has always dominated it and dismissing the notion that multiculturalism is an intrinsic feature of Indian society as a myth.
9. Question: Briefly explain the social hierarchy factor as a contributing element to ethnic movements as suggested by Olzak.
Answer: Olzak suggests that the construction of hierarchies among ethnic communities, which often leads to the suppression of one group by another, is a key factor that can instigate social and ethnic movements.
10. Question: Identify one consequence of the unequal economic development factor within the context of ethnic movements in India.
Answer: One consequence of unequal economic development is the marginalization and underdevelopment of certain groups, leading to feelings of alienation and sometimes initiating ethnic movements as these groups strive for equality and recognition.
GS Related Practices Questions…
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