Introduction

India’s ascent as a formidable spacefaring nation has been marked by significant achievements in satellite technology, space exploration, and strategic defense initiatives. However, the increasing militarization and weaponization of outer space pose new challenges to national security and global stability. As geopolitical tensions extend beyond terrestrial boundaries, India must navigate the complexities of space weaponization to safeguard its interests and contribute to the peaceful use of outer space.​

India’s Strategic Space Capabilities

India’s commitment to enhancing its space capabilities is evident through various initiatives:​

• Mission Shakti (2019): India demonstrated its anti-satellite (ASAT) capabilities by successfully intercepting and destroying a live satellite in low Earth orbit, becoming the fourth nation to achieve this feat. ​ 
• Defense Space Agency (DSA): Established to coordinate military space activities and develop counter-space technologies, the DSA plays a pivotal role in integrating space assets into defense operations.​
• Military Satellites: India has launched dedicated military satellites like GSAT-7A for the Indian Air Force and GSAT-6A for secure communication, enhancing real-time surveillance and reconnaissance capabilities. 

Challenges and Concerns

Despite these advancements, India faces several challenges in the realm of space weaponization:

• Strategic Vulnerability: The militarization of space by adversaries increases India’s strategic exposure, as it currently lacks a matching offensive or defensive space force. This asymmetry threatens deterrence stability, especially in the event of cross-domain conflicts. ​ 
• Space Debris: ASAT tests contribute to space debris, posing risks to operational satellites and the sustainability of outer space activities. Ensuring responsible behavior in space is crucial to mitigate these risks.​
• Lack of Comprehensive Policy: India’s space policy has traditionally focused on civilian applications. The absence of a comprehensive national space security policy hampers the development of a cohesive strategy to address emerging threats. ​

Recommendations

To address these challenges, India should consider the following measures:

• Formulate a National Space Security Policy: Develop a comprehensive policy that outlines India’s approach to space security, encompassing defense, commercial, and diplomatic aspects.​
• Enhance International Collaboration: Engage in international forums to advocate for norms and treaties that prevent the weaponization of space and promote transparency and confidence-building measures.​
• Invest in Counter-Space Technologies: Prioritize the development of technologies that can protect India’s space assets, including electronic warfare capabilities and satellite resilience measures.​
• Promote Public-Private Partnerships: Encourage collaboration between government agencies and private enterprises to foster innovation and strengthen India’s space industry.​

Conclusion

As space becomes an increasingly contested domain, India must proactively adapt to the evolving landscape of space weaponization. By formulating robust policies, investing in strategic technologies, and engaging in international cooperation, India can secure its interests and contribute to the peaceful and sustainable use of outer space.​