Understanding the Global Impact of Extreme Weather Events on Poverty and Vulnerability
Relevant for Sociology Optional for Civil Service Examination.
Relevance : Sociology Paper -2 , Unit 8 : Challenges of Social transformation
Understanding the Global Impact of Extreme Weather Events on Poverty and Vulnerability
Introduction:
The issue of poverty reduction is not limited to income and welfare gains but also involves protecting households from the adverse effects of extreme weather events, which are becoming more frequent due to climate change. These events can lead to substantial losses in assets and investments, hindering long-term welfare improvements for affected populations. To address this challenge effectively, it is crucial to monitor and assess the global burden imposed by extreme weather events, particularly on the most vulnerable and impoverished individuals. This study proposes a comprehensive method for monitoring the population at high risk of these events and provides estimates of the number of people exposed, along with how this exposure has evolved over time.
Key Messages:
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- Global Population at High Risk: More than half of the world’s population, approximately 4.5 billion people, are at high risk of encountering extreme weather events such as floods, droughts, cyclones, or heatwaves. Among them, about 2.3 billion individuals live in poverty (earning less than $6.85 per day), and nearly 400 million are classified as extremely poor (earning less than $2.15 per day), based on 2020 data.
- Vulnerability Beyond Poverty: Vulnerability to extreme weather events is not solely driven by poverty. Many non-poor households also face significant vulnerability, leading to severe impacts and welfare losses.
- Factors Influencing Impact: The impact of an extreme weather event on individuals is determined by hazard, exposure, and vulnerability. Hazard represents the potential occurrence of an extreme weather event, exposure refers to the entities or elements that could be affected, and vulnerability assesses the extent to which these entities may suffer adverse effects.
- Household Vulnerability Criteria: This study defines a household as vulnerable to extreme weather events if it is highly likely to experience severe losses, lacks access to basic infrastructure such as water and electricity, and is unable to cope with or recover from these losses. Inadequate income management, inability to adapt livelihoods to mitigate income losses, lack of social protection, and limited access to financial services are indicators of households’ inability to cope with such events.
- Urgent Action Needed: With a significant portion of the global population exposed to extreme weather events, especially those who are impoverished or highly vulnerable, countries must urgently address the impacts of climate change. Immediate action is essential to mitigate these impacts and assist people in adapting to the associated risks while safeguarding their welfare.
Statistical Insights:
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- Global Estimates: Data from 75 countries covering 77 percent of the world’s population, where comprehensive indicators were available, indicate that 42 percent of the total population (and 70 percent of those exposed) were at high risk from extreme weather shocks in 2019.
- Trend Analysis: A subset of countries representing 60 percent of the world’s population allows for an exploration of the trend between 2010 and 2019. Despite an overall increase in the number of people exposed to extreme weather events in these countries, the number at high risk has declined, except in Sub-Saharan Africa, where the population at high risk has increased during this period.
This detailed analysis sheds light on the urgent need for global action to address the impact of extreme weather events on poverty and vulnerability. It underscores the necessity for proactive measures to mitigate climate change impacts and enhance adaptive strategies for populations at risk.
Reference: Static Portion
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Frequently Asked Questions:
1. Question: Define the term “ethnic movement” and provide an example from India.
Answer: An ethnic movement refers to a collective effort by a group sharing common cultural, linguistic, or religious traits, seeking to assert their identity and rights; an example from India is the Khalistan Movement in Punjab.
2. Question: Identify the main objectives behind the Gorkhaland ethnic movement.
Answer: The Gorkhaland ethnic movement primarily seeks to establish a separate state for India’s Nepali-speaking population in the Darjeeling region, advocating for linguistic and cultural recognition and political autonomy.
3. Question: What was the Operation Blue Star, and which ethnic movement was it related to?
Answer: Operation Blue Star was a military action in 1984, aiming to remove Sikh militants hiding in the Golden Temple in Amritsar; it is related to the Khalistan movement, which sought a separate Sikh country.
4. Question: Mention a critical factor that triggered the emergence of ethnic movements in India, as discussed by Dipankar Gupta.
Answer: Dipankar Gupta emphasized that ethnicity is fundamentally a political process, wherein caste and religion, the key components of identity formation, are politicized by leaders for vested interests.
5. Question: What were the primary reasons for the Assam Ethnicity conflicts involving Bodo tribals and Bengali Muslim settlers?
Answer: The Assam Ethnicity conflicts primarily stemmed from issues related to immigration, land rights, and resource allocation, leading to clashes, riots, and evolving relationships among indigenous communities to address challenges.
6. Question: Briefly describe the role of the Dravidian Movement in terms of caste and societal structure.
Answer: The Dravidian Movement, led notably by E.V. Ramasamy, aimed to establish an egalitarian society, focusing on anti-Brahmanism and advocating for equal rights for backward castes, while also introducing reforms like self-respect marriages.
7. Question: Name the prominent ethnic movements in North-East India and specify one common objective.
Answer: Prominent ethnic movements in North-East India include the Nagas’ and Mizos’ struggles; a common objective was to gain autonomy and recognition for their distinct tribal identities and cultural uniqueness.
8. Question: What is the key argument of Gail Omveldt regarding traditional Indian society and multiculturalism?
Answer: Gail Omveldt opposed romanticizing traditional Indian society, arguing that hierarchy has always dominated it and dismissing the notion that multiculturalism is an intrinsic feature of Indian society as a myth.
9. Question: Briefly explain the social hierarchy factor as a contributing element to ethnic movements as suggested by Olzak.
Answer: Olzak suggests that the construction of hierarchies among ethnic communities, which often leads to the suppression of one group by another, is a key factor that can instigate social and ethnic movements.
10. Question: Identify one consequence of the unequal economic development factor within the context of ethnic movements in India.
Answer: One consequence of unequal economic development is the marginalization and underdevelopment of certain groups, leading to feelings of alienation and sometimes initiating ethnic movements as these groups strive for equality and recognition.
GS Related Practices Questions…
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