Mughal Architecture
(Relevant for Historical Section of General Studies Paper Prelims/Mains)
Mughal Architecture
This architectural style thrived in the northern and central regions of India during the rule of the Mughal emperors from the mid-16th century to the late 17th century. The Mughal era brought about a notable resurgence of Islamic architecture in northern India. With the support of Mughal emperors, a fusion of Persian, Indian, and regional styles gave rise to exceptional and refined creations. This architectural trend became so pervasive, particularly in northern India, that its influences extended even into the colonial architecture of the Indo-Saracenic style.
Features
- Eclectic Architecture: This style emerged as a fusion of Indian, Persian, and Turkish architectural elements.
- Variety: A diverse range of structures including grand entrances, forts, tombs, palaces, mosques, and rest houses.
- Construction Materials: The predominant use of red sandstone and white marble.
- Distinctive Features: Notable characteristics encompassed the Charbagh layout for tombs, prominent bulbous domes, slim corner turrets, expansive gateways, intricate calligraphy, and arabesque motifs, geometric designs on pillars and walls, and palace chambers supported by columns. Archways, chhatris (domed pavilions), and assorted dome styles gained immense popularity in Indo-Islamic architecture and underwent further advancements during the Mughal era.
Examples
Taj Mahal: Commissioned by Shah Jahan between 1632 and 1653 as a tribute to his beloved wife Mumtaz Mahal. Acknowledged by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site in 1983, the Taj Mahal is situated in Agra.
Red Fort: Constructed by Shah Jahan in 1618 as part of his decision to relocate the capital from Agra to Delhi. It functioned as the residence for Mughal rulers. Designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2007.
Jama Masjid: Erected by Shah Jahan in Delhi, with completion achieved in 1656.
Badshahi Mosque: Raised during Aurangzeb’s reign, the Badshahi Mosque held the record as the world’s largest mosque upon its completion in 1673. It is situated in Lahore, the capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab.
Agra Fort
- It is a fortification in Agra.
- It was one of the earliest structures to be built during Akbar’s rule.
- The majority of the constructions inside the fort, however, were built during Shah Jahan’s reign. The following are some of the notable structures in the area:
- Moti Masjid by Shah Jahan.
- Diwan-i-aam (Hall of Public Audience) and Diwan-i-khas (Hall of Private Audience) by Shah Jahan.
- The Jahangiri Mahal.
- Sheesh Mahal (Turkish Bath).
Humayun’s Tomb
- This mausoleum, constructed in 1570, holds particular cultural significance due to being the inaugural garden-tomb on the Indian subcontinent.
- It served as an inspiration for several significant architectural advancements, ultimately culminating in the creation of the Taj Mahal.
- Its construction was sponsored by Humayun’s son, the renowned Emperor Akbar. Referred to as the ‘dormitory of the Mughals,’ it contains the remains of more than 150 members of the Mughal family.
- Exemplifying the charbagh style (featuring a four-part garden symbolizing the rivers of the Quranic paradise), it incorporates pools interconnected by water channels. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) bestowed World Heritage Site status upon it in 1993.
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Mughal Architecture, Islamic Architecture, Persian Influence, Taj Mahal, Red Fort, Jama Masjid, Badshahi Mosque, Agra Fort, Humayun’s Tomb, Charbagh Layout, UNESCO World Heritage Sites, Indian History, Architectural Styles, Shah Jahan, Akbar, Aurangzeb, Best Sociology Optional Coaching, Sociology Optional Syllabus.
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