Indian Bronze Sculpture

(Relevant for Historical Section of General Studies Paper Prelims/Mains)

Indian bronze sculpture

Indian sculptors had mastered the bronze medium and the casting process as much as they had mastered terracotta sculpture and carving in stone. The bronze sculptures are characterised by exquisite beauty and aesthetic appeal. The ‘Dancing Girl’ from Mohenjo-Daro is one of the earliest simplified figurines.

The art of crafting bronze sculptures in South India reached an advanced stage of development during the medieval era. Although bronze figures were both designed and cast during the Pallava period in the eighth and ninth centuries, some of the most graceful and intricate statues emerged during the Chola Period:

• The kalyanasundara murti from the ninth century is notably exceptional for its representation of the Panigrahana (marriage ceremony) through two distinct statuettes.
• The Ardhanarishvara murti ingeniously portrays the union of Shiva and Parvati within a single image.
• The renowned dancing figure of Shiva as Nataraja was conceived and refined during the Chola Period, leading to the creation of numerous variations of this intricate bronze image.
• A wide spectrum of Shiva iconography was developed in the Thanjavur (Tanjore) region of Tamil Nadu during this period.
• Despite their lack of ornamental elements, Chola bronze sculptures are characterized by elegance, expressiveness, and exquisite beauty. The poses and facial expressions of the figures are highly explicit.
• Alongside the mudras (hand gestures) and poses, the artisans paid meticulous attention to details such as weaponry and the ‘vahana’ (vehicle).
• Chola bronzes are crafted using the lost wax technique, artistically referred to as “Cire Perdue,” which demands a high level of skill.

The Chola period was an age of continuous improvement and refinement of Dravidian art and architecture. The circumstances in which bronzes were cast during this period, and the contexts within which they were and are sited, continue to have profound relevance for our present-day understanding of art, poetry, science, history and society.

Sample Question for UPSC Sociology Optional Paper:

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Indian Bronze Sculpture, Chola Period, South Indian Art, Lost Wax Technique, Cire Perdue, Nataraja, Ardhanarishvara, Kalyanasundara, Mudra, Vahana, Dravidian Art, Mohenjo-Daro Dancing Girl, Panigrahana, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu

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