Analyse the changing nexus between tribes and caste
Section: B.
Sociology Paper 2011.
Relevant for Sociology Optional for Civil Services Examination.
Paper 2: Unit-12 Social Structure; Tribal communities in India
Question: Analyse the changing nexus between tribes and caste
– 20 Marks
Introduction: Definition of Tribes and Caste.Main Body: Earlier Debate Around Caste-Tribe Continuum, Exploitation and Marginalisation Based Similarities in Tribes and Dalits.Conclusion: Shifting Discourse Beyond Nexus. |
Introduction:
- Caste is a social institution based on birth, involving hierarchical social stratification, endogamy, and occupation-specific roles, leading to varying prestige and status.
- Tribe denotes a close-knit social group united by common ancestry, language, and culture, often led by a chief, emphasizing collective identity and tradition.
- Caste and tribe has a complex relationship and has been analysed from various prespectives. The nexus between caste and tribes evolves from tribe caste continuum to divergent assertive identities and then both claiming affirmative actions and support from government
Main Body:
Caste-Tribe Continuum:
- Earlier tribes and caste were seen in form of continuum as propounded by Ghurye. He said that tribes are backward caste Hindu. They need to be fully integrated into caste system and mainstream society. G. Bailey also approached caste and tribe as continuum.
- Some tribal groups, over time, may adopt certain features of caste systems. This could include adopting caste surnames, marrying into caste communities, and even assimilating caste-based occupational roles. For example Toda tribes in Nilgiris
Identity and Assimilation:
- When tribes enter the caste fold, they may lose their distinct tribal identity as they assimilate into caste-based norms and practices.
- Rich tribal individuals may sometimes use their resources to align themselves with higher castes, demonstrating how economic and social factors can influence this continuum. M.N. Srinivas has highlighted this aspect in definition of process of Sanskritization .
Absence of Continuum:
- Modern anthropologists reject the idea of a simple and linear tribe-caste continuum. They argue that caste and tribe are fundamentally different social categories with distinct characteristics. Vernier Elvin supported this idea and advocated isolation And distinct tribal culture.
- Tribes may maintain their own distinct social, cultural, and religious practices, even when living in proximity to caste-based communities. They may resist or selectively adopt caste practices.
Marginalization and Assertion of Identity:
- The relationship between lower castes and tribes can be complex. While both may experience marginalization and discrimination in a hierarchical society, they may also have different interests and identities.
- However Dalits and tribes both need state protection and positive affirmation to safeguard their interests.
Conclusion:
The distinct nature of tribes has been accepted by government withdrawing drawing commonalities with caste system. Going further government has also accepted diversity in tribes among themselves. Hence now discourse has shifted from defining nexus to identifying needs and protection of vulnerable tribes in country.
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