Relevance: prelims/mains: G.S paper II: Issues relating to poverty and hunger.
The report underscored that the traditional concept of poverty is outdated, demonstrating more clearly than ever that labelling countries—or even households—as rich and poor is an oversimplification.
Following are the 10 indicators over which the report has been prepared.
- Nutrition
- Sanitation
- Child mortality
- Drinking water
- Years of schooling
- Electricity
- School attendance
- Housing
- Cooking fuel
- Assets
As per the report of The United nations, India lifted 271 million people out of poverty between 2006 and 2016, recording the fastest reductions in the multidimensional poverty index values during the period with strong improvements in areas such as “assets, cooking fuel, sanitation and nutrition”.
The 2019 global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) from the UN Development Programme (UNDP) and the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) was released.
Key findings of the report:
- In the 101 countries studied—31 low income, 68 middle income and 2 high income —1.3 billion people are “multidimensionally poor”, which means that poverty is defined not simply by income, but by a number of indicators, including poor health, poor quality of work and the threat of violence.
- It identifies 10 countries, with a combined population of around 2 billion people, to illustrate the level of poverty reduction, and all of them have shown statistically significant progress towards achieving Sustainable Development Goal 1, namely ending poverty “in all its forms, everywhere”.
- The 10 countries are Bangladesh, Cambodia, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Haiti, India, Nigeria, Pakistan, Peru and Vietnam.
- Within these 10 countries, data shows that 270 million people moved out of multidimensional poverty from one survey to the next.
This progress was largely driven by South Asia. In India, there were 271 million fewer people in poverty in 2016 than in 2006, while in Bangladesh, the number dropped by 19 million between 2004 and 2014.
- The 10 selected countries for which changes over time were analysed, India and Cambodia reduced their MPI values the fastest and they did not leave the poorest groups behind.
- India’s MPI value reduced from 0.283 in 2005-06 to 0.123 in 2015-16.
Noting the examples of pro-poor reduction, where the poorest regions improved the fastest, the report said that Jharkhand in India reduced the incidence of multidimensional poverty from 74.9 per cent in 2005-06 to 46.5 per cent in 2015-16. Mondol Kiri and Rattanak Kiri in Cambodia reduced it from 71.0 per cent to 55.9 per cent between 2010 and 2014.
- Ethiopia, India and Peru significantly reduced deprivations in all 10 indicators,
- India saw significant reductions in number of people who are multidimensionally poor and deprived in each of the 10 indicators.
India reduced deprivation in nutrition from 44.3 per cent in 2005-06 to 21.2 per cent in 2015-16, child mortality dropped from 4.5 per cent to 2.2 per cent, people deprived of cooking fuel reduced from 52.9 per cent to 26.2 per cent, deprivation in sanitation from 50.4 per cent to 24.6 per cent and those deprived of drinking water reduced from 16.6 per cent to 6.2 per cent.
- People gained access to electricity as deprivation was reduced from 29.1 per cent to 8.6 per cent, housing from 44.9 per cent to 23.6 per cent and assets deprivation from 37.6 per cent to 9.5 per cent.
- The trends in these 10 countries also shine a light on where poverty reduction has been uneven, despite the good progress overall.
- Children suffer poverty more intensely than adults and are more likely to be deprived in all 10 of the MPI indicators, lacking essentials such as clean water, sanitation, adequate nutrition or primary education.
- Child poverty fell markedly faster than adult poverty in Bangladesh, Cambodia, Haiti, India and Peru. But children fell further behind in Ethiopia, and their progress together with that of adults stalled in Democratic Republic of the Congo and Pakistan.
- Globally, of the 1.3 billion people who are multidimensionally poor, more than two-thirds of them—886 million—now live in middle-income countries. A further 440 million live in low-income countries.
- Even more staggering, worldwide, one in three children is multidimensionally poor, compared with one in six adults. That means that nearly half of the people living in multidimensional poverty—663 million—are children, with the youngest children bearing the greatest burden. The vast majority of these children, around 85 per cent, live in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, split roughly equally between the two regions.