{"id":9588,"date":"2020-08-22T22:40:05","date_gmt":"2020-08-22T17:10:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/?p=9588"},"modified":"2023-04-12T17:27:10","modified_gmt":"2023-04-12T11:57:10","slug":"schools-of-indian-philosophy-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/schools-of-indian-philosophy-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Schools of Indian Philosophy"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_68 ez-toc-wrap-center counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-light-blue ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >What's Inside this Blog!<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/schools-of-indian-philosophy-2\/#Schools_of_Indian_Philosophy\" title=\"Schools of Indian Philosophy\">Schools of Indian Philosophy<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-2' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/schools-of-indian-philosophy-2\/#Sankhya_Philosophy\" title=\"Sankhya Philosophy\">Sankhya Philosophy<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/schools-of-indian-philosophy-2\/#Yoga_Philosophy\" title=\"Yoga Philosophy\">Yoga Philosophy<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/schools-of-indian-philosophy-2\/#Nyaya_Philosophy\" title=\"Nyaya Philosophy\">Nyaya Philosophy<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/schools-of-indian-philosophy-2\/#Vaisheshik_Philosophy\" title=\"Vaisheshik\u00a0Philosophy\">Vaisheshik\u00a0Philosophy<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/schools-of-indian-philosophy-2\/#Purva_mimansa_mimansa\" title=\"Purva mimansa (mimansa)\">Purva mimansa (mimansa)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/schools-of-indian-philosophy-2\/#Uttara_Mimamsa_Vedanda\" title=\"Uttara Mimamsa (Vedanda)\">Uttara Mimamsa (Vedanda)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/schools-of-indian-philosophy-2\/#Three_Heterodox_Schools_of_Indian_Philosophy\" title=\"Three\u00a0Heterodox Schools of Indian Philosophy\">Three\u00a0Heterodox Schools of Indian Philosophy<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/schools-of-indian-philosophy-2\/#Carvaka\" title=\"Carvaka\">Carvaka<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/schools-of-indian-philosophy-2\/#Buddhist_Philosophy\" title=\"Buddhist Philosophy\">Buddhist Philosophy<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/schools-of-indian-philosophy-2\/#Jain_Philosophy\" title=\"Jain Philosophy\">Jain Philosophy<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/schools-of-indian-philosophy-2\/#Ajivika_Philosophy\" title=\"Ajivika Philosophy\">Ajivika Philosophy<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h1><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Schools_of_Indian_Philosophy\"><\/span>Schools of Indian Philosophy<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #0000ff; background-color: #ffff00;\">Relevance: Prelims\/Mains: G.S paper I: Art &amp; Culture; G.S paper IV: Ethics: Contribution of moral Thinkers<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.esamskriti.com\/essays\/docfile\/635.jpg\" alt=\"Shad Darshanas- Six Systems of Hindu Philosophy\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>INTRODUCTION<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>The 6 classical schools (shatdarshan) are Sankhya, Yoga, Nyaya, Vaisheshik, Purva Mimansa and Uttar Mimansa (Vedanta).\u00a0Almost all Indian schools of thought accepted the theory of karma and rebirth, and the ideal of moksha is conceived as liberation from the cycle of births and deaths.\u00a0Moksha\/liberation is considered as the highest goal of human struggle.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/images.slideplayer.com\/13\/3599940\/slides\/slide_5.jpg\" alt=\"PHILOSOPHY 100 (STOLZE) Notes on Victoria Harrison, Eastern Philosophy: The Basics. - ppt download\" \/><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Sankhya_Philosophy\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">Sankhya Philosophy<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Sankhya is the oldest philosphy. It was\u00a0put forward by Kapila.<\/p>\n<p>Sankhya philosophy provided the materialistic ontology for Nyaya and Vaisheshik, but there is very little original literature in Sankhya.<\/p>\n<p>It is generally believed that Sankhya Philosophy is\u00a0dualistic and not monistic because it has two entities,\u00a0<strong>purush<\/strong>\u00a0(spirit) and<strong>\u00a0prakriti<\/strong>\u00a0(nature) in it. Samkhya emphasizes the attainment of knowledge of self by means of concentration and meditation.<\/p>\n<p>Sankhya holds that it is the self-knowledge that leads to liberation and not any exterior influence or agent.\u00a0Samkhya forms the philosophical basis for Yoga. In\u00a0Samkhya, the necessity of God is not felt for epistemological clarity about the interrelationship between higher Self, individual self, and the universe around us.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Purush vs Prakriti:<\/strong>\u00a0In the beginning, the philosophy was materialistic as it talked only about Prakrithi, but later the element of purush was also added to it. While Purusha is posited as the only sentient being, ever existent, and immaterial, Prakriti is said to be the material basis of this universe, composed of three basic elements (Gunas) \u2013 namely Tamas, Rajas, and Sattva.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Yoga_Philosophy\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">Yoga Philosophy<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Yoga presents a method of physical and mental discipline.<\/p>\n<p>The Yoga presents a practical path for the realization of the self whereas the Samkhya emphasizes the attainment of knowledge of self by means of concentration and meditation.\u00a0Releasing Purush from Prakriti by means of physical and mental discipline is the concept of Yoga.<\/p>\n<p>Founder of Yoga is Pathanjai. Yoga does not require belief in God, although such a belief is accepted as help in the initial stage of mental concentration and control of the mind.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Nyaya_Philosophy\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">Nyaya Philosophy<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/images.slideplayer.com\/20\/5981635\/slides\/slide_21.jpg\" alt=\"Asian Philosophy Lecture 9. The Nyaya \u2013 Vaisheshika School Nyaya and Vaisheshika are two independent schools of ...\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Nyaya Philosophy states that nothing is acceptable unless it is in accordance with reason and experience (scientific approach). Founder of this philosophy is Gautam and the principles are mentioned in\u00a0Nyaya Sutras.\u00a0Nyaya says that the world is real and the philosophy does not follow a monist view.<\/p>\n<p>Nyaya philosophy relies on several\u00a0<strong>pramanas<\/strong>\u00a0i.e. means of obtaining true knowledge as its epistemology. According to it, the pradhan pramana or principal means of obtaining knowledge is\u00a0<strong>pratyaksha pramana<\/strong>\u00a0i.e. the knowledge obtained through the 5 senses. There are also other pramanas like\u00a0anumana (inference, through which we can obtain true knowledge) and shabda pramana (a statement of an expert).<\/p>\n<p>NB: Subsequent philosophers who claimed to be Nyayiks, e.g. Vatsyayan (who wrote\u00a0Nyaya Bhashya), Udayan (who wrote\u00a0Kusumanjali) etc. distorted the Nyaya philosophy by introducing theological elements in it. Navya Nyaya scholars like Gangesh resorted to gymnasics in logic.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Vaisheshik_Philosophy\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">Vaisheshik\u00a0Philosophy<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/images.slideplayer.com\/20\/5981635\/slides\/slide_3.jpg\" alt=\"Asian Philosophy Lecture 9. The Nyaya \u2013 Vaisheshika School Nyaya and Vaisheshika are two independent schools of ...\" \/><\/p>\n<p>The classical Indian philosophy Vaisheshik was the physics of ancient times. It propounded the\u00a0atomic theory\u00a0of its founder Kannada. At one time Vaisheshik was regarded as part of the Nyaya philosophy since physics is part of science. But since physics is the most fundamental of all sciences, Vaisheshik was later separated from Nyaya and put forth as a separate philosophy. To make it short, Vaisheshik is a realistic and objective philosophy of the universe.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Purva_mimansa_mimansa\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">Purva mimansa (mimansa)<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The word Mimamsa means to analyze and understand thoroughly. \u00a0Purva Mimamsa examines the teachings of the Veda in the light of karma-kanda rituals, ie karma-mimamsa system is called purva-mimamsa. Purva mimansa (or briefly mimansa) lays emphasis on the performance of the yagya for attaining various spiritual and worldly benefits. \u00a0Hence this philosophy relies on the Brahmana (and samhita) part of the Vedas.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Uttara_Mimamsa_Vedanda\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">Uttara Mimamsa (Vedanda)<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Vedanta says that the world is unreal, Maya. Vedanta is monistic, in other words, it says that there is only one reality, Brahman. Vedanta\u00a0lays emphasis on brahmagyan, hence relies on the Upanishad part of the Vedas. Vedanda has its roots in Sankya Philosophy.<\/p>\n<p>There are three sub-branhces for Vedanda :<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Absolute Monism of Shankara<\/li>\n<li>Vishishtha Advaita or qualified monism of Ramanuja<\/li>\n<li>Dvaita of Madhva<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><em>PS: A\u00a0close examination shows that the first 4 classical systems are not entirely based on\u00a0Vedas. But last two, the Purva Mimansa and the Uttar Mimansa, certainly rely on the Vedas.<\/em><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Three_Heterodox_Schools_of_Indian_Philosophy\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">Three\u00a0Heterodox Schools of Indian Philosophy<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Schools that do not accept the authority of vedas are by definition unorthodox (nastika) systems. The following schools belong to heterodox schools of Indian Philosophy.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Carvaka\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">Carvaka<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>It is characterised as a materialistic and aesthetic school of thought. Accepted direct perception as the surest method to prove the truth of anything. Insists on joyful living.<\/p>\n<p>Also known as Lokayata, Carvaka is a materialistic school of thought. Its founder was Carvaka, author of the Barhaspatya Sutras in the final centuries B.C.<\/p>\n<p>The original texts have been lost and our understanding of them is based largely on criticism of the ideas by other schools. As early as the 5th Century, Saddaniti and Buddhaghosa connected the Lokayatas with the Vitandas (or Sophists), and the term Carvaka was first recorded in the 7th Century by the philosopher Purandara, and in the 8th Century by Kamalasila and Haribhadra.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Buddhist_Philosophy\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">Buddhist Philosophy<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>It is a system of beliefs based on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautma.\u00a0Buddhism\u00a0is a non-theistic philosophy whose tenets are not especially concerned with the existence or non-existence of God.<\/p>\n<p>Four Noble Truths in Buddhism are the following.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>There is suffering<\/li>\n<li>There is a cause of suffering<\/li>\n<li>There is a cessation of suffering<\/li>\n<li>There is a way to the cessation of suffering<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Buddhists philosophy of life to get \u2018Nirvana\u2019 from suffering is based on the following eight principles:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Right Faith (Samyak Dristi)<\/li>\n<li>Right Resolve (Samyak Sankalpa)<\/li>\n<li>Right Speech (Samyak Vakya)<\/li>\n<li>Right Action (Samyak Karmanta)<\/li>\n<li>Right Living ( Samyak Ajiva)<\/li>\n<li>Right Thought (Samyak Smriti)<\/li>\n<li>Right concentration (Samyak Samadhi)<\/li>\n<li>Right Effort (Samyak Vyayama)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Jain_Philosophy\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">Jain Philosophy<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Already in existence by 6th century B.C, it was revived by Mahavira, the 24th Jain Tirthankara.\u00a0According to Jainism, Nirvana or liberation is obtained through three jewels: Right Philosophy, Right Knowledge and Right Conduct (Tri-ratna). Right conduct implies 5 absinences: not to lie, not to steal, not to strive for luxury and not to strive for possessions, not to be unchaste and not to injure (Ahimsa).<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Ajivika_Philosophy\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">Ajivika Philosophy<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>A related philosophy which some classify under the heterodox sytem is Ajivika Philosophy. The \u0100j\u012bvikas may simply have been a more loosely-organized group of wandering ascetics (shramanas or sannyasins). Some of its prominent figures were Makkhali Gosala and Sanjaya Belatthaputta. This was\u00a0an ascetic movement of the\u00a0Mahajanapada period in the Indian subcontinent.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/image.slidesharecdn.com\/indianphilosophy-160128115740\/95\/indian-philosophy-1-638.jpg?cb=1453982443\" alt=\"Indian philosophy\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>For more such notes, Articles, News &amp; Views Join our Telegram Channel.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><a title=\"Telegram Link\" href=\"https:\/\/t.me\/triumphias\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>https:\/\/t.me\/triumphias<\/strong><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>Click the link below to see the details about the UPSC \u2013Civils courses offered by Triumph IAS.<\/strong> <\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #ff0000;\" title=\"Courses available\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/pages-all-courses.php\">https:\/\/triumphias.com\/pages-all-courses.php<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Schools of Indian Philosophy Relevance: Prelims\/Mains: G.S paper I: Art &amp; Culture; G.S paper IV: Ethics: Contribution of moral Thinkers<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3574,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[73,7],"tags":[4434,4432,4099,4419,4433,4430,4427,4437,4436,4429,4422,4431,3157,4424,4428,4420,4435,392,4425,4423,4426,4421],"class_list":["post-9588","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-general-studies-iv","category-general-studies-i","tag-classical-schools","tag-gautam","tag-hinduism","tag-indian-philosophy","tag-kannada","tag-kapila","tag-karma","tag-liberation","tag-mental-discipline","tag-moksha","tag-nyaya-philosophy","tag-pathanjai","tag-philosophy","tag-purva-mimansa","tag-rebirth","tag-sankhya-philosophy","tag-spiritual","tag-union-public-service-commission-upsc","tag-uttara-mimamsa","tag-vaisheshik-philosophy","tag-vedanta","tag-yoga-philosophy"],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9588","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9588"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9588\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30905,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9588\/revisions\/30905"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3574"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9588"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9588"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9588"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}