{"id":7899,"date":"2020-05-13T20:35:17","date_gmt":"2020-05-13T15:05:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/?p=7899"},"modified":"2023-10-27T12:36:06","modified_gmt":"2023-10-27T07:06:06","slug":"sociology-p-1-social-changes-europeemergence","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/sociology-p-1-social-changes-europeemergence\/","title":{"rendered":"Modernity and social changes in Europe and Emergence of sociology."},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_68 ez-toc-wrap-center counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-light-blue ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >What's Inside this Blog!<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/sociology-p-1-social-changes-europeemergence\/#Sociology_Understanding_of_modernity\" title=\"Sociology &amp; Understanding of modernity\">Sociology &amp; Understanding of modernity<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-2' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/sociology-p-1-social-changes-europeemergence\/#Relevance_for_Paper-I_FUNDAMENTAL_OF_SOCIOLOGY\" title=\"Relevance for\u00a0Paper-I:FUNDAMENTAL OF SOCIOLOGY:\u00a0\u00a0\">Relevance for\u00a0Paper-I:FUNDAMENTAL OF SOCIOLOGY:\u00a0\u00a0<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/sociology-p-1-social-changes-europeemergence\/#Sociology_Optional_Syllabus_Course_Commencement_Information\" title=\"Sociology Optional Syllabus \n \nCourse Commencement Information\">Sociology Optional Syllabus \n \nCourse Commencement Information<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/sociology-p-1-social-changes-europeemergence\/#Syllabus_of_Sociology_Optional\" title=\"Syllabus of Sociology Optional\">Syllabus of Sociology Optional<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/sociology-p-1-social-changes-europeemergence\/#About_Triumph_IAS\" title=\"About Triumph IAS\">About Triumph IAS<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-2' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/sociology-p-1-social-changes-europeemergence\/#Course_Features\" title=\"Course Features\">Course Features<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/sociology-p-1-social-changes-europeemergence\/#Specialist_Guidance_of_Vikash_Ranjan_Sir\" title=\"Specialist Guidance of Vikash Ranjan Sir\">Specialist Guidance of Vikash Ranjan Sir<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/sociology-p-1-social-changes-europeemergence\/#Classrooms_Interaction_Participatory_Discussion\" title=\"Classrooms Interaction &amp; Participatory Discussion\">Classrooms Interaction &amp; Participatory Discussion<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/sociology-p-1-social-changes-europeemergence\/#Preparatory-Study_Support\" title=\"Preparatory-Study Support\">Preparatory-Study Support<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/sociology-p-1-social-changes-europeemergence\/#Online_Support_System_Oss\" title=\"Online Support System (Oss)\">Online Support System (Oss)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/sociology-p-1-social-changes-europeemergence\/#Strategic_Classroom_Preparation\" title=\"Strategic Classroom Preparation\">Strategic Classroom Preparation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/sociology-p-1-social-changes-europeemergence\/#Comprehensive_Study_Material\" title=\"Comprehensive Study Material\">Comprehensive Study Material<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/sociology-p-1-social-changes-europeemergence\/#Why_Vikash_Ranjans_Classes_for_Sociology\" title=\"Why Vikash Ranjan&#8217;s Classes for Sociology?\">Why Vikash Ranjan&#8217;s Classes for Sociology?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/sociology-p-1-social-changes-europeemergence\/#Choose_The_Best_Sociology_Optional_Teacher_for_IAS_Preparation\" title=\"Choose The Best Sociology Optional Teacher for IAS Preparation?\">Choose The Best Sociology Optional Teacher for IAS Preparation?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/sociology-p-1-social-changes-europeemergence\/#Find_More_Blogs\" title=\"Find More Blogs\">Find More Blogs<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Sociology_Understanding_of_modernity\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/forms.gle\/rk58J2Lc3xAHJn9Y8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone  wp-image-19619\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Best_Sociology_Optional_Teacher-1-2-300x242.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"672\" height=\"542\" srcset=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Best_Sociology_Optional_Teacher-1-2-300x242.jpg 300w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Best_Sociology_Optional_Teacher-1-2-150x121.jpg 150w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Best_Sociology_Optional_Teacher-1-2-768x620.jpg 768w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Best_Sociology_Optional_Teacher-1-2.jpg 989w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 672px) 100vw, 672px\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Sociology &amp; Understanding of modernity<\/span><\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Relevance_for_Paper-I_FUNDAMENTAL_OF_SOCIOLOGY\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>Relevance for\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>Paper-I:FUNDAMENTAL OF SOCIOLOGY:\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>1. <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Sociology<\/span> &#8211; The Discipline:\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCsv76U-4y0dAIiHT92oYUgA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Understanding Modernity\u00a0<\/strong><strong>And Modernization of Sociology:\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Modernity <\/strong>is associated with the sweeping changes that took place in the society-particularly social, economic and cultural changes. Modernity involves <strong><em>values and norms that are universal in nature. <\/em><\/strong>This is the outcome of the<strong> Process of Modernization.<\/strong> It represents substantial break with traditional society.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/image.slidesharecdn.com\/modernity-180305191402\/95\/modernity-2-638.jpg?cb=1537612509\" alt=\"Modernity\" width=\"439\" height=\"330\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><em><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">(a) <\/span><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Modernity and social changes in Europe and emergence of sociology<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Modernity and Modernization represents substantial breaks with traditional society. <strong>The concept of modernization emerged as an explanation of how Western countries\/ societies developed through enlightenment, scientific revolution, democratization, industrialization and capitalism.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">According to this approach, modernization depends primarily on <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong><em>Introduction of technology and the knowledge required making use of it<\/em><\/strong>.<\/span> Besides, several social and political prerequisites have been identified to make modernization possible. <strong>Some of these prerequisites are:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong><em>Inventions and Discoveries &amp; Innovation.<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Industrialization and urbanization.<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Capitalism<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Free Market<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Optimism<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><em>The search for absolute knowledge in science, technology, society and politics.<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><em>The idea that gaining knowledge of the true self was the only foundation for all other knowledge. <\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Increased levels of education.<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Development of mass media.<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Accessible transport and communication.<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Democratic political institutions.<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><em>More urban and mobile population.<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Nuclear family in place of extended family.<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Complex division of labour.<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Declining public influence of religion, and;<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Developed markets for exchange of goods and services in place of traditional ways of meeting such needs.<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong style=\"font-size: 1.125rem;\">Modernization is, thus, supposed to be the result of the presence of these prerequisites in the social system.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/image.slidesharecdn.com\/whatismodernity-120611094320-phpapp01\/95\/what-is-it-to-be-modern-1-728.jpg?cb=1340055324\" alt=\"What is it to be Modern?\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCsv76U-4y0dAIiHT92oYUgA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b style=\"color: #ff0000;\">Modernity and <\/b><span style=\"color: #303030;\"><b>Sociological<\/b><\/span><b style=\"color: #ff0000;\"> \u00a0Changes in Europe<\/b><\/a> <\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The Emergence of <em><strong>Sociology<\/strong><\/em> as a scientific Discipline is traced to the period of European History characterised by tremendous <span style=\"color: #008080;\"><strong>Social, Political, Economic and Cultural changes<\/strong>. <strong>These changes were result of Modernity<\/strong><\/span> embodied in <span style=\"color: #008080;\"><strong>French revolution and Industrial Revolution<\/strong><\/span> i<em>nfluenced<\/em> by <span style=\"color: #008080;\"><strong>Commercial Revolution and Scientific Revolution<\/strong>.<\/span> Modernity received ideological content from these revolutions. These revolutions came up with <strong><span style=\"color: #008080;\">ideology of profiteering,\u00a0 Mass production-new markets, Desire for building capital empires in other countries and Industrialism-development of technology, rationality, capitalism and progress.<\/span> <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><em>This period of Modernity and change in European society is known as <\/em>Enlightenment Period.<em> It embodies the spirit of new awakening in the French philosophers of the Eighteenth century<\/em>.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-15180\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/chapter-21-social-change-15-638-300x225.webp\" alt=\"Modernity and social changes in Europe and Emergence of sociology, Best Sociology Optional Coaching, Sociology Optional Syllabus,Best sociology teacher\" width=\"647\" height=\"485\" srcset=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/chapter-21-social-change-15-638-300x225.webp 300w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/chapter-21-social-change-15-638-150x113.webp 150w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/chapter-21-social-change-15-638.webp 638w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 647px) 100vw, 647px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCsv76U-4y0dAIiHT92oYUgA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>The Enlightenment Period <\/strong><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><em>The roots of the ideas developed by the early sociologists are grounded in the social conditions that prevailed in Europe. <\/em><\/strong>The emergence of sociology as a scientific discipline can be traced to that period of European history, which saw such tremendous social, political and economic changes as embodied in the French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #008080;\"><strong><em>The Enlightenment Period marked a radical change from the traditional thinking of feudal Europe. It introduced the new way of thinking and looking at reality. Individuals started questioning each and every aspect of life and nothing was considered sacrosanct &#8211; from the church to the state to the authority of the monarch and so on.<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>The roots of the ideas, such as the belief that both nature and society can be studied scientifically, that human beings are essentially rational and that a society built on rational principles will make human beings realize their infinite potentials, can be traced in the development of science and commerce in Europe. The new outlook developed as a result of the Commercial Revolution and the Scientific Revolution and crystallized during the French and the Industrial Revolutions gave birth to sociology as a discipline.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCsv76U-4y0dAIiHT92oYUgA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong><u>The Commercial Revolution and Modernity &amp; Social Change in Europe<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #008080;\"><strong>The \u201c<span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Commercial Revolution\u201d<\/span> refers to a series of events between 1450 to approximately 1800. These events signaled to a shift from the largely subsistence and stagnant economy of medieval Europe to a more dynamic and worldwide system. <\/strong><\/span>The Commercial Revolution in this sense, signified the expansion of trade and commerce that took place from the fifteenth century onwards. It was of such a large scale and organised manner that we call it a Revolution. This expansion was as a result of the initiative taken by certain European countries to develop and consolidate their economic and political power. These countries were Portugal, Spain, Holland and England.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Europe\u2019s trade with the Oriental or Eastern countries like India and China was transacted by land routes. The northern Italian cities of Venice and Genoa were the major centers of trade. The result of the Italian monopoly was that the prices of goods like spices and silks imported from the East were extremely high. Portugal and Spain therefore, wanted to discover a route to the Orient that would be independent of Italian control.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Thus began a shift from land routes to sea-routes. <\/strong>The Portuguese were the pioneers in adventurous navigation and exploration, you probably know of the historic voyage of Vasco da Gama who, in 1498 landed on the Indian coast after having sailed around the southern tip of Africa. <span style=\"color: #008080;\"><strong>Christopher Columbus, an Italian under the patronage of the Spanish King and Queen, set sail for India. However, he landed on the shores of North America.<\/strong> <\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">This accidental discovery of America was to prove very beneficial to Spain. It laid the foundations of what was to become a Spanish empire in America. <strong>Britain, France and Holland soon followed Spain and Portugal.<\/strong> The parts of India and Africa, Malacca, the Spice Islands, West Indies and South America came under the economic control of Spain, Portugal, England, France and Holland. Commerce expanded into a world enterprise.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The monopoly of the Italian cities was destroyed. <span style=\"color: #008080;\"><strong>European markets were flooded with new commodities; spices and textiles from the East, tobacco from N. America, Cocoa, Chocolate and quinine from S. America, ivory and, above all, human slaves from Africa.<\/strong> <\/span>With the discovery of the Americas, the range of trade widened. Formerly, the items sought for were spices and cloth, later, gold and silver were added to the list. As the Commercial Revolution progressed, the position of Portugal and Spain declined. England, Holland and France came to dominate Europe and the world.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #008080;\"><strong>Expansion of Banking:<\/strong><\/span> One of the important features of the Commercial Revolution was the growth of banking. Credit facilities were expanded, making it easy for merchants all over Europe to do business. The \u201ccheque\u201d was invented in the eighteenth century. Paper money came to replace gold and silver coins.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #008080;\">Growth of companies:<\/span> <\/strong>As trade and commerce expanded, new kinds of business organizations had to be devised to cope with this growth. \u201cRegulated companies\u201d arose in the 16th century. These were associations of merchants who bonded together to cooperate for a common venture. \u201cJoint-stock\u201d companies emerged in the 17th century. In this set-up, shares of capital were distributed to a large number of investors. Some of these were also \u201cchartered companies\u201d, their governments gave them a charter or a contract which guaranteed them a monopoly of the trade in a particular region. Examples of these companies include the British East India Company and the Dutch East India Company.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #008080;\"><strong>Rise of a New Class:<\/strong> <\/span>One of the most distinctive characteristics of this period was the rise of the middle class to economic power. \u00a0By the end of the 17th century, the middle class had become an influential group in nearly every western European country. It included merchants, bankers, ship-owners and investors. Their power, at this stage, was mainly economic.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">This period saw the strengthening of monarchy, the decline of the Church and the rise of the middle class. It marked the beginning of the process of \u201cEuropeanisation\u201d, which was to reach a peak with colonialism.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCsv76U-4y0dAIiHT92oYUgA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong><u>The Scientific Revolution and Modernity &amp; Socialogical Change in Europe<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/image.slidesharecdn.com\/shakirullahassigmentforsocialchangeppt-130923031534-phpapp02\/95\/modernization-the-process-of-social-change-and-development-with-reference-to-economic-development-by-shakir-ullah-10-638.jpg?cb=1379906314\" alt=\"Modernization the process of social change and development with refer\u2026\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Europe produced a <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>\u201cscientific revolution\u201d<\/strong> <\/span>in the Renaissance period of fourteenth to sixteenth century A.D. The impact of the scientific revolution was crucial not just in changing material life, but also people\u2019s ideas about Nature and Society.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/image.slidesharecdn.com\/chapter21-socialchange-140811053135-phpapp02\/95\/chapter-21-social-change-23-638.jpg?cb=1407736079\" alt=\"Chapter 21 social change\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Science does not develop independent of society, rather, it develops in response to human needs e.g. various vaccines were not developed just out of the blue, but out of the necessity to cure diseases.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Apart from influencing the physical or material life of society, science is intimately connected with ideas. <em>The general intellectual atmosphere existing in society influences the development of science. Similarly, <\/em>new developments in science can change the attitudes and beliefs in other areas as well.<\/strong> It is important to keep this fact in mind. <strong>The emergence of sociology in Europe owes a great deal to the ideas and discoveries contributed by science<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCsv76U-4y0dAIiHT92oYUgA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science in the Medieval Period &amp; The Renaissance period :<\/a> <\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Medieval society <\/strong><\/span>was characterized by the <em><strong>feudal system<\/strong><\/em>. The Church was the epicenter of power authority and learning. Learning was mostly of the religious variety. Nothing could challenge the \u2018dogmas\u2019 or rigid beliefs of the Church. New, daring ideas could not flower in such an atmosphere. <strong><em>Thus the development of science was restricted mainly to improvements in techniques of production.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #008080;\">The \u2018Renaissance\u2019 period saw the beginning of the \u2018Scientific Revolution\u2019. It marked an area of description and criticism in the field of science.<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"color: #008080;\"> <strong>It was a clear break from the past, a challenge to old authority.<\/strong> <strong>Art, literature and science<\/strong><\/span> all flourished. A scientific approach to Nature and the human body became prevalent. We can see this in the paintings of that period, which explored the smallest details of Nature and the human body. <strong>In the field of Medicine, <\/strong>dissection the human body became acceptable. Doctors and physiologists directly observed how the human body was constructed. The fields of anatomy, physiology and pathology thus benefited greatly. <strong>In the field of chemistry, <\/strong>a general theory of chemistry was developed. Chemical processes like oxidation, reduction, distillation, amalgamation etc. were studied. <strong>In the field of navigation and astronomy,<\/strong> Vasco da Gama reached the Indian shores in 1498. Columbus discovered America in 1492. Remember, this was the era of expansion of trade and the beginnings of colonialism. A strong interest in astronomy, important for successful navigation also grew. <span style=\"color: #008080;\"><strong>The first major break from the entire system of ancient thought came with the work of the Dutchman, Nicholas Copernicus.<\/strong><\/span> It was generally believed that the earth was fixed or stationary and the sun and other heavenly bodies moved around it. (This is known as a<strong> \u2018geocentric\u2019 theory<\/strong>.) Copernicus however thought otherwise. With the help of detailed explanations, he demonstrated that the earth moved around a fixed sun. <strong>(This is a \u2018heliocentric\u2019 theory.)<\/strong> \u00a0The work of Copernicus is considered revolutionary because it drastically altered patterns of thought about the universe. Human being was not at the center of the universe, but a small part of a vast system.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In a nutshell, science in the Renaissance period was marked by a new attitude towards man and nature. Natural objects became the subject of close observation and experiment. The Copernican revolution shattered the very foundations on which the old world rested.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Other Post-Renaissance Developments<\/strong>: The work of physicists and mathematicians like Galileo Galilei (1564-1642), Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) and subsequently, Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) revolutionized science. It brought to the forefront <span style=\"color: #008080;\"><strong>the experimental method<\/strong>. <strong><em>Old ideas were challenged and alternatives were suggested. If these alternative ideas could be proved and repeatedly verified and checked out, they were accepted<\/em><\/strong>. <strong><em>If not, new solutions were sought. Scientific methods thus came to be regarded as the most accurate, the most objective.<\/em><\/strong><\/span>\u00a0 (The use of the \u2018scientific method\u2019 to study society wlas recommended by pioneer sociologists.)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Dissection of the human body helped people gain a better understanding of its working.<\/strong> Circulation of blood was discovered by William Harvey (1578-1657).<strong><em> This led to a lot of rethinking. The human organism came to be viewed in terms of interrelated parts and interconnected systems. This had its impact on social thought of Comte, Spencer, Durkheim, to name a few.<\/em><\/strong> The British naturalist <strong><em>Charles Darwin (1809-1882) published the Origin of Species in 1859.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/image.slideserve.com\/1402166\/social-changes-in-early-modern-europe-l.jpg\" alt=\"PPT - The Transformation of Europe 1500-1700 PowerPoint ...\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCsv76U-4y0dAIiHT92oYUgA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong><u>THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND Modernity &amp;\u00a0 Socialogical Change in Europe<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>The French Revolution, which erupted in 1789 marked a turning point in the history of human struggle for freedom and equality.<\/strong> <strong>It put an end to the age of feudalism and ushered in a new order of society.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">This revolution brought about far reaching changes in not only French society but in societies throughout Europe. Even countries in other continents such as, India, were influenced by the ideas generated during this revolution. <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Ideas like liberty, fraternity and equality, which now form a part of the preamble to the Constitution of India, owe their origin to the French Revolution.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Social Aspect of French Society: Division into<\/strong> <strong>Feudal Estates<\/strong>: The French society was divided into feudal <strong>\u2018estates\u2019<\/strong>. <strong><em>The structure of the feudal French society comprised the \u2018Three Estates\u2019<\/em><\/strong>. Estates are defined as a system of stratification found in feudal European societies whereby one section or estate is distinguished from the other in terms of status, privileges and restrictions accorded to that estate.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>a) <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">The First Estate :<\/span><\/strong>consisted of the clergy, which was stratified into higher clergy, such as the cardinal, the archbishops, the bishops and the abbots. They lived a life of luxury and gave very little attention to religion. In fact, some of them preferred the life of politics to religion. They spent much of their time in wasteful activities like drinking, gambling, etc. In comparison to the higher clergy, the lower parish priests were over worked and poverty-stricken.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>b) <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">The Second Estate: <\/span><\/strong>consisted of the nobility. There were two kinds of nobles, the nobles of the sword and the nobles of the robe. The nobles of the sword were big landlords. They were the protectors of the people in principle but in reality they led a life of a parasite, living off the hard work of the peasants. They led the life of pomp and show and were nothing more than \u2018high born wastrels\u2019; that is, they spent extravagantly and did not work themselves. They can be compared to the erstwhile zamindars in India. The nobles of the robe were nobles not by birth by title. They were the magistrates and judges. Among these nobles, some were very progressive and liberal as they had moved in their positions from common citizens who belonged to the third estate.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>c) <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">The Third Estate<\/span> :<\/strong>comprised the rest of the society and included the peasants, the merchants, the artisans, and others. There was a vast difference between the condition of the peasants and that of the clergy and the nobility. The peasants worked day and night but were overloaded with so many taxes that they lived a hand to mouth existence. They produced the food on which the whole society depended. Yet they could barely survive due to failure of any kind of protection from the government. The King, in order to maintain the good will of the other two estates, the clergy and the nobility, continued to exploit the poor. The poor peasants had no power against him. While the clergy and the nobility kept on pampering and flattering the King.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b>As compared to the peasants, the condition of the middle classes, also known as the bourgeoisie comprising the merchants, bankers, lawyers, manufacturers, etc. was much better. These classes too belonged to the third estate.<\/b> <strong>But the poverty of the state, which led to a price rise during 1720-1789, instead of adversely affecting them, helped them. They derived profit from this rise and the fact that French trade had improved enormously also helped the commercial classes to a great extent<\/strong>. <strong>Thus, this class was rich and secure. But it had no social prestige as compared with the high prestige of the members of the first and the second estates. In spite of controlling trade, industries, banking etc. the bourgeoisie had no power to influence the court or administration. The other two estates looked them down upon and the King paid very little attention to them. Thus, gaining political power became a necessity for them.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The clergy and the nobility both constituted only two per cent of the population but they owned about 35 per cent of the land. The peasants who formed 80 per cent of the population owned only 30 per cent of the land. The first two estates paid almost no taxes to the government. The peasantry, on the other hand, was burdened with taxes of various kinds. It paid taxes to the Church, the feudal lord, taxed in the form of income tax, poll tax, and land tax to the state. Thus, the peasants had become much burdened and poverty stricken at this time. They were virtually carrying the burden of the first two estates on their shoulders. On top of it all the prices had generally risen by about 65 per cent during the period, 1720-1789.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>The Political Aspects of the French society<\/strong>:<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><em>Like in all absolute monarchies,<\/em><\/strong> <strong><em>the theory of the Divine Right of King was followed in France too.<\/em><\/strong> For about 200 years the Kings of the Bourbon dynasty ruled France. Under the rule of the King, the ordinary people had no personal rights. They only served the King and his nobles in various capacities. The King\u2019s word was law and no trials were required to arrest a person on the King\u2019s orders. Laws too were different in different regions giving rise to confusion and arbitrariness. There was no distinction between the income of the state and the income of the King.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #008080;\"><strong>The Economic Aspects of the French society<\/strong>:<\/span> The kings of France, from Louis XIV onwards, fought costly wars, which ruined the country, and when Louis XIV died in 1715, France had become bankrupt. Louis XV instead of recovering from this ruin kept on borrowing money from bankers. His famous sentence, <strong>\u201cAfter me the deluge\u201d<\/strong> describes the kind of financial crisis that France was facing. Louis XVI, a very weak and ineffective king, inherited the ruin of a bankrupt government. His wife, Queen Marie Antoinette, known for her expensive habits, is famous for her reply, which she gave to the poor, hungry people of France who came to her asking for bread. She told the people that, \u2018if you don\u2019t have bread, eat cake\u2019.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Intellectual Developments in France<\/strong>:<\/span> France, like some other European countries during the eighteenth century, had entered the age of reason and rationalism. Some of the major philosophers, whose ideas influenced the French people, were rationalists who believed that all true things could be proved by reason. Some of these thinkers were, Montesquieu (1689-1755), Locke (1632-1704), Voltaire (1694-1778), and Rousseau (1712-1778).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>The major ideas of these and several other intellectuals struck the imagination of the French people. Also some of them who had served in the French army, which was sent to assist the Americans in their War of Independence from British imperialism, came back with the ideas of equality of individuals and their right to choose their own government. The French middle class was deeply affected by these ideas of liberty and equality.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Major Changes after French Revolution: French Revolution changed the political structure of European society and replaced the age of feudalism by heralding the arrival of democracy. There were many significant themes, which arose due to the impact of this Revolution, which have been the focus of interest of the early sociologists. These significant themes included the transformation of property, the social disorder, caused by the change in the political structure and its impact on the economic structure. A new class of power holders emerged &#8211; the bourgeoisie.<\/strong> In order to understand more about these themes, we need to learn the details of the Industrial Revolution.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCsv76U-4y0dAIiHT92oYUgA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong><u>THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND Modernity &amp; Socialogical Change in Europe<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/image.slidesharecdn.com\/enlightment-141211072824-conversion-gate01\/95\/industrial-revolution-1-638.jpg?cb=1418282966\" alt=\"Industrial Revolution.\" width=\"687\" height=\"890\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The <strong>Industrial Revolution<\/strong> began around 1760 A.D. in England. It brought about great changes in the social and economic life of the people first in England, then in the other countries of Europe and later in other continents.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><em>In Europe, especially England, the discovery of new territories, explorations, growth of trade and commerce and the consequent growth of towns brought about an increase in demand for goods. Earlier goods (i.e. consumer items like cloth, etc.) were produced at domestic levels. This means that there existed a domestic system of production. With increased demand, goods were to be produced on a large-scale.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">During Industrial Revolution, new tools and techniques were invented, which could produce goods on a large-scale. <strong><em>During 1760-1830 A.D., a series of inventions in tools and techniques and organization of production took place and it gave rise to the factory system of production.<\/em> <em>Thus, a change in economy from feudal to capitalist system of production developed. Subsequently, there emerged a class of capitalists, which controlled the new system of production.<\/em> <\/strong>Due to this revolution society moved from the old age of hand-made goods to the new age of machine- made goods. This shift heralded the emergence of Industrial Revolution.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>One of the significant mechanical inventions,<\/strong> which led to a quicker and better method of production in various industries, <em>was the Spinning Jenny, invented in 1767 by James Hargreaves, an English weaver. It was a simple machine rectangular in shape. It had a series of spindles, which cold be turned by a single wheel. \u00a0In 1769, Arkwright, an English barber, invented another tool, which was named after the name of its inventor and called Arkwright\u2019s Water Fame. This Water Frame was so large that it could not be kept in one\u2019s home and a special building was required to set it up. Thus on account of this it is said that he was responsible for introducing the factory system. Another invention called \u201cthe Mule\u201d was by Samuel Crompton in 1779 in England. There were several other inventions, which all contributed to the industrial growth of European society.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>With the change in the economy of society several social changes followed.<\/strong> As <strong>capitalism<\/strong> became more and more complex, <strong>the developments of banks, insurance companies, and finance corporations took place. New class of industrial workers, managers, capitalists emerged. The peasants in the new industrial society found themselves with thousands of other people like themselves, winding cotton in a textile mill<em>.<\/em><\/strong> Instead of the famous countryside they found themselves in unhygienic living conditions.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>With the increase in production, population started increasing. Rise of population led to the increased rate of urbanisation. The industrial cities grew rapidly. In the industrial cities socio-economic disparities were very wide. <\/strong>The factory workers were involved in repetitive and boring work, the result of which they could not enjoy. In Marxist terms the worker became alienated from the product of his\/ her labour. City life in the industrial society became an altogether a different way of life.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>These \u00a0changes \u00a0moved \u00a0both \u00a0conservative \u00a0and \u00a0radical \u00a0thinkers. \u00a0The conservatives feared that such\u00a0 conditions would lead to chaos and disorder. The radicals like Engels felt that the factory workers would initiate social transformation. <\/strong>Though the judgement of values differed, social thinkers of the time were agreed upon the epoch-making impact of the Industrial Revolution. They also agreed upon <strong>the importance of the new working class.<\/strong> The history of the period from 1811 to 1850 further indicates that this class increasingly agitated for their rights.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The significant themes of the Industrial Revolution, which concerned the early sociologists, were as given below.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>i) <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">The condition of labour: <\/span><\/strong>A new population earning their livelihood by working in the factories arose. In the early years this working class lived in poverty and squalor. They were socially deprived. At the same time they were indispensable in the new industrial system. This made them a powerful social force. Sociologists recognized that the poverty of this class of workers is not natural poverty but social poverty.\u00a0 Thus the working class became during the nineteenth century the subject of both moral and analytical concern.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>ii) <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">The transformation of property<\/span>: <\/strong>The traditional emphasis on land lost its value while money or capital became important during the Industrial Revolution. The investment in new industrial system came to be recognised. The feudal landlords became less significant while the new capitalists gained power. Many of these new capitalists were the erstwhile landlords. Property was one of the central issues that were raised in the French Revolution too. Its influence on the social order is considerable. Property is related to economic privileges, social status and political power. A change in the property system involves a change in the fundamental character of society. Sociologists have grappled with the question of property and its impact on social stratification since the days of Marx, Tocqueville, Taine and Weber.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>iii)\u00a0 \u00a0<span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">The industrial city, i.e. urbanism<\/span>: <\/strong>Urbanization was a necessary corollary of the Industrial\u00a0\u00a0 Revolution. Industries grew and along with it grew great cluster of populations, the modern towns and cities. Cities were present in ancient period too, such as Rome, Athens, etc. but the new cities, such as Manchester in England, famous for its textile, were different in nature. Ancient cities were known as repositories of civilised graces and virtues while the new cities were known as repositories of misery and inhumanity. It was these aspects of the new cities, which concerned the early sociologists.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>iii) <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Technology and the factory system<\/span>: <\/strong>Technology and the factory system has been the subject of countless writings in the nineteenth century. Both the conservative and radical thinkers realised that the two systems would alter human life for all times to come.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>iv) <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Rural \u2013Urban Migration: <\/span><\/strong>The impact of technology and factory system led to large-scale migration of people to the cities.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>v) <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Family relations:<\/span><\/strong> Women and children joined the work force in the factories. Family structure and interactional relations changed.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>vi) <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Occupational Relation:<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"> T<\/span>he siren of the factory seemed to rule peoples\u2019 life. The machine rather than man seemed to dominate work. As mentioned earlier the relation between the labourers and the products of their labour changed. They worked for their wages. The product was the child of everybody and of the machine in particular. The owner of the factory owned it. Life and work became depersonalised. Marx saw a form of enslavement in the machine and a manifestation of alienation of labour. Social scientists, felt that men and women had grown mechanical in heart, as well as in hand due to the industrial system of production.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCsv76U-4y0dAIiHT92oYUgA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Change in Intellectual Orientations in Europe<\/strong><\/span><\/a><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><em>Sociology<\/em> emerged as a response to the forces of change, which took place during eighteenth and nineteenth centuries in Europe. The ideas, which are discussed again and again in early sociological writings, are thus essentially ideas of that period.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The thinkers of the Enlightenment of eighteenth century affected much of the early sociology. The Enlightenment appears as the most appropriate point of departure in the study of the origins of sociological theory, for various reasons including those mentioned below.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #008080;\"><strong>Firstly:<\/strong>,<\/span> a scientific approach to the study of society dates back to the tradition of Enlightenment. T<em>he eighteenth century thinkers began more consistently than any of their predecessors to study the human conditions in a scientific way using the methods of the natural sciences. They consciously A<span style=\"color: #008080;\"><strong>pplied scientific principles of analysis to the study of human beings<\/strong> and their nature and society.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #008080;\"><strong>Secondly:<\/strong><\/span>, the eighteenth century thinkers <em>u<strong>pheld reason as a measure to judge social institutions<\/strong> and their suitability for human nature. Human beings, according to them, are essentially rational and this rationality can lead them to freedom of thought and action.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #008080;\"><strong>Thirdly:<\/strong>,<\/span> the eighteenth century thinkers believed that<em> <strong>human beings are capable of attaining perfection<\/strong>. By criticising and changing social institutions they can create for themselves even greater degrees of freedom, which, in turn would enable them increasingly to actualise the potentially creative powers.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #008080;\"><strong>Fourthly:, <\/strong><\/span>In the early part of the nineteenth century <strong>the philosophy of history<\/strong> became an important intellectual influence. <strong><em>The basic assumption of this philosophy was that society must have progressed through a series of steps from a simple to complex stage.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #008080;\"><strong>Fifthly:, <\/strong><\/span>The influence of the philosophy of history was further reinforced by <strong>the biological theory of evolution.<\/strong> <em>Sociology moved towards an evolutionary approach, seeking to identify and account for the principal stages in social evolution. It tended to be modeled on biology, as is evident from the widely diffused conception of society as an organism, and from the attempts to formulate general terms of social evolution.<\/em> <strong><em>Herbert Spencer and Durkheim<\/em><\/strong> are good example of this kind of writing.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #008080;\"><strong>Six: <\/strong><\/span>Social survey forms an important element in modern sociology. <strong><em>It emerged due to two reasons, <\/em><\/strong><em>one was the growing conviction that the methods of the natural sciences should and could be extended to the study of human affairs; that human phenomenon could be classified and measured. The other was the concern with poverty (\u2018the social problem\u2019), following the recognition that poverty was not natural but social.<\/em> The social survey is one of the principal methods of sociological inquiry. The basic assumption, which underlines this method, is that through the knowledge of the social conditions one can arrive at solutions to solve the social problems prevalent in society.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>These extensive changes<\/strong> brought about by above mentioned factors involved, moreover, <strong>a major paradox.<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>These changes brought <strong>a new society with great productive potential<\/strong> and more <strong>sophisticated and complex ways of living<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>While, at the same time generated extensive <strong>disruptions in traditional patterns of life and relationships<\/strong> as well as creating new problems of<strong> overcrowded and unpleasant urban conditions, poverty and unemployment<\/strong>. <strong>Sociology as a distinct discipline emerged against the background of these<em> intellectual and material changes<\/em> in the second half of the nineteenth century. <\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>The early sociologists were greatly influenced by the changes in a pattern of life<\/strong> which they saw going on around them as industrialization proceeded, and they were often deeply disturbed by what they saw. It is important to stress at this point that <em>these early sociologists were not intensely \u2018radical\u2019 individuals, but rather could frequently be more accurately labeled as \u2018conservatives\u2019 made uneasy by the changes they were observing in the society.<\/em> Nevertheless, they were greatly <strong>concerned with the idea of obtaining exact knowledge of the workings of society, and, living<\/strong> . There was profound impact of Scientific revolution on these early sociologists. They thought the <strong>natural science methods to the study of society<\/strong> might produce similar advances in understanding of society.\u00a0 Thus, from the very beginning, there was a great emphasize on the need to analyse social life scientifically.\u00a0 <strong>Auguste Comte, the \u2018founder\u2019 of Sociology, stressed the adoption of a scientific method<\/strong> of analyzing society so that we might improve society through a thorough understanding of it. He summed up his approach in his famous phrase <strong>\u2018To know, to predict, to control.\u2019<\/strong>\u00a0 This early emphasis on the \u2018scientific\u2019 analysis of social life was to have (and still has) considerable implications for the subsequent development of the discipline. The credit for having established sociology into an independent and a separate science and to obtain for sociology a respectable position in the family of social sciences goes to Comte and Spen\u00adcer. Both of them championed the cause of sociology. In addition to Comte and Spencer, other thinkers such as Durkheim, Marx and Weber also took a leading role in making sociology as science. Hence these five thinkers are often called the <strong><em>\u2018\u2019pioneers\u2019\u2019<\/em><\/strong> or <strong><em>\u201cfounding fathers of sociology\u201d.<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCsv76U-4y0dAIiHT92oYUgA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Early European Sociology: Auguste Comte [1798 &#8211; 1857)<\/strong>\u00a0<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>Auguste Comte, the French Philosopher, is traditionally considered the <em>\u201cFather of Sociology\u201d. <\/em>Comte who invented the term \u201cSociology\u201d<strong><em> was the first man to distinguish the subject-matter of sociology from all the other sciences.<\/em><\/strong> He worked out in a series of books, a general approach to the study of society. <strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">Comte is regarded as the<\/span> <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">\u201cFather of sociology\u201d <\/span><\/strong>not because of any significant contributions to the science as such, but because of the great influence he had upon it.<\/li>\n<li>Comte introduced the word <strong><em>\u201csociology\u201d<\/em><\/strong> for the first time in his famous work <em>\u201cPositive Phi\u00adlosophy\u201d <\/em>at about 1839. The term \u201cSociology\u201d is derived from the Latin word <strong>Socius,<\/strong> meaning companion or associate, and the Greek word <strong>logos,<\/strong> meaning <em>study <\/em>or Thus, the etymologi\u00adcal meaning of sociology is the <em>science of society. <\/em>He defined sociology as the science of social phenomena <em>\u201csubject to natural and invariable laws, the discovery of which is the object investigation.\u201d <\/em><\/li>\n<li>Comte devoted his main efforts to <strong><em>an inquiry into the nature of human knowledge<\/em><\/strong> and <em>tried to classify all knowledge <\/em>and to analyse the methods of achieving it. He concentrated his efforts to <strong><em>determine the nature of human society and the laws and principles underlying its growth and devel\u00adopment. <\/em><\/strong>He also laboured to establish the methods to be employed in studying social phenomena.<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Comte believed that the sciences follow one another in a definite and logical order and that all inquiry goes through certain stages (namely, the theological, the metaphysical and the \u2018positive or scientific or empirical).<\/em><\/strong> Finally, they arrive at the last or scientific stage or as he called the positive stage. <strong><em>In the positive stage, objective observation is substituted for speculation.<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Comte proposed sociology to be studied in two main parts:<strong> <em>the social statics <\/em>and<em> the social dynamics<\/em><\/strong><em>. <\/em>These two concepts represent a <strong>basic division in the subject-matter of sociology<\/strong>. The \u2018<strong>social statics\u2019<\/strong> deals with the major institutions of society such as family, economy or polity. <strong>Sociology<\/strong> is conceived of as the<strong> study of inter-relations between such institutions<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u2018<em>Social dynamic\u2019s<\/em><\/strong> focuses on <em>whole societies as the unit of analysis and reveals how they developed and changed through time. <\/em>\u201cWe must remember that the laws of social dynamics are most recognisable when they relate to the largest societies\u201d, he said. Comte was convinced that all societies moved through certain fixed stages of development and that progressed towards ever increasing perfection. He felt that <strong><em>the comparative study of societies as \u201cwholes\u201d was major subject for sociological analysis<\/em><\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCsv76U-4y0dAIiHT92oYUgA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Contributions of Comte to the Development of Sociology as a Science:<\/strong><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>Comte gave to <strong><em>\u2018sociology\u2019<\/em><\/strong> its name and laid its foundation so that it could develop into an independent and a separate science.<\/li>\n<li>Comte\u2019s insistence on <strong>\u2018<em>positive approach, objectivity <\/em>and <em>scientific attitude\u2019<\/em><\/strong> contributed to the progress of social sciences in general.<\/li>\n<li>Comte, through his <strong><em>\u201cLaw of Three Stages\u201d<\/em><\/strong> clearly established the close association between <strong>\u2018<em>intellectual evolution and social progress\u2019<\/em><\/strong><em>.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Comte\u2019s <strong>\u2018<em>classification of sciences\u2019<\/em><\/strong> drives home the fact that <strong>\u2018<em>sociology depends heavily on the achievements of other sciences\u2019<\/em><\/strong><em>. <\/em>The \u2018interdisciplinary approach\u2019 of the modern times is in tune with the Cometian view.<\/li>\n<li>Comte gave maximum <strong>\u2018<em>importance to the scientific method\u2019<\/em><\/strong> He criticized the attitude of the armchair social philosophers and stressed the need to follow the method of science.<\/li>\n<li>Comte divided the study of sociology into two broad areas: <strong><em>\u2018social statics\u201d<\/em><\/strong> and <strong><em>\u201csocial dynam\u00adics\u201d<\/em><\/strong><em>. <\/em>Present day sociologists have retained them in the form of \u2018<strong><em>social structure and function\u2019 <\/em><\/strong>and <strong><em>\u2018social change and progress\u2019.<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Comte had argued that sociology was not just a <strong><em>\u201cpure\u201d<\/em><\/strong> science, but an <strong>\u2018<em>applied\u2019<\/em><\/strong> science also. He believed that sociology should help to solve the problems of society. This insistence on the practical aspect of sociology led to the development of various applied fields of sociology such as <strong><em>\u201csocial work\u201d<\/em><\/strong><em>,<strong> \u201csocial welfare\u201d,<\/strong> <\/em><\/li>\n<li>Comte also contributed to the <strong><em>development of theoretical sociology<\/em><\/strong><em>.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Comte upheld the<strong>\u2019 <em>moral order\u2019 <\/em><\/strong>in the society. The importance which he: attached to morality highly impressed, the later writers such, as <em>Arnold Toynbee <\/em>and <em>Pitrim A. Sorokin. <\/em><\/li>\n<li>Comte\u2019s famous books <em>\u2018Positive Philosophy\u2019 <\/em>and, <em>\u201cPositive Polity\u201d <\/em>are memorable contributions to the development of sociological literature.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Herbert Spencer [1820 &#8211; 1903]<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>Observing the negative aspects of the Industrial Revolution in England\u2014the struggle, competition, and violence\u2014Herbert Spencer developed a theoretical approach to understanding society that relied on evolutionary doctrine.<\/li>\n<li>To explain both social structure and social changes, he used an <em>organic analogy<\/em> that compared society to a living organism made up of interdependent parts\u2014 ideas that ultimately contributed to the structural functionalist perspective in sociology. Using the phrase \u201csurvival of the fittest\u201d even before Charles Darwin\u2019s landmark <em>On the Origin of Species <\/em>([1859] 1964) was published, Spencer\u2019s <em>social Darwinism<\/em> concluded that the evolution of society and the survival of those within it were directly linked to their ability to adapt to changing conditions.<\/li>\n<li>According to Spencer, a free and competitive marketplace without governmental interference was essential so that the best and the brightest would succeed and, in turn, help build a stronger economy and society.<\/li>\n<li>Spencer opposed welfare or any other means of helping the weak or the poor, believing that such efforts would weaken society in the long term by helping the \u201cunfit\u201d to survive. These ideas appealed to wealthy industrialists and government officials, who used Spencer\u2019s theory to scientifically support policies and practices that helped them maintain their wealth, power, and prestige at the expense of those less fortunate.<\/li>\n<li>His three volumes of <em>\u201cPrinciples of Sociology\u201d, <\/em>published in 1877 were <strong>the first systematic study devoted mainly to the sociological analysis.<\/strong> He was much more precise than Comte in specifying the topics or special fields of sociology.<\/li>\n<li>According to Spencer, <strong><em>the fields of sociology are: the family, politics, religion, social control <\/em>and <em>industry <\/em>or <\/strong>He also mentioned the sociological study of as associations, communities, the division of labour, social differentiation, and stratification, the sociology of knowledge and of sci\u00adence, and the study of arts and aesthetics.<\/li>\n<li>Spencer stressed the obligation of sociology to deal with the inter-reations between the differ\u00adent elements of society, to give an account of <strong><em>how the parts influence the whole and are in turn reacted upon.<\/em><\/strong> He insisted that sociology should take the whole society as its unit for analysis. He maintained that the parts of society were not arranged unsystematically. The parts bore some con\u00adstant relation and this made society as such <em>a <strong>meaningful <\/strong><\/em><strong>\u2018entity\u2019<\/strong>, a fit subject for scientific inquiry.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>KARL MARX (1818 &#8211; 1883)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong><em>Marx was trained in history, economics, and philosophy, but his ideas reflect sociological thinking. Observing the same social conditions as Spencer, he drew very different conclusions about their origins<\/em><\/strong>. Marx declared that the unequal distribution of wealth, power, and other limited resources in society was not the result of \u201cnatural laws,\u201d but was caused by social forces\u2014specifically, the exploitation of one social class by another. He insisted that social structure and the political and economic institutions that people took for granted were not the result of natural evolution or social consensus but reflected the opposed interests of different social Classes.<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Marx believed that society consisted of two basic social classes<\/em><\/strong>: the \u201chaves\u201d and the \u201chave-nots.\u201d According to Marx\u2019s viewpoint, the <em>bourgeoisie <\/em>(haves), the powerful ruling class, had assumed power not because they were the \u201cfittest,\u201d but because they owned and controlled the means of production. He believed the bourgeoisie used deception, fraud, and violence to usurp the production of the <em>proletariat <\/em>(have-nots), or working class, whose labor created most of society\u2019s goods\u2014and hence, its profits.<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Marx was not a detached social observer but an outspoken social critic. He concluded that a slow, natural evolutionary process would not bring about necessary social changes.<\/em><\/strong> Rather, his analysis called for a major social revolution in which the proletariat would rise up, forcibly overthrow the bourgeoisie, and form a new, classless society.<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>In such a society, Marx wrote, everyone would contribute according to his or her abilities and receive from society based on need. Marx\u2019s focus on social conflict was unsettling to many\u2014especially those whom he described as the bourgeoisie<\/em><\/strong>. They were relieved when \u00c9mile Durkheim\u2019s more palatable social analysis emerged and shifted the focus of sociology back to a more conservative approach called <em>functionalism<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>EMILE DURKHEIM (1858-1917)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong><em>Unlike Marx, who focused on social conflict, French sociologist \u00c9mile Durkheim was primarily concerned with social order. <\/em><\/strong>He believed that <em>social solidarity<\/em>, or the social bonds developed by individuals to their society, created social order. Durkheim believed that social solidarity could be categorized into two types: <strong><em>mechanical solidarity<\/em><\/strong>, the type found in simple rural societies based on tradition and unity, <strong>and <em>organic solidarity<\/em><\/strong>, which was found in urban societies and was based more on a complex division of labor and formal organizations.<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>One of Durkheim\u2019s most important contributions to sociology was his study Suicide<\/em><\/strong><em> ([1897] 1951), which demonstrated that abstract sociological theories can be applied to a very real social problem. More important, it showed that suicide, believed to be a private, individualized, and personal act, can best be explained from a sociological viewpoint. <\/em><\/li>\n<li><strong><em>By looking at suicide rates instead of individual suicides, Durkheim linked suicide to social integration\u2014the extent to which individuals feel they are a meaningful part of society<\/em><\/strong>. Those with the strongest social bonds are less likely to commit suicide than those who are less meaningfully integrated and have weaker social bonds. <strong>For example<\/strong>, his data demonstrated that married people had lower suicide rates than those who were single or divorced; people in the workforce had lower rates than those who were unemployed; and church members had lower rates than non-members. Moreover, those religions that promote the strongest social bonds among their members (e.g., Catholicism and Judaism) had much lower suicide rates than less structured religions (e.g., Protestantism). Today, over a century later, these patterns in suicide, and others discerned by Durkheim\u2019s early study, still persist.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>MAX WEBER (1864-1920)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong><em>Max Weber, a contemporary of Durkheim, was concerned that many sociologists, especially his fellow German, Karl Marx, allowed their personal values to influence their theories and research<\/em><\/strong>. Weber insisted that sociologists should be <em>value-free<\/em>\u2014analyzing what society is, rather than what they think it should be. Weber did not advocate a cold, impersonal approach to sociology, however; he argued that understanding the meaning of social interaction requires <em>Verstehen<\/em>, an empathetic and introspective analysis of the interaction.<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>One of Weber\u2019s most important contributions to sociology was his concept of the ideal type, a conceptual model or typology constructed from the direct observation of a number of specific cases and representing the essential qualities found in those cases<\/em><\/strong>. By ideal type, Weber was referring to a generalization based on many specific examples, not implying that something was necessarily desirable. For example, Weber used bureaucracy as an ideal type to analyze and explain the increasing rationalization and depersonalization that is part of formal organizations. Weber contended that to maximize efficiency, formal organizations, such as private businesses, educational institutions, and governmental agencies, had become and would continue to become increasingly bureaucratic. Although Weber contended that bureaucracy as an ideal type represented the most rational and efficient organizational strategy, he also warned of its depersonalizing and dehumanizing aspects.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Story of Spread and Popularity of Sociology (IN USA &amp; Other Societies)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><em>Although we have located the beginnings of Sociology in Western Europe in the second half of the nineteenth century,<strong> its development and acceptance as an academic discipline was not a uniform process. The early classical works in Sociology of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries were produced in France and Germany, with Emile Durkheim in France and Karl Marx and Max Weber in Germany as the outstanding figures. <\/strong><\/em>The works of these \u2018classical\u2019 sociologists still occupy a position of profound importance in contemporary theoretical debates.\u00a0 <strong><em>Sociology developed markedly in the USA too, and received more wide spread acceptance there than in Britain.<\/em><\/strong> In many ways of USA till early in this century was ideal sociological material \u2013 a rapidly expanding and industrializing, cosmopolitan, immigrant-based society that was experiencing a wide range of social changes. Transplanted to U.S. soil, sociology first took root at the University of Kansas in 1890, at the University of Chicago in 1892, and at Atlanta University (then an all-black school) in 1897. From there, sociology spread rapidly throughout North America, jumping from four instructors offering courses in 1880 to 225 instructors and 59 sociology departments just 20 years later.<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>The University of Chicago: <\/strong><\/span>initially dominated North American sociology. Albion Small (1854\u20131926), who founded this department, also launched the <em>American Journal of Sociology<\/em> and was its editor from 1895 to 1925.<\/li>\n<li>As in Europe, the onset of rapid industrialization and urbanization, and accompanying social problems, gave impetus to the development of sociology in the United States. American sociologists built on and expanded the theories and ideas of the European founders of sociology.<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Lester F. Ward (1841\u20131913) : <\/strong><\/span>Lester Ward is often considered the first systematic American sociologist. He attempted to synthesize the major theoretical ideas of Comte and Spencer and differentiated between what he called <strong>pure sociology<\/strong>\u2014<em>the study of<\/em> <em>society in an effort to understand and explain the natural laws that govern its evolution<\/em>\u2014 and <strong>applied sociology, <\/strong>which <em>uses sociological principles, social ideals, and ethical considerations<\/em> <em>to improve society<\/em>. The distinctions between these two areas of sociology are still made today.<\/li>\n<li><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Jane Addams<\/span> : <\/strong>Of the many early sociologists who combined the role of sociologist with that of social reformer, none was as successful as Jane Addams (1860\u20131935), who was a member of the American Sociological Society from its founding in 1895. Like Harriet Martineau, Addams, too, came from a background of wealth and privilege. She attended the Women\u2019s Medical College of Philadelphia, but dropped out because of illness (Addams 1910\/1981). On a trip to Europe, Addams saw the work being done to help London\u2019s poor.<\/li>\n<li><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Margaret Sanger<\/span> (1883\u20131966): <\/strong>Another notable social reformer, Margaret Sanger applied sociological theories to problems of population, health, and women\u2019s rights. After watching a poor working woman die from a self-induced abortion, she began publishing <em>Woman Rebel<\/em>, a journal aimed at raising the consciousness of working-class women. Her articles covered topics ranging from personal hygiene, venereal disease, and birth control to social revolution.<\/li>\n<li><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000; text-decoration: underline;\">Talcott Parsons and C. Wright Mills: Contrasting Views:<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/strong>As the emphasis shifted from social reform to objective analyses, the abstract models of society developed by sociologist Talcott Parsons (1902\u20131979) influenced a generation of sociologists. These models of how the parts of society work together harmoniously did nothing to stimulate social activism.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Another sociologist, C. Wright Mills<\/strong> <\/span>(1916\u20131962), deplored such theoretical abstractions. Trying to push the pendulum the other way, he urged sociologists to get back to social reform. In his writings, he warned that the nation faced an imminent threat to freedom\u2014the coalescing of interests of a <em>power elite<\/em>, the top leaders of business, politics, and the military. The precedent-shaking 1960s and 1970s that followed Mills\u2019 death sparked interest in social activism among a new generation of sociologists.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>As an established discipline, however, Sociology is a relatively new arrival on the academic scene, and <strong>the real expansion in its popularity has occurred in the postwar period. <\/strong>\u00a0We can point to some factors that have influenced this expansion.<\/em><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>In the Post-war period there has developed a rather more critical awareness of how societies operate.<\/strong> Very few people accept their societies unthinking. They see that alongside many technological and social advances that have been made so far, there still exist problem areas like over-population, poverty and crime.<\/li>\n<li>Alongside this, there has developed an increasing <strong>concern with social reform and the reordering of society,<\/strong> accompanied by the belief that in order to make such reforms effective knowledge about society and its members is needed.<\/li>\n<li>There has also developed <strong>an increasing awareness of other societies and ways of life<\/strong> because of better systems of communications in travel and the mass media.<\/li>\n<li>Increasingly, it has been claimed that <strong>people who work in government, industry, the social services etc ought to have some sort of specialist knowledge of society<\/strong> on the grounds that they will be better equipped to meet the demands of their work.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Emergence of new nation states was accompanied with rapid modernization.<\/strong> Therefore there was <strong>increasing awareness among these societies that they need to understand social life scientifically in order to ease the process of nation building.<\/strong>\u00a0 As a result, during and since the 1960\u2019s, sociology degree courses have increased considerably, Sociology has found its way into schools, sociologists have been increasingly recognized and consulted by various organizations, from national government downwards, in research programmes, policy, planning etc. and some sociologists have also found fame in the national media.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/IYJh7qk3W7Y?t=1s\" width=\"350\" height=\"196\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/XUvPJFueh5I\" width=\"350\" height=\"196\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">To master these intricacies and fare well in the Sociology Optional Syllabus, aspiring sociologists might benefit from guidance by the Best Sociology Optional Teacher and participation in the Best Sociology Optional Coaching. These avenues provide comprehensive assistance, ensuring a solid understanding of sociology&#8217;s diverse methodologies and techniques<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Sociology_Optional_Syllabus_Course_Commencement_Information\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 20px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 28px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 48px; color: #ff0000;\">Sociology Optional Syllabus<\/span><br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-14864\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/6-249x300.jpg\" alt=\"Modernity and social changes in Europe and Emergence of sociology, Best Sociology Optional Coaching, Sociology Optional Syllabus,Best sociology teacher\" width=\"683\" height=\"823\" srcset=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/6-249x300.jpg 249w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/6-851x1024.jpg 851w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/6-125x150.jpg 125w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/6-768x924.jpg 768w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/6-1276x1536.jpg 1276w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/6-1701x2048.jpg 1701w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/><br \/>\nCourse Commencement Information<\/span><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 20px;\">Enrolment is limited to a maximum of <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>250 Seats.<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 20px;\">Course Timings: <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>08:30 To 10:30<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 20px;\">Course Duration: <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>4.5 Months<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 20px;\">Class Schedule: <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Monday to Saturday<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Batch Starts from: <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>24th July<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><div class=\"frm_forms  with_frm_style frm_style_formidable-style\" id=\"frm_form_2_container\" >\n<form enctype=\"multipart\/form-data\" method=\"post\" class=\"frm-show-form \" id=\"form_contact-form\" >\n<div class=\"frm_form_fields \">\n<fieldset>\n<legend class=\"frm_screen_reader\">Book Your Seat Fast <\/legend>\r\n<h3 class=\"frm_form_title\">Book Your Seat Fast <\/h3>\r\n<div class=\"frm_description\"><p>We would like to hear from you. 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data-invmsg=\"Checkboxes is invalid\" aria-invalid=\"false\"   \/> Essay Test Series<\/label><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n    \r\n    \r\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"frm_field_13_container\" class=\"frm_form_field form-field  frm_required_field frm_top_container\">\r\n    <label for=\"field_q6vps\" id=\"field_q6vps_label\" class=\"frm_primary_label\">Your Phone Number\r\n        <span class=\"frm_required\" aria-hidden=\"true\">*<\/span>\r\n    <\/label>\r\n    <input type=\"tel\" id=\"field_q6vps\" name=\"item_meta[13]\" value=\"\"  data-reqmsg=\"Your Phone Number cannot be blank.\" aria-required=\"true\" data-invmsg=\"Phone is invalid\" aria-invalid=\"false\" pattern=\"((\\+\\d{1,3}(-|.| )?\\(?\\d\\)?(-| |.)?\\d{1,5})|(\\(?\\d{2,6}\\)?))(-|.| )?(\\d{3,4})(-|.| )?(\\d{4})(( x| ext)\\d{1,5}){0,1}$\"  \/>\r\n    \r\n    \r\n<\/div>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"item_key\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"frm__6789aee2bb9f3\">\n\t\t\t\t<label for=\"frm_email_2\" >\n\t\t\t\t\tIf you are human, leave this field blank.\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t<input  id=\"frm_email_2\" type=\"text\" class=\"frm_verify\" name=\"frm__6789aee2bb9f3\" value=\"\" autocomplete=\"off\"  \/>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"frm_submit\">\r\n\r\n<button class=\"frm_button_submit\" type=\"submit\"  >Submit<\/button>\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/fieldset>\n<\/div>\n\n<p style=\"display: none !important;\"><label>&#916;<textarea name=\"ak_hp_textarea\" cols=\"45\" rows=\"8\" maxlength=\"100\"><\/textarea><\/label><input type=\"hidden\" id=\"ak_js_1\" name=\"ak_js\" value=\"5\"\/><script>document.getElementById( \"ak_js_1\" ).setAttribute( \"value\", ( new Date() ).getTime() );<\/script><\/p><\/form>\n<\/div>\n<\/span><\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 20px;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-14862\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/2-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Sociology Optional Syllabus, Sociology Syllabus, Best Sociology Optional Coaching, Sociology Optional Syllabus, BEST SOCIOLOGY OPTIONAL TEACHER, SOCIOLOGY OPTIONAL TEACHER\" width=\"809\" height=\"456\" srcset=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/2-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/2-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/2-150x84.jpg 150w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/2-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/2-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/2.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 809px) 100vw, 809px\" \/><br \/>\nInstructional Format:<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 20px;\">Each class session is scheduled for a duration of two hours.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 20px;\">At the conclusion of each lecture, an assignment will be distributed by<strong> Vikash Ranjan Sir<\/strong> for Paper-I &amp; Paper-II coverage.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 20px;\">Study Material:<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 20px;\">A set of printed booklets will be provided for each topic. These materials are succinct, thoroughly updated, and tailored for examination preparation. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 20px;\">A compilation of previous years&#8217; question papers (spanning the last 27 years) will be supplied for answer writing practice. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 20px;\">Access to PDF versions of toppers&#8217; answer booklets will be available on our website.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 20px;\">Post-course, you will receive two practice workbooks containing a total of 10 sets of mock test papers based on the <strong>UPSC<\/strong> format for self-assessment.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 20px;\">Additional Provisions: <\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 20px;\">In the event of missed classes, video lectures will be temporarily available on the online portal for reference.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 20px;\">Daily one-on-one doubt resolution sessions with <em><strong>Vikash Ranjan Sir<\/strong><\/em> will be organized post-class.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-14861\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/1-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Best Sociology Optional Coaching, Sociology Optional Syllabus, BEST SOCIOLOGY OPTIONAL TEACHER, SOCIOLOGY OPTIONAL TEACHER\" width=\"817\" height=\"460\" srcset=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/1-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/1-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/1-150x84.jpg 150w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/1-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/1-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/1.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 817px) 100vw, 817px\" \/><\/span><\/h2>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Syllabus_of_Sociology_Optional\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 48px;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Syllabus of <i style=\"color: #ff0000;\">Sociology Optional<\/i><\/strong><\/span><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Paper-1<\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><em><strong>FUNDAMENTALS OF SOCIOLOGY<\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><strong><em>Sociology &#8211; The Discipline<\/em><\/strong><\/span>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/triumphiasblogs.com\/modernity-and-social-changes-in-europe-and-emergence-of-sociology\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Modernity and social changes in Europe and emergence of sociology.<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/triumphiasblogs.com\/scope-of-the-subject-and-comparison-with-other-social-sciences\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Scope of the subject and comparison with other social sciences.<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/triumphiasblogs.com\/sociology-and-common-sense\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sociology and common sense.<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><em><strong>Sociology as Science:<\/strong><\/em><\/span>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/triumphiasblogs.com\/science-scientific-method-critique\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science, scientific method and critique.<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/triumphiasblogs.com\/major-theoretical-stands-of-research-methodology\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Major theoretical strands of research methodology.<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/triumphiasblogs.com\/positivism-and-its-critique\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Positivism and its critique.<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/triumphiasblogs.com\/fact-value-and-objectivity\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fact value and objectivity.<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/triumphiasblogs.com\/non-positive-methodology\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Non- positivist methodologies.<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><em><strong>Research Methods and Analysis:<\/strong><\/em><\/span>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/triumphiasblogs.com\/qualitative-quantitative-methods\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Qualitative and quantitative methods.<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/triumphiasblogs.com\/techniques-of-data-collection\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Techniques of data collection.<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/triumphiasblogs.com\/variables-sampling-hypothesis-reliability-validity\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Variables, sampling, hypothesis, reliability and validity.<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><em><strong>Sociological Thinkers:<\/strong><\/em><\/span>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/triumphiasblogs.com\/karl-marx-historical-materialism-mode-of-production-alienation-class-struggle\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Karl Marx- Historical materialism, mode of production, alienation, class struggle.<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/triumphiasblogs.com\/emile-durkheim-division-of-labour-social-fact-suicide-religion-society\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Emile Durkheim- Division of labour, social fact, suicide, religion and society.<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/triumphiasblogs.com\/max-weber-social-action-ideal-types-authority-bureaucracy-protestant-ethic-the-spirit-of-capitalism\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Max Weber- Social action, ideal types, authority, bureaucracy, protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism.<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/triumphiasblogs.com\/talcolt-parsons-social-system-pattern-variables\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Talcott Parsons- Social system, pattern variables.<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/triumphiasblogs.com\/robert-k-merton-latent-manifest-functions-conformity-deviance-reference-groups\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Robert K. Merton- Latent and manifest functions, conformity and deviance, reference groups.<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/triumphiasblogs.com\/mead-self-identity\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mead &#8211; Self and identity.<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><em><strong>Stratification and Mobility:<\/strong><\/em><\/span>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/triumphiasblogs.com\/concepts-equality-inequality-hierarchy-exclusion-poverty-deprivation\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Concepts- equality, inequality, hierarchy, exclusion, poverty and deprivation.<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/triumphiasblogs.com\/theories-of-social-stratification-structural-functionalist-theory-marxist-theory-weberian-theory\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Theories of social stratification- Structural functionalist theory, Marxist theory, Weberian theory.<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/triumphiasblogs.com\/dimensions-social-stratification-of-class-status-groups-gender-ethnicity-race\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dimensions \u2013 Social stratification of class, status groups, gender, ethnicity and race.<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/triumphiasblogs.com\/social-mobility-open-closed-systems-types-of-mobility-sources-causes-of-mobility\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Social mobility- open and closed systems, types of mobility, sources and causes of mobility.<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><em><strong>Works andEconomic Life:<\/strong><\/em><\/span>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Social organization of work in different types of society- slave society, feudal society, industrial \/capitalist society<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Formal and informal organization of work.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Labour and society.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><em><strong>Politics and Society:<\/strong><\/em><\/span>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Sociological theories of power.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Power elite, bureaucracy, pressure groups, and political parties.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Nation, state, citizenship, democracy, civil society, ideology.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Protest, agitation, social movements, collective action, revolution.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><em><strong>Religion and Society:<\/strong><\/em><\/span>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Sociological theories of religion.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Types of religious practices: animism, monism, pluralism, sects, cults.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Religion in modern society: religion and science, secularization, religious revivalism, fundamentalism.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><em><strong>Systems of Kinship:<\/strong><\/em><\/span>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Family, household, marriage.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Types and forms of family.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Lineage and descent.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Patriarchy and sexual division of labour.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Contemporary trends.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><em><strong>Social Change in Modern Society:<\/strong><\/em><\/span>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Sociological theories of social change.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Development and dependency.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Agents of social change.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Education and social change.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Science, technology and social change.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Paper-2<\/span><\/h3>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><em><strong>INDIAN SOCIETY: STRUCTURE AND CHANGE<\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">INTRODUCING INDIAN SOCIETY<\/span><\/h4>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><strong>Perspectives on the study of Indian society:<\/strong><\/span>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Indology (GS. Ghurye).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Structural functionalism (M N Srinivas).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Marxist sociology (A R Desai).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><strong>Impact of colonial rule on Indian society :<\/strong><\/span>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Social background of Indian nationalism.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Modernization of Indian tradition.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Protests and movements during the colonial period.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Social reforms.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><strong>SOCIAL STRUCTURE<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><strong>Perspectives on the study of Indian society:<\/strong><\/span>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">The idea of Indian village and village studies.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Agrarian social structure &#8211; evolution of land tenure system, land reforms.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><strong>Caste System:<\/strong><\/span>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Perspectives on the study of caste systems: GS Ghurye, M N Srinivas, Louis Dumont, Andre Beteille.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Features of caste system.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Untouchability &#8211; forms and perspectives.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><strong>Tribal communities in India<\/strong><\/span>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Definitional problems.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Geographical spread.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Colonial policies and tribes.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Issues of integration and autonomy.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><strong>Social Classes in India:<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Agrarian class structure.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Industrial class structure.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Middle classes in India.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><strong>Systems of Kinship in India:<\/strong><\/span>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Lineage and descent in India.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Types of kinship systems.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Family and marriage in India.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Household dimensions of the family.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Patriarchy, entitlements and sexual division of labour<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><strong>Religion and Society:<\/strong><\/span>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Religious communities in India.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Problems of religious minorities.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Patriarchy, entitlements and sexual division of labour<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><strong>SOCIAL CHANGES IN INDIA<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><strong>Visions of Social Change in India:<\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Idea of development planning and mixed economy<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Constitution, law and social change.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Education and social change.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><strong>Rural and Agrarian transformation in India:<\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Programmes of rural development, Community Development Programme, cooperatives,poverty alleviation schemes<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Green revolution and social change.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Changing modes of production in Indian agriculture.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Problems of rural labour, bondage, migration.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><strong>3. Industrialization and Urbanisation in India:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Evolution of modern industry in India.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Growth of urban settlements in India.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Working class: structure, growth, class mobilization.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Informal sector, child labour<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Slums and deprivation in urban areas.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><strong>4. Politics and Society:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Nation, democracy and citizenship.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Political parties, pressure groups , social and political elite<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Regionalism and decentralization of power.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Secularization<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><strong>5. Social Movements in Modern India:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Peasants and farmers movements.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Women\u2019s movement.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Backward classes &amp; Dalit movement.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Environmental movements.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Ethnicity and Identity movements.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><strong>6. Population Dynamics:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Population size, growth, composition and distribution<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Components of population growth: birth, death, migration.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Population policy and family planning.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Emerging issues: ageing, sex ratios, child and infant mortality, reproductive health.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><strong>7. Challenges of Social Transformation:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Crisis of development: displacement, environmental problems and sustainability<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Poverty, deprivation and inequalities.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Violence against women.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Caste conflicts.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Ethnic conflicts, communalism, religious revivalism.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Illiteracy and disparities in education.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 48px; color: #ff0000;\"><strong>About Vikash Ranjan Sir<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-14863\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/NEW-AD-FOR-GOOGLE-249x300.jpg\" alt=\"Best Sociology Optional Coaching, Sociology Optional Syllabus, BEST SOCIOLOGY OPTIONAL TEACHER, SOCIOLOGY OPTIONAL TEACHER\" width=\"812\" height=\"978\" srcset=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/NEW-AD-FOR-GOOGLE-249x300.jpg 249w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/NEW-AD-FOR-GOOGLE-851x1024.jpg 851w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/NEW-AD-FOR-GOOGLE-125x150.jpg 125w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/NEW-AD-FOR-GOOGLE-768x924.jpg 768w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/NEW-AD-FOR-GOOGLE.jpg 1080w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 812px) 100vw, 812px\" \/><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 24px;\"><strong>Vikash Ranjan Sir<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<em><strong>(Best Sociology Optional Teacher, Educator, Mentor &amp; Author)<\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Mr. Vikash Ranjan, arguably the <strong>Best Sociology Optional Teacher<\/strong>, has emerged as a versatile genius in teaching and writing books on <strong>Sociology<\/strong> &amp; General Studies. His approach to the<strong> Sociology Optional Syllabus \/ Sociology Syllabus<\/strong> is remarkable, and his Sociological Themes and Perspectives are excellent. His teaching aptitude is Simple, Easy and Exam Focused. He is often chosen as the <strong>Best Sociology Teacher <\/strong>for <strong>Sociology Optional UPSC<\/strong> aspirants.<\/span><\/p>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"About_Triumph_IAS\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; color: #ff0000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 48px;\">About Triumph IAS<\/span><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; color: #ff0000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 48px;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-14865 alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/2-1-249x300.jpg\" alt=\"Sociology Optional Syllabus, Sociology Syllabus, Best Sociology Optional Coaching, Sociology Optional Syllabus, BEST SOCIOLOGY OPTIONAL TEACHER, SOCIOLOGY OPTIONAL TEACHER\" width=\"822\" height=\"991\" srcset=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/2-1-249x300.jpg 249w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/2-1-125x150.jpg 125w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/2-1-1701x2048.jpg 1701w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 822px) 100vw, 822px\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 1.125rem;\"><br \/>\nInnovating Knowledge, Inspiring Success We, at <strong>Triumph IAS<\/strong>, pride ourselves on being the <strong>best sociology optional coaching<\/strong> platform. We believe that each Individual Aspirant is unique and requires Individual Guidance and Care, hence the need for the <strong>Best Sociology Teacher<\/strong>. We prepare students keeping in mind his or her strength and weakness, paying particular attention to the <strong>Sociology Optional Syllabus \/ Sociology Syllabus<\/strong>, which forms a significant part of our <strong>Sociology Foundation Course<\/strong>.<\/span><br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Course_Features\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Course Features<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Every day, the <strong>Best Sociology Optional Teacher<\/strong> spends 2 hours with the students, covering each aspect of the<strong> Sociology Optional Syllabus \/ Sociology Syllabus<\/strong> and the <strong>Sociology Course<\/strong>. Students are given assignments related to the Topic based on Previous Year Question to ensure they&#8217;re ready for the <strong>Sociology Optional UPSC<\/strong> examination.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Regular one-on-one interaction &amp; individual counseling for stress management and refinement of strategy for Exam by <strong>Vikash Ranjan Sir<\/strong>, the <strong>Best Sociology Teacher<\/strong>, is part of the package. We specialize in <strong>sociology optional coaching<\/strong> and are hence fully equipped to guide you to your dream space in the civil service final list.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Specialist_Guidance_of_Vikash_Ranjan_Sir\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><strong>Specialist Guidance of Vikash Ranjan Sir<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><strong><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-14866 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/3-249x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"808\" height=\"973\" srcset=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/3-249x300.jpg 249w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/3-851x1024.jpg 851w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/3-125x150.jpg 125w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/3-768x924.jpg 768w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/3-1276x1536.jpg 1276w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/3-1701x2048.jpg 1701w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 808px) 100vw, 808px\" \/>Vikash Ranjan Sir<\/strong> is a specialist and arguably the <strong>Best Sociology Optional Teacher<\/strong>. His scientific, systematic, applied &amp; exam-focused approach has helped many students to get selected in the Civil Services.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">The <strong>Best Sociology Teacher<\/strong> helps students to get a complete conceptual understanding of each and every topic of the <strong>Sociology Optional Syllabus \/ Sociology Syllabus<\/strong>, enabling them to attempt any of the questions, be direct or applied, ensuring 300+ Marks in <strong>Sociology Optional<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Classrooms_Interaction_Participatory_Discussion\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Classrooms Interaction &amp; Participatory Discussion<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">The Best Sociology Teacher, <strong>Vikash Sir<\/strong>, ensures that there&#8217;s explanation &amp; DISCUSSION on every topic of the <strong>Sociology Optional Syllabus \/ Sociology Syllabus<\/strong> in the class. The emphasis is not just on teaching but also on understanding, which is why we are known as the <strong>Best Sociology Optional Coaching<\/strong> institution.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Preparatory-Study_Support\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Preparatory-Study Support<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-14867 alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/4-249x300.jpg\" alt=\"Sociology Optional Syllabus, Sociology Syllabus, Best Sociology Optional Coaching, Sociology Optional Syllabus, BEST SOCIOLOGY OPTIONAL TEACHER, SOCIOLOGY OPTIONAL TEACHER\" width=\"809\" height=\"975\" srcset=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/4-249x300.jpg 249w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/4-125x150.jpg 125w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/4-1276x1536.jpg 1276w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/4-1701x2048.jpg 1701w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 809px) 100vw, 809px\" \/>The <strong>Sociology Foundation Course<\/strong> is designed to provide students with a strong base for the <strong>Sociology Optional<\/strong>. Study support from Triumph IAS &amp; personal mentorship of the <strong>Best Sociology Teacher<\/strong>, Vikash Sir, is provided till final selection. Vikash Sir provides special guidance session for \u201cEssay &amp; Mains General Study\u201d too, making our Sociology Course a well-rounded one.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Online_Support_System_Oss\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Online Support System (Oss)<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Get access to an online forum for value addition study material, journals, and articles relevant to Sociology on <a href=\"http:\/\/www.triumphias.com\/\" target=\"_new\" rel=\"noopener\">www.triumphias.com<\/a>. Ask preparation related queries directly to the <strong>Best Sociology Teacher<\/strong>, Vikash Sir, via mail or WhatsApp.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Strategic_Classroom_Preparation\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Strategic Classroom Preparation<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-14868 alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/5-249x300.jpg\" alt=\"Sociology Optional Syllabus, Sociology Syllabus, Best Sociology Optional Coaching, Sociology Optional Syllabus, BEST SOCIOLOGY OPTIONAL TEACHER, SOCIOLOGY OPTIONAL TEACHER\" width=\"807\" height=\"972\" srcset=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/5-249x300.jpg 249w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/5-851x1024.jpg 851w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/5-125x150.jpg 125w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/5-768x924.jpg 768w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/5-1276x1536.jpg 1276w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/5-1701x2048.jpg 1701w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 807px) 100vw, 807px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Our <strong>Sociology Course<\/strong> is characterized by interactive and applied teaching with an \u201cExam Focussed\u201d approach, which inculcates a Sociological sense and competency in the students. The <strong>Sociology Foundation Course<\/strong>, lasting four months, includes theoretical discussion, concept building, and answer writing with a focus on learning &amp; application.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Comprehensive_Study_Material\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Comprehensive Study Material<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">We provide printed booklets of concise, well-researched, exam-ready study material for every unit of the <strong>Sociology Optional Syllabus \/ Sociology Syllabus<\/strong>, making us the Best Sociology Optional Coaching platform.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Why_Vikash_Ranjans_Classes_for_Sociology\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; color: #ff0000;\">Why Vikash Ranjan&#8217;s Classes for Sociology?<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Proper guidance and assistance are required to learn the skill of interlinking current happenings with the conventional topics. <strong>VIKASH RANJAN SIR <\/strong>at <strong>TRIUMPH IAS<\/strong> guides students according to the Recent Trends of UPSC, making him the <strong>Best Sociology Teacher<\/strong> for <strong>Sociology Optional UPSC.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">At Triumph IAS, the <strong>Best Sociology Optional Coaching<\/strong> platform, we not only provide the best study material and applied classes for <strong>Sociology for IAS<\/strong> but also conduct regular assignments and class tests to assess candidates&#8217; writing skills and understanding of the subject.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Choose_The_Best_Sociology_Optional_Teacher_for_IAS_Preparation\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 28px;\">Choose <a href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><em>T<strong>he Best Sociology Optional Teacher <\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/a>for IAS Preparation?<\/span><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 20px;\">At the beginning of the journey for<strong> Civil Services Examination <\/strong>preparation, many students face a pivotal decision \u2013 selecting their optional subject. Questions such as &#8220;<strong><em>which optional subject is the best?<\/em><\/strong>&#8221; and &#8220;<strong><em>which optional subject is the most scoring?<\/em><\/strong>&#8221; frequently come to mind. Choosing the right optional subject, like choosing the <strong><em>best sociology optional teacher<\/em><\/strong>, is a subjective yet vital step that requires a thoughtful decision based on facts. A misstep in this crucial decision can indeed prove disastrous.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 20px;\">Ever since the exam pattern was revamped in 2013, the UPSC has eliminated the need for a second optional subject. Now, candidates have to choose only one <strong>optional subject for the UPSC Mains<\/strong>, which has two papers of 250 marks each. One of the compelling choices for many has been the sociology optional. However, it&#8217;s strongly advised to decide on your optional subject for mains well ahead of time to get sufficient time to complete the syllabus. After all, most students score similarly in General Studies Papers; it&#8217;s the score in the optional subject &amp; essay that contributes significantly to the final selection.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000; font-size: 20px;\"><strong><em><span style=\"font-size: 36px;\">\u201c<\/span>A sound strategy does not rely solely on the popular<br \/>\n<\/em><\/strong><\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000; font-size: 20px;\"><strong><em>Opinion of toppers or famous YouTubers cum teachers.<span style=\"font-size: 36px;\">\u201d<\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 20px;\">It requires understanding one&#8217;s ability, interest, and the relevance of the subject, not just for the exam but also for life in general. Hence, when selecting the best sociology teacher, one must consider the usefulness of <strong><em>sociology optional coaching<\/em><\/strong> in <strong>General Studies, Essay, and Personality Test.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 20px;\">The choice of the optional subject should be based on objective criteria, such as the nature, scope, and size of the syllabus, uniformity and stability in the question pattern, relevance of the syllabic content in daily life in society, and the availability of study material and guidance. For example, choosing the <strong><em>best sociology optional coaching<\/em><\/strong> can ensure access to top-quality study materials and experienced teachers. Always remember, the approach of the UPSC optional subject differs from your academic studies of subjects. Therefore, before settling for <strong><em>sociology optional<\/em><\/strong>, you need to analyze the syllabus, previous years&#8217; pattern, subject requirements (be it ideal, visionary, numerical, conceptual theoretical), and your comfort level with the subject.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 20px;\">This decision marks a critical point in your <strong><em>UPSC &#8211; CSE journey<\/em><\/strong>, potentially determining your success in a career in IAS\/Civil Services. Therefore, it&#8217;s crucial to choose wisely, whether it&#8217;s the optional subject or the <strong><em>best sociology optional teacher<\/em><\/strong>. Always base your decision on accurate facts, and never let your emotional biases guide your choices. After all, the search for the <strong><em>best sociology optional coaching<\/em><\/strong> is about finding the perfect fit for your unique academic needs and aspirations.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/kt3VeKYqoSs?t=54s\" width=\"350\" height=\"196\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"><\/iframe><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><sup><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/dL85EHfcitw?t=17s\" width=\"350\" height=\"196\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"><\/iframe><\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/tJcm9G2RwVE\" width=\"350\" height=\"196\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"><\/iframe><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/YXsRAVmvsCE?t=1s\" width=\"350\" height=\"196\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"><\/iframe><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">To master these intricacies and fare well in the <strong>Sociology Optional Syllabus<\/strong>, aspiring sociologists might benefit from guidance by the <strong>Best Sociology Optional Teacher<\/strong> and participation in the <strong>Best Sociology Optional Coaching<\/strong>. These avenues provide comprehensive assistance, ensuring a solid understanding of <strong>sociology&#8217;s<\/strong> diverse methodologies and techniques. <strong>Sociology, Social theory, Best Sociology Optional Teacher, Best Sociology Optional Coaching, Sociology Optional Syllabus.<br \/>\nBest Sociology Optional Teacher, Sociology Syllabus, Sociology Optional, Sociology Optional Coaching, Best Sociology Optional Coaching, Best Sociology Teacher, Sociology Course, Sociology Teacher, Sociology Foundation, Sociology Foundation Course, Sociology Optional UPSC, Sociology for IAS<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Follow us :<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/triumphias\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\ud83d\udd0e https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/triumphias<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><a href=\"\ud83d\udd0e www.triumphias.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\ud83d\udd0e www.triumphias.com<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/c\/TriumphIAS\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\ud83d\udd0ehttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/c\/TriumphIAS<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/t.me\/VikashRanjanSociology\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/t.me\/VikashRanjanSociology<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Find_More_Blogs\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #808000; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Find More Blogs<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 98.6429%; height: 20px;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 10px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 207.75px; height: 10px;\">\n<p class=\"entry-title\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><a style=\"color: #ff6600;\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/compare-and-contrast-karl-marxs-and-max-webers-analysis-of-the-modern-phenomena-of-capitalism\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Compare and contrast Karl Marx\u2019s and Max weber\u2019s<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 207.75px; height: 10px;\">\n<p class=\"entry-title\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><a style=\"color: #ff6600;\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/karl-marx-historical-materialism\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Karl Marx- Historical Materialism<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 207.75px; height: 10px;\">\n<p class=\"entry-title\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/talcott-parsons-social-system\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">Talcott Parsons : Social system<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 207.75px; height: 10px;\">\n<p class=\"entry-title\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/scope-of-the-subject-and-comparison-with-other-social-sciences\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">Scope of the subject and comparison with other social sciences<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 10px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 207.75px; height: 10px;\">\n<header class=\"entry-header\">\n<p class=\"entry-title\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/position-of-women-in-the-modern-indian-society-2\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">Position of Women In the Modern Indian Society<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<\/header>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 207.75px; height: 10px;\">\n<header class=\"entry-header\">\n<p class=\"entry-title\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/sociology-social-system-and-pattern-variables\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">Sociology: Social system and pattern variables<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"entry-content clearfix\"><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 207.75px; height: 10px;\">\n<header class=\"entry-header\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/changing-family-structure-in-india\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">Changing family structure in India<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/header>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 207.75px; height: 10px;\">\n<p class=\"entry-title\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Modernity and social changes in Europe<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>For more such notes, Articles, News &amp; Views Join our Telegram Channel.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a title=\"Telegram Link\" href=\"https:\/\/t.me\/triumphias\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>https:\/\/t.me\/triumphias<\/strong><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>Click the link below to see the details about the UPSC \u2013Civils courses offered by Triumph IAS.<\/strong> <\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #ff0000;\" title=\"Courses available\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/pages-all-courses.php\">https:\/\/triumphias.com\/pages-all-courses.php<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Sociology &amp; Understanding of modernity Relevance for\u00a0Paper-I:FUNDAMENTAL OF SOCIOLOGY:\u00a0\u00a0 1. Sociology &#8211; The Discipline:\u00a0 Understanding Modernity\u00a0And Modernization of Sociology:\u00a0 Modernity<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3204,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[114,115,116],"tags":[392],"class_list":["post-7899","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-sociology-optional","category-sociology-optional-paper-i","category-sociology-optional-paper-ii","tag-union-public-service-commission-upsc"],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7899","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7899"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7899\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":19620,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7899\/revisions\/19620"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3204"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7899"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7899"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7899"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}