{"id":33961,"date":"2026-02-12T16:26:18","date_gmt":"2026-02-12T10:56:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/?p=33961"},"modified":"2026-02-13T12:03:59","modified_gmt":"2026-02-13T06:33:59","slug":"non-positivist-methods-marginalised-groups","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/non-positivist-methods-marginalised-groups\/","title":{"rendered":"Non-Positivist Methods and Lived Experiences of Marginalised Groups"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Non-Positivist_Methods_and_Lived_Experiences_of_Marginalised_Groups\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Non-Positivist Methods and Lived Experiences of Marginalised Groups<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">(Relevant for Sociology Paper 1, Paper 2, Society [GS] )<\/span><\/h3>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_68 ez-toc-wrap-center counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-light-blue ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >What's Inside this Blog!<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/non-positivist-methods-marginalised-groups\/#Non-Positivist_Methods_and_Lived_Experiences_of_Marginalised_Groups\" title=\"Non-Positivist Methods and Lived Experiences of Marginalised Groups\">Non-Positivist Methods and Lived Experiences of Marginalised Groups<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-2' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/non-positivist-methods-marginalised-groups\/#Introduction\" title=\"Introduction\">Introduction<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/non-positivist-methods-marginalised-groups\/#Limitations_of_Positivist_Approaches_in_Studying_Marginalisation\" title=\"Limitations of Positivist Approaches in Studying Marginalisation\">Limitations of Positivist Approaches in Studying Marginalisation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/non-positivist-methods-marginalised-groups\/#Non-Positivist_Methods_An_Alternative_Framework\" title=\"Non-Positivist Methods: An Alternative Framework\">Non-Positivist Methods: An Alternative Framework<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/non-positivist-methods-marginalised-groups\/#Lived_Experience_as_Sociological_Evidence\" title=\"Lived Experience as Sociological Evidence\">Lived Experience as Sociological Evidence<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/non-positivist-methods-marginalised-groups\/#Power_Voice_and_Ethical_Responsibility\" title=\"Power, Voice, and Ethical Responsibility\">Power, Voice, and Ethical Responsibility<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/non-positivist-methods-marginalised-groups\/#Relevance_in_Contemporary_Society\" title=\"Relevance in Contemporary Society\">Relevance in Contemporary Society<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/non-positivist-methods-marginalised-groups\/#Conclusion\" title=\"Conclusion\">Conclusion<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/non-positivist-methods-marginalised-groups\/#UPSC_CSE_Mains_%E2%80%93_Practice_Question\" title=\"UPSC CSE Mains \u2013 Practice Question\">UPSC CSE Mains \u2013 Practice Question<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/non-positivist-methods-marginalised-groups\/#Read_more_Blogs\" title=\"Read more Blogs:\">Read more Blogs:<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 4048px;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 4048px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 100%; height: 4048px;\">\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\" data-start=\"405\" data-end=\"421\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Introduction\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Introduction<br \/>\n<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"270\" data-end=\"961\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Classical sociology was deeply influenced by <strong data-start=\"315\" data-end=\"329\">positivism<\/strong>, which sought to study society using methods similar to the natural sciences\u2014emphasising objectivity, quantification, and general laws. However, such approaches often failed to capture the <strong data-start=\"519\" data-end=\"576\">subjective meanings, emotions, and everyday struggles<\/strong> of marginalised groups such as Dalits, women, tribal communities, sexual minorities, and informal workers. To address these limitations, sociology increasingly turned towards <strong data-start=\"752\" data-end=\"778\">non-positivist methods<\/strong>, which prioritise lived experiences, meanings, and voices from below. These approaches are crucial for understanding social inequality, exclusion, and resistance in a nuanced manner.<\/span><\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"963\" data-end=\"966\" \/>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"968\" data-end=\"1037\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Limitations_of_Positivist_Approaches_in_Studying_Marginalisation\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Limitations of Positivist Approaches in Studying Marginalisation<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-33966 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/65d1acd5-2b24-4faf-8588-7d57c45753de.png\" alt=\"Limitations of Positivist Approaches in Studying Marginalisation\" width=\"1536\" height=\"1024\" srcset=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/65d1acd5-2b24-4faf-8588-7d57c45753de.png 1536w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/65d1acd5-2b24-4faf-8588-7d57c45753de-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/65d1acd5-2b24-4faf-8588-7d57c45753de-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/65d1acd5-2b24-4faf-8588-7d57c45753de-150x100.png 150w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/65d1acd5-2b24-4faf-8588-7d57c45753de-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/65d1acd5-2b24-4faf-8588-7d57c45753de-120x80.png 120w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1536px) 100vw, 1536px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"1038\" data-end=\"1433\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Positivist methods rely heavily on surveys, statistics, and large-scale generalisations. While useful for identifying broad patterns, they often <strong data-start=\"1183\" data-end=\"1217\">silence individual experiences<\/strong> and overlook structural violence embedded in everyday life. Marginalised groups are frequently reduced to variables\u2014income, literacy, caste category\u2014without attention to <strong data-start=\"1388\" data-end=\"1432\">humiliation, stigma, fear, or resilience<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"1435\" data-end=\"1788\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">For instance, caste discrimination cannot be fully understood merely through occupational data or poverty indices. The <strong data-start=\"1554\" data-end=\"1636\">everyday experience of untouchability, social exclusion, and symbolic violence<\/strong> requires methods that go beyond numerical representation. Positivism thus risks reproducing dominant perspectives while marginal voices remain unheard.<\/span><\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"1790\" data-end=\"1793\" \/>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"1795\" data-end=\"1848\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Non-Positivist_Methods_An_Alternative_Framework\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Non-Positivist Methods: An Alternative Framework<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"1849\" data-end=\"2069\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Non-positivist methods emphasise <strong data-start=\"1882\" data-end=\"1927\">interpretation, subjectivity, and context<\/strong>. Influenced by interpretivism and phenomenology, these approaches seek to understand society from the standpoint of social actors themselves.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"2071\" data-end=\"2263\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong data-start=\"2071\" data-end=\"2112\"><span class=\"hover:entity-accent entity-underline inline cursor-pointer align-baseline\"><span class=\"whitespace-normal\">Max Weber<\/span><\/span><\/strong> argued that sociology must focus on <em data-start=\"2149\" data-end=\"2160\">Verstehen<\/em>\u2014interpretive understanding of social action. This laid the foundation for qualitative methods such as:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"2264\" data-end=\"2387\">\n<li data-start=\"2264\" data-end=\"2287\">\n<p data-start=\"2266\" data-end=\"2287\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">In-depth interviews<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2288\" data-end=\"2315\">\n<p data-start=\"2290\" data-end=\"2315\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Participant observation<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2316\" data-end=\"2334\">\n<p data-start=\"2318\" data-end=\"2334\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Life histories<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2335\" data-end=\"2350\">\n<p data-start=\"2337\" data-end=\"2350\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Ethnography<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2351\" data-end=\"2387\">\n<p data-start=\"2353\" data-end=\"2387\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Narrative and discourse analysis<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"2389\" data-end=\"2575\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">These methods allow sociologists to grasp how marginalised individuals <strong data-start=\"2460\" data-end=\"2493\">interpret their social worlds<\/strong>, negotiate power relations, and construct meaning under conditions of inequality.<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2389\" data-end=\"2575\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-33970 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/positivism-1.webp\" alt=\"Non-Positivist Methods and Lived Experiences of Marginalised Groups\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/positivism-1.webp 1920w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/positivism-1-300x169.webp 300w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/positivism-1-1024x576.webp 1024w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/positivism-1-150x84.webp 150w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/positivism-1-768x432.webp 768w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/positivism-1-1536x864.webp 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"2577\" data-end=\"2580\" \/>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"2582\" data-end=\"2628\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Lived_Experience_as_Sociological_Evidence\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Lived Experience as Sociological Evidence<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"2629\" data-end=\"2842\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">The concept of <em data-start=\"2644\" data-end=\"2662\">lived experience<\/em> highlights how oppression is <strong data-start=\"2692\" data-end=\"2726\">felt, embodied, and reproduced<\/strong> in daily life. Feminist sociology, Dalit studies, and subaltern perspectives have strongly advocated this approach.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"2844\" data-end=\"3185\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong data-start=\"2844\" data-end=\"2885\"><span class=\"hover:entity-accent entity-underline inline cursor-pointer align-baseline\"><span class=\"whitespace-normal\">Dorothy Smith<\/span><\/span><\/strong> developed <em data-start=\"2896\" data-end=\"2915\">standpoint theory<\/em>, arguing that knowledge produced from the standpoint of marginalised groups offers a <strong data-start=\"3001\" data-end=\"3056\">more complete and critical understanding of society<\/strong>. Similarly, Dalit autobiographies and oral histories reveal forms of caste oppression that remain invisible in official records.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"3187\" data-end=\"3458\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">In India, the use of life narratives of manual scavengers, migrant workers, or tribal communities has exposed the <strong data-start=\"3301\" data-end=\"3357\">gap between constitutional ideals and social reality<\/strong>. These accounts challenge dominant narratives and question whose knowledge is considered legitimate.<\/span><\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"3460\" data-end=\"3463\" \/>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"3465\" data-end=\"3510\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Power_Voice_and_Ethical_Responsibility\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Power, Voice, and Ethical Responsibility<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"3511\" data-end=\"3717\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Non-positivist research is not merely methodological; it is also <strong data-start=\"3576\" data-end=\"3601\">ethical and political<\/strong>. It seeks to democratise knowledge production by recognising marginalised groups as <strong data-start=\"3686\" data-end=\"3716\">knowers, not just subjects<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"3719\" data-end=\"3967\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong data-start=\"3719\" data-end=\"3760\"><span class=\"hover:entity-accent entity-underline inline cursor-pointer align-baseline\"><span class=\"whitespace-normal\">Michel Foucault<\/span><\/span><\/strong> highlighted how knowledge and power are intertwined. From this perspective, positivist \u201cobjective\u201d knowledge often aligns with institutional power, while experiential knowledge disrupts dominant discourses.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"3969\" data-end=\"4241\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">However, non-positivist methods also demand <strong data-start=\"4013\" data-end=\"4028\">reflexivity<\/strong>. Researchers must remain aware of their own social position and avoid appropriating or romanticising marginal voices. Ethical fieldwork requires informed consent, trust-building, and sensitivity to vulnerability.<\/span><\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"4243\" data-end=\"4246\" \/>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"4248\" data-end=\"4286\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Relevance_in_Contemporary_Society\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Relevance in Contemporary Society<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"4287\" data-end=\"4607\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">In an era of identity politics, social movements, and claims for recognition, non-positivist methods are increasingly relevant. Movements related to gender justice, tribal rights, disability, and LGBTQIA+ issues rely heavily on <strong data-start=\"4515\" data-end=\"4554\">personal testimonies and narratives<\/strong> to challenge exclusionary policies and social norms.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"4609\" data-end=\"4810\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">For policymakers and administrators, understanding lived experiences enables <strong data-start=\"4686\" data-end=\"4729\">more inclusive and effective governance<\/strong>, making sociology directly relevant to public administration and social justice.<\/span><\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"4812\" data-end=\"4815\" \/>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"4817\" data-end=\"4832\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Conclusion<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"4833\" data-end=\"5333\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Non-positivist methods enrich sociology by foregrounding the lived experiences of marginalised groups, revealing dimensions of social reality that remain hidden in positivist frameworks. By privileging voice, meaning, and context, these approaches not only deepen sociological understanding but also contribute to <strong data-start=\"5147\" data-end=\"5201\">social justice and democratic knowledge production<\/strong>. In a diverse and unequal society like India, sociology cannot afford to ignore the experiential realities of those at the margins.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2 data-start=\"4853\" data-end=\"4894\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"UPSC_CSE_Mains_%E2%80%93_Practice_Question\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong data-start=\"4856\" data-end=\"4894\">UPSC CSE Mains \u2013 Practice Question<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"4733\" data-end=\"4885\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong data-start=\"5392\" data-end=\"5505\">\u201cNon-positivist methods are crucial for understanding the lived experiences of marginalised groups.\u201d Discuss.<\/strong><\/span><br data-start=\"5505\" data-end=\"5508\" \/><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><em data-start=\"5508\" data-end=\"5523\">(10\/15 marks)<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong><span class=\"amp-wp-303d451\" data-amp-original-style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">To Read more topics<\/span><span class=\"amp-wp-303d451\" data-amp-original-style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"amp-wp-303d451\" data-amp-original-style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><strong>visit:<\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/?amp=1\">www.triumphias.com\/blogs<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Read_more_Blogs\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span 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scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Non-Positivist Methods and Lived Experiences of Marginalised Groups (Relevant for Sociology Paper 1, Paper 2, Society [GS] ) Introduction Classical<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":33962,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[115,7,116,1034,1027],"tags":[15131,15126,15132,9940,15125,1503,5887],"class_list":["post-33961","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-sociology-optional-paper-i","category-general-studies-i","category-sociology-optional-paper-ii","category-sociology-scoring-optional","category-sociology-upsc","tag-lived-experiences","tag-marginalisation-studies","tag-marginalised-groups","tag-michel-foucault","tag-positivism-and-non-positivism","tag-research-methodology","tag-sociology-optional-upsc"],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/33961","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=33961"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/33961\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":33971,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/33961\/revisions\/33971"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/33962"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=33961"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=33961"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=33961"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}