{"id":33655,"date":"2025-12-27T13:27:07","date_gmt":"2025-12-27T07:57:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/?p=33655"},"modified":"2025-12-27T13:27:07","modified_gmt":"2025-12-27T07:57:07","slug":"a-sociological-reading-of-the-vb-g-ram-g-bill","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/a-sociological-reading-of-the-vb-g-ram-g-bill\/","title":{"rendered":"From Right to Work to Managed Employment: A Sociological Reading of the VB-G RAM G Bill, 2025"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"From_Right_to_Work_to_Managed_Employment_A_Sociological_Reading_of_the_VB-G_RAM_G_Bill_2025\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>From Right to Work to Managed Employment: A Sociological Reading of the VB-G RAM G Bill, 2025<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">(Relevant for Sociology Paper 1: Works and Economic life and Politics and Society and Sociology Paper 2: Vision of Social change in India and Politics and Society)<\/span><\/h4>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_68 ez-toc-wrap-center counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-light-blue ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >What's Inside this Blog!<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/a-sociological-reading-of-the-vb-g-ram-g-bill\/#From_Right_to_Work_to_Managed_Employment_A_Sociological_Reading_of_the_VB-G_RAM_G_Bill_2025\" title=\"From Right to Work to Managed Employment: A Sociological Reading of the VB-G RAM G Bill, 2025\">From Right to Work to Managed Employment: A Sociological Reading of the VB-G RAM G Bill, 2025<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-2' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/a-sociological-reading-of-the-vb-g-ram-g-bill\/#VB-G_RAM_G_Bill\" title=\"VB-G RAM G Bill\">VB-G RAM G Bill<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/a-sociological-reading-of-the-vb-g-ram-g-bill\/#MGNREGA_as_Social_Citizenship\" title=\"MGNREGA as Social Citizenship\">MGNREGA as Social Citizenship<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/a-sociological-reading-of-the-vb-g-ram-g-bill\/#Welfare_State_to_Developmental_State\" title=\"Welfare State to Developmental State\">Welfare State to Developmental State<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/a-sociological-reading-of-the-vb-g-ram-g-bill\/#Rural_Poverty_Decline_or_Reconfiguration\" title=\"Rural Poverty: Decline or Reconfiguration?\">Rural Poverty: Decline or Reconfiguration?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/a-sociological-reading-of-the-vb-g-ram-g-bill\/#Labour_Agriculture_and_Power_Relations\" title=\"Labour, Agriculture, and Power Relations\">Labour, Agriculture, and Power Relations<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/a-sociological-reading-of-the-vb-g-ram-g-bill\/#Fiscal_Federalism_and_State_Capacity\" title=\"Fiscal Federalism and State Capacity\">Fiscal Federalism and State Capacity<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/a-sociological-reading-of-the-vb-g-ram-g-bill\/#Gender_and_Social_Inclusion\" title=\"Gender and Social Inclusion\">Gender and Social Inclusion<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/a-sociological-reading-of-the-vb-g-ram-g-bill\/#From_Demand-Driven_to_Technocratic_Planning\" title=\"From Demand-Driven to Technocratic Planning\">From Demand-Driven to Technocratic Planning<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/a-sociological-reading-of-the-vb-g-ram-g-bill\/#Climate_Risk_and_Rural_Livelihoods\" title=\"Climate Risk and Rural Livelihoods\">Climate Risk and Rural Livelihoods<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/a-sociological-reading-of-the-vb-g-ram-g-bill\/#Rights_vs_Productivity_A_False_Dichotomy\" title=\"Rights vs Productivity: A False Dichotomy?\">Rights vs Productivity: A False Dichotomy?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/a-sociological-reading-of-the-vb-g-ram-g-bill\/#Conclusion_Rethinking_Developmental_Justice\" title=\"Conclusion: Rethinking Developmental Justice\">Conclusion: Rethinking Developmental Justice<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/a-sociological-reading-of-the-vb-g-ram-g-bill\/#Read_more_Blogs\" title=\"Read more Blogs:\">Read more Blogs:<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 100%;\">\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"VB-G_RAM_G_Bill\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>VB-G RAM G Bill<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">The introduction of the <em>Viksit Bharat-Guarantee for Rozgar and Ajeevika Mission (Gramin) Bill, 2025<\/em> marks a decisive transformation in India\u2019s rural welfare architecture. By replacing the rights-based, demand-driven framework of MGNREGA with a budget-capped, supply-driven employment model, the state signals a redefinition of rural poverty, work, and citizenship. While the reform is justified by declining poverty and the aspiration of <em>Viksit Bharat @2047<\/em>, sociology urges us to examine what is gained\u2014and what may be lost\u2014when welfare shifts from entitlement to discretion.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"MGNREGA_as_Social_Citizenship\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>MGNREGA as Social Citizenship<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">T.H. Marshall\u2019s concept of <strong>social citizenship<\/strong> is foundational to understanding MGNREGA. The 2005 Act did not merely provide employment; it institutionalised a <em>justiciable right to work<\/em>, recognising employment as a social right necessary for dignity and survival. For rural households, especially landless labourers, women, and marginal farmers, MGNREGA functioned as a buffer against market volatility and agrarian distress.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">The VB\u2013G RAM G Bill represents a departure from this framework. By limiting coverage to notified rural areas and introducing capped allocations, employment becomes conditional rather than universal. Sociologically, this reflects a shift from <strong>rights-based welfare<\/strong> to <strong>administrative welfare<\/strong>, where access depends on state planning priorities rather than citizen demand.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Welfare_State_to_Developmental_State\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Welfare State to Developmental State<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">This transition mirrors a broader transformation in the Indian state. Scholars of political sociology argue that India is moving from a <strong>welfare state logic<\/strong> to a <strong>developmental and regulatory state<\/strong>. The Bill\u2019s emphasis on asset creation, productivity, and convergence with PM Gati Shakti reflects a belief that poverty alleviation should occur through infrastructure-led growth rather than income guarantees.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Max Weber\u2019s notion of <strong>rational-legal authority<\/strong> helps explain this shift. Employment is now to be planned through Viksit Gram Panchayat Plans (VGPPs), aggregated and aligned with national infrastructure goals. While this enhances coordination and efficiency, it also bureaucratises access to work, reducing the immediacy and responsiveness that characterised MGNREGA.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Rural_Poverty_Decline_or_Reconfiguration\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Rural Poverty: Decline or Reconfiguration?<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-33657 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Rural-Poverty_-Decline-or-Reconfiguration_-scaled.png\" alt=\"Rural Poverty: Decline or Reconfiguration\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1168\" srcset=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Rural-Poverty_-Decline-or-Reconfiguration_-scaled.png 2560w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Rural-Poverty_-Decline-or-Reconfiguration_-300x137.png 300w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Rural-Poverty_-Decline-or-Reconfiguration_-1024x467.png 1024w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Rural-Poverty_-Decline-or-Reconfiguration_-150x68.png 150w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Rural-Poverty_-Decline-or-Reconfiguration_-768x350.png 768w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Rural-Poverty_-Decline-or-Reconfiguration_-1536x701.png 1536w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Rural-Poverty_-Decline-or-Reconfiguration_-2048x935.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">The government justifies the reform by citing a sharp decline in rural poverty\u2014from 25.7% in 2011\u201312 to nearly 5% in 2023\u201324. However, sociologists caution against equating poverty reduction with livelihood security. Poverty lines measure consumption, not vulnerability.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Guy Standing\u2019s concept of the <strong>precariat<\/strong> is relevant here. Even as income poverty declines, rural India continues to face employment instability due to informalisation, climate shocks, and seasonal migration. For such households, MGNREGA functioned less as \u201cdistress relief\u201d and more as <strong>income insurance<\/strong>. The new Bill\u2019s capped allocations and seasonal suspension provisions risk weakening this insurance function.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Labour_Agriculture_and_Power_Relations\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Labour, Agriculture, and Power Relations<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">The provision allowing States to pause employment for up to 60 days during peak agricultural seasons reveals underlying class dynamics. From a Marxian perspective, this reflects the state\u2019s role in managing labour supply to support agrarian capital and landowning classes. By ensuring labour availability during sowing and harvesting, the policy implicitly prioritises farm productivity over labourers\u2019 income stability.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">This aligns with Marx\u2019s idea of the <strong>reserve army of labour<\/strong>, where surplus workers are regulated to serve production needs. While economically rational, such regulation risks reproducing rural power hierarchies, where landless labourers bear the adjustment costs of development.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Fiscal_Federalism_and_State_Capacity\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Fiscal Federalism and State Capacity<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">The revised cost-sharing pattern (60:40 for most States) significantly increases States\u2019 fiscal responsibility. From a sociological lens, this raises concerns about <strong>uneven state capacity<\/strong>. Poorer States with high dependence on public employment may struggle to finance the programme adequately, leading to regional disparities in employment security.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">This resonates with Myrdal\u2019s theory of <strong>cumulative causation<\/strong>, where initial disadvantages\u2014low revenue base, high vulnerability\u2014compound over time. A supply-driven, budget-capped model may inadvertently reinforce spatial inequality unless accompanied by compensatory fiscal transfers.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Gender_and_Social_Inclusion\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Gender and Social Inclusion<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Feminist sociologists have consistently highlighted MGNREGA\u2019s transformative impact on rural women. Guaranteed local employment increased women\u2019s workforce participation, bargaining power, and financial autonomy. The VB-G RAM G Bill\u2019s conditional coverage and reduced flexibility may disproportionately affect women, who rely on proximity and predictability of work due to unpaid care responsibilities.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Additionally, Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and migrant households\u2014groups with limited political voice\u2014face higher risks of exclusion when welfare becomes discretionary. Pierre Bourdieu\u2019s idea of <strong>social capital<\/strong> explains why better-connected communities may navigate planning processes more effectively, while marginal groups remain invisible in VGPPs.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"From_Demand-Driven_to_Technocratic_Planning\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>From Demand-Driven to Technocratic Planning<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-33658 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/From-Demand-Driven-to-Technocratic-_Planning-scaled.png\" alt=\"From Demand-Driven to Technocratic Planning\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1149\" srcset=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/From-Demand-Driven-to-Technocratic-_Planning-scaled.png 2560w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/From-Demand-Driven-to-Technocratic-_Planning-300x135.png 300w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/From-Demand-Driven-to-Technocratic-_Planning-1024x460.png 1024w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/From-Demand-Driven-to-Technocratic-_Planning-150x67.png 150w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/From-Demand-Driven-to-Technocratic-_Planning-768x345.png 768w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/From-Demand-Driven-to-Technocratic-_Planning-1536x689.png 1536w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/From-Demand-Driven-to-Technocratic-_Planning-2048x919.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">The Bill\u2019s bottom-up planning through VGPPs appears participatory but is deeply technocratic, relying on spatial data, digital tools, and integration with national infrastructure grids. James Scott\u2019s critique in <em>Seeing Like a State<\/em> is instructive here. He warns that high-modernist planning, while efficient on paper, often overlooks local knowledge, informal needs, and everyday survival strategies.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">MGNREGA\u2019s demand-driven nature allowed households to assert need directly. The new framework risks replacing lived realities with abstract development indicators, privileging measurable assets over immediate livelihood security.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Climate_Risk_and_Rural_Livelihoods\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Climate Risk and Rural Livelihoods<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Sociology of environment underscores that rural employment cannot be delinked from climate vulnerability. IPCC assessments show that climate shocks are increasing employment volatility in agriculture-dependent regions. MGNREGA played a crucial role in climate adaptation through water conservation, afforestation, and drought-proofing works.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">While the new Bill emphasises planned asset creation, capped allocations may limit the ability to scale employment during climate-induced distress. Ulrich Beck\u2019s <strong>risk society<\/strong> thesis reminds us that modern risks require flexible, responsive institutions\u2014not rigid budgeting.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Rights_vs_Productivity_A_False_Dichotomy\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Rights vs Productivity: A False Dichotomy?<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">The Bill frames the reform as a necessary transition from \u201cdistress relief\u201d to \u201cproductive employment.\u201d Sociologically, this presents a false dichotomy. Amartya Sen\u2019s <strong>capability approach<\/strong> argues that income security and productivity are mutually reinforcing. Without basic security, households cannot invest in skills, mobility, or entrepreneurship.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">MGNREGA\u2019s rights-based framework provided this foundational security. Diluting it risks undermining the very productivity gains the Bill seeks to achieve.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion_Rethinking_Developmental_Justice\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Conclusion: Rethinking Developmental Justice<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">The VB-G RAM G Bill, 2025 reflects a changing vision of rural India\u2014less poor, more aspirational, and integrated into national development goals. Yet sociology reminds us that development is not merely about growth or asset creation; it is about <strong>security, dignity, and voice<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">A balanced rural employment framework must retain the moral core of the right to work while innovating towards sustainable livelihoods. Without strong safeguards, universal access, and fiscal support to States, the shift from rights-based welfare to managed employment risks excluding the most vulnerable.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Viksit Bharat will be meaningful not when rural distress disappears from policy narratives, but when rural citizens retain enforceable claims over work, security, and dignity in a rapidly changing economy.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong><span class=\"amp-wp-303d451\" data-amp-original-style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">To Read more topics<\/span><span class=\"amp-wp-303d451\" data-amp-original-style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"amp-wp-303d451\" data-amp-original-style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><strong>visit:<\/strong>\u00a0<a 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