{"id":33610,"date":"2025-12-24T12:02:13","date_gmt":"2025-12-24T06:32:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/?p=33610"},"modified":"2025-12-24T12:02:13","modified_gmt":"2025-12-24T06:32:13","slug":"bengal-and-the-indian-national-movement","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/bengal-and-the-indian-national-movement\/","title":{"rendered":"Bengal and the Indian National Movement"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Bengal_and_the_Indian_National_Movement\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Bengal and the Indian National Movement<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">(Relevant for Sociology Paper 2: Social Movements in Modern India)<\/span><\/h3>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_68 ez-toc-wrap-center counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-light-blue ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >What's Inside this Blog!<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/bengal-and-the-indian-national-movement\/#Bengal_and_the_Indian_National_Movement\" title=\"Bengal and the Indian National Movement\">Bengal and the Indian National Movement<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-2' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/bengal-and-the-indian-national-movement\/#Bengal_and_the_Birth_of_Modern_Indian_Consciousness\" title=\"Bengal and the Birth of Modern Indian Consciousness\">Bengal and the Birth of Modern Indian Consciousness<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/bengal-and-the-indian-national-movement\/#Cultural_Nationalism_and_the_Power_of_Symbols\" title=\"Cultural Nationalism and the Power of Symbols\">Cultural Nationalism and the Power of Symbols<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/bengal-and-the-indian-national-movement\/#Swadeshi_Movement_Nationalism_as_Mass_Mobilisation\" title=\"Swadeshi Movement: Nationalism as Mass Mobilisation\">Swadeshi Movement: Nationalism as Mass Mobilisation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/bengal-and-the-indian-national-movement\/#Revolutionary_Nationalism_and_the_Sociology_of_Sacrifice\" title=\"Revolutionary Nationalism and the Sociology of Sacrifice\">Revolutionary Nationalism and the Sociology of Sacrifice<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/bengal-and-the-indian-national-movement\/#Bengal_and_Gandhian_Mass_Politics\" title=\"Bengal and Gandhian Mass Politics\">Bengal and Gandhian Mass Politics<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/bengal-and-the-indian-national-movement\/#Conclusion_Bengal_as_the_Cultural_Laboratory_of_Indian_Nationalism\" title=\"Conclusion: Bengal as the Cultural Laboratory of Indian Nationalism\">Conclusion: Bengal as the Cultural Laboratory of Indian Nationalism<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/bengal-and-the-indian-national-movement\/#Read_more_Blogs\" title=\"Read more Blogs:\">Read more Blogs:<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 100%;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">The recent political controversy surrounding the alleged marginalisation of Bengal\u2019s national icons\u2014<strong>Rabindranath Tagore, Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose, and Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay<\/strong>\u2014has reopened an old but unresolved question: <strong>Who owns the national narrative?<\/strong> The debate is not merely historical; it is deeply sociological, touching upon issues of <strong>nationalism, cultural hegemony, regional identity, and the politics of memory<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Bengal\u2019s role in the Indian National Movement was not just prominent\u2014it was <strong>formative<\/strong>. To understand this, we must move beyond chronology and examine how Bengal shaped the <strong>ideas, symbols, and emotions<\/strong> that constituted Indian nationalism.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Bengal_and_the_Birth_of_Modern_Indian_Consciousness\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Bengal and the Birth of Modern Indian Consciousness<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Social Reform and the Making of the \u201cModern Indian\u201d<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">The intellectual awakening in Bengal during the 19th century marked what sociologists call a <strong>transition from traditional to reflexive society<\/strong>. Raja Rammohan Roy\u2019s <strong>Brahmo Samaj<\/strong> challenged superstition, caste rigidity, and patriarchy, embodying <strong>Max Weber\u2019s idea of rationalization<\/strong>\u2014the spread of reason into social life.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">This reformist tradition created a <strong>modern, educated middle class (bhadralok)<\/strong>, which became the backbone of early Indian nationalism. Weber would argue that this class possessed not only economic resources but also <strong>cultural authority<\/strong>, enabling it to articulate political demands in the language of rights, reason, and reform.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Cultural_Nationalism_and_the_Power_of_Symbols\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Cultural Nationalism and the Power of Symbols<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Bankim Chandra and \u201cVande Mataram\u201d<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay\u2019s <em>Vande Mataram<\/em> was not merely a song\u2014it was a <strong>symbolic mobilizer<\/strong>. \u00c9mile Durkheim\u2019s concept of <strong>collective effervescence<\/strong> helps explain its power. When people sang <em>Vande Mataram<\/em> together, they experienced a shared emotional energy that transformed individual sentiment into <strong>collective national consciousness<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">However, contemporary debates around the song also reveal how <strong>symbols are contested<\/strong>, not fixed. Sociologically, this reflects what <strong>Antonio Gramsci<\/strong> called a struggle for <strong>cultural hegemony<\/strong>\u2014the attempt by dominant groups to define which symbols represent the nation.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Swadeshi_Movement_Nationalism_as_Mass_Mobilisation\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Swadeshi Movement: Nationalism as Mass Mobilisation<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">The <strong>Partition of Bengal (1905)<\/strong> was a turning point that transformed nationalism from an elite discourse into a <strong>mass movement<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Gramsci and Counter-Hegemonic Politics<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">The Swadeshi Movement challenged colonial economic domination through <strong>boycott, indigenous enterprise, and national education<\/strong>. Gramsci would interpret this as a <strong>counter-hegemonic movement<\/strong>, where culture, economy, and politics merged to challenge imperial power.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Leaders like <strong>Bipin Chandra Pal<\/strong> and <strong>Aurobindo Ghosh<\/strong> represented what sociology calls <strong>radical nationalism<\/strong>, rejecting gradual reform in favor of direct confrontation. This period also saw the emergence of <strong>revolutionary groups<\/strong> such as <strong>Anushilan Samiti<\/strong> and <strong>Jugantar<\/strong>, illustrating how nationalism diversified into both constitutional and militant forms.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Revolutionary_Nationalism_and_the_Sociology_of_Sacrifice\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Revolutionary Nationalism and the Sociology of Sacrifice<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Subaltern Agency and Armed Resistance<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Acts like the <strong>Chittagong Armoury Raid (1930)<\/strong> led by <strong>Surya Sen<\/strong>, and the martyrdom of <strong>Pritilata Waddedar<\/strong> and <strong>Bina Das<\/strong>, exemplify what <strong>Ranajit Guha\u2019s Subaltern Studies<\/strong> framework emphasizes: the agency of actors outside elite leadership.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">These revolutionaries were not merely political actors; they were <strong>moral symbols<\/strong>. Their willingness to sacrifice life resonates with Durkheim\u2019s idea that societies sanctify certain actions to reinforce collective values.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Women revolutionaries in Bengal also challenge patriarchal assumptions. Feminist sociologists argue that their participation disrupted the <strong>gendered division between private and public spheres<\/strong>, redefining women as political subjects.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Literature, Media, and the Imagining of the Nation<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Benedict Anderson and Print Capitalism<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Bengal\u2019s contribution to nationalist literature and journalism illustrates <strong>Benedict Anderson\u2019s concept of \u201cimagined communities.\u201d<\/strong> Newspapers like <strong>Amrita Bazar Patrika<\/strong>, plays like <strong>Neel Darpan<\/strong>, and novels like Tagore\u2019s <em>Ghare Baire<\/em> created a shared narrative of colonial injustice.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Through print and performance, nationalism became <strong>imaginable across distances<\/strong>, binding diverse populations into a common political identity.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Rabindranath Tagore: A Critical Nationalist<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Tagore represents a <strong>reflexive nationalism<\/strong>. Unlike militant nationalists, he warned against blind nationalism, emphasizing <strong>humanism over chauvinism<\/strong>. Sociologically, Tagore aligns with <strong>cosmopolitan theory<\/strong>, which critiques exclusionary nationalism while supporting cultural self-respect.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">His position complicates contemporary political appropriation, reminding us that <strong>icons are intellectually diverse<\/strong>, not ideologically uniform.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Bengal_and_Gandhian_Mass_Politics\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Bengal and Gandhian Mass Politics<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Despite ideological differences, Bengal played a crucial role in <strong>Gandhian movements<\/strong>\u2014Non-Cooperation, Civil Disobedience, and Quit India.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Partha Chatterjee and the \u201cInner Domain\u201d<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Partha Chatterjee argues that Indian nationalism created an <strong>\u201cinner domain\u201d of cultural sovereignty<\/strong>, even under colonial rule. Bengal exemplified this through institutions like the <strong>Tamralipta Jatiya Sarkar (1942\u201344)<\/strong>, a parallel government that exercised real administrative power.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">This shows that nationalism was not only symbolic but also <strong>institutional and experiential<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Politics of Memory and Regional Identity Today<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">The current controversy over Bengal\u2019s icons reflects what sociologists call <strong>memory politics<\/strong>. Maurice Halbwachs argued that <strong>collective memory is socially constructed<\/strong>, shaped by present interests rather than past realities.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">When certain regional contributions are foregrounded or sidelined, it reveals ongoing struggles over:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Who defines nationalism<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Which histories are celebrated<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Whose symbols become \u201cnational\u201d<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">This tension between <strong>regional pride and national integration<\/strong> is not a threat but a feature of plural societies.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion_Bengal_as_the_Cultural_Laboratory_of_Indian_Nationalism\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Conclusion: Bengal as the Cultural Laboratory of Indian Nationalism<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Bengal\u2019s role in the Indian National Movement was not limited to events or personalities\u2014it shaped the <strong>very grammar of Indian nationalism<\/strong>. From reformist rationalism to revolutionary sacrifice, from cultural symbolism to mass politics, Bengal functioned as a <strong>sociological laboratory<\/strong> where ideas of nationhood were imagined, debated, and lived.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Contemporary debates over Bengal\u2019s icons remind us that nationalism is not a finished project. It is an <strong>ongoing social process<\/strong>, constantly renegotiated across regions, cultures, and generations.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">As sociology teaches us, <strong>a nation survives not by erasing differences, but by remembering them honestly<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong><span class=\"amp-wp-303d451\" data-amp-original-style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">To Read more topics<\/span><span class=\"amp-wp-303d451\" data-amp-original-style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"amp-wp-303d451\" data-amp-original-style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><strong>visit:<\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/?amp=1\">www.triumphias.com\/blogs<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Read_more_Blogs\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span>Read more Blogs:<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"ABgjAbQMHh\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/has-india-eliminated-extreme-poverty\/\">Has India Eliminated Extreme Poverty?<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; visibility: hidden;\" title=\"&#8220;Has India Eliminated Extreme Poverty?&#8221; &#8212; TriumphIAS\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/has-india-eliminated-extreme-poverty\/embed\/#?secret=XmdTai3p3o#?secret=ABgjAbQMHh\" data-secret=\"ABgjAbQMHh\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"Sk8zOe1d5o\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/narco-tests-power-and-the-constitution\/\">Narco Tests, Power, and the Constitution:<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; visibility: hidden;\" title=\"&#8220;Narco Tests, Power, and the Constitution:&#8221; &#8212; TriumphIAS\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/narco-tests-power-and-the-constitution\/embed\/#?secret=tzfZ8aovFU#?secret=Sk8zOe1d5o\" data-secret=\"Sk8zOe1d5o\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Bengal and the Indian National Movement (Relevant for Sociology Paper 2: Social Movements in Modern India) The recent political controversy<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":33611,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[116],"tags":[14737,14738,14739,14744,14741,14742,14743,14740],"class_list":["post-33610","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-sociology-optional-paper-ii","tag-bengal-and-indian-national-movement","tag-bengal-freedom-struggle","tag-bengal-partition-1905","tag-indian-freedom-struggle-history","tag-indian-nationalism-bengal","tag-revolutionary-movement-bengal","tag-role-of-bengal-in-independence","tag-swadeshi-movement"],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/33610","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=33610"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/33610\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":33614,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/33610\/revisions\/33614"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/33611"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=33610"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=33610"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=33610"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}