{"id":33390,"date":"2025-11-25T12:36:36","date_gmt":"2025-11-25T07:06:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/?p=33390"},"modified":"2025-11-25T12:36:36","modified_gmt":"2025-11-25T07:06:36","slug":"mapping-marginalisation-sociological-analysis","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/mapping-marginalisation-sociological-analysis\/","title":{"rendered":"Mapping Marginalisation: A Sociological Analysis of India\u2019s First Individual Entitlement Survey for PVTGs"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Mapping_Marginalisation_A_Sociological_Analysis_of_Indias_First_Individual_Entitlement_Survey_for_PVTGs\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Mapping Marginalisation: A Sociological Analysis of India\u2019s First Individual Entitlement Survey for PVTGs<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">(Relevant for Sociology Paper 1 &amp; Paper 2: Research Methods and Analysis and Tribal Communities in India)<\/span><\/h3>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_68 ez-toc-wrap-center counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-light-blue ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >What's Inside this Blog!<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/mapping-marginalisation-sociological-analysis\/#Mapping_Marginalisation_A_Sociological_Analysis_of_Indias_First_Individual_Entitlement_Survey_for_PVTGs\" title=\"Mapping Marginalisation: A Sociological Analysis of India\u2019s First Individual Entitlement Survey for PVTGs\">Mapping Marginalisation: A Sociological Analysis of India\u2019s First Individual Entitlement Survey for PVTGs<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-2' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/mapping-marginalisation-sociological-analysis\/#Mapping_Marginalisation\" title=\"Mapping Marginalisation\">Mapping Marginalisation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/mapping-marginalisation-sociological-analysis\/#PVTGs_A_Category_Born_Out_of_Social_Perception_Not_Just_Policy\" title=\"PVTGs: A Category Born Out of Social Perception, Not Just Policy\">PVTGs: A Category Born Out of Social Perception, Not Just Policy<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/mapping-marginalisation-sociological-analysis\/#The_Survey_as_a_Tool_of_State_Visibility_James_C_Scotts_%E2%80%9CSeeing_Like_a_State%E2%80%9D\" title=\"The Survey as a Tool of State Visibility: James C. Scott\u2019s \u201cSeeing Like a State\u201d\">The Survey as a Tool of State Visibility: James C. Scott\u2019s \u201cSeeing Like a State\u201d<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/mapping-marginalisation-sociological-analysis\/#Distribution_of_Schemes_and_Inequality_Bourdieus_%E2%80%9CForms_of_Capital%E2%80%9D\" title=\"Distribution of Schemes and Inequality: Bourdieu\u2019s \u201cForms of Capital\u201d\">Distribution of Schemes and Inequality: Bourdieu\u2019s \u201cForms of Capital\u201d<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/mapping-marginalisation-sociological-analysis\/#Administrative_Expansion_into_Tribal_Life_Webers_%E2%80%9CRational-Bureaucratic_Authority%E2%80%9D\" title=\"Administrative Expansion into Tribal Life: Weber\u2019s \u201cRational-Bureaucratic Authority\u201d\">Administrative Expansion into Tribal Life: Weber\u2019s \u201cRational-Bureaucratic Authority\u201d<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/mapping-marginalisation-sociological-analysis\/#Cultural_Survival_vs_Development_Marshall_Sahlins_%E2%80%9COriginal_Affluent_Society%E2%80%9D\" title=\"Cultural Survival vs. Development: Marshall Sahlins\u2019 \u201cOriginal Affluent Society\u201d\">Cultural Survival vs. Development: Marshall Sahlins\u2019 \u201cOriginal Affluent Society\u201d<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/mapping-marginalisation-sociological-analysis\/#State_Power_in_the_Name_of_Welfare_Foucaults_%E2%80%9CGovernmentality%E2%80%9D\" title=\"State Power in the Name of Welfare: Foucault\u2019s \u201cGovernmentality\u201d\">State Power in the Name of Welfare: Foucault\u2019s \u201cGovernmentality\u201d<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/mapping-marginalisation-sociological-analysis\/#Tribal_Identity_Resistance_and_Modernity_The_Indian_Sociological_Lens\" title=\"Tribal Identity, Resistance, and Modernity: The Indian Sociological Lens\">Tribal Identity, Resistance, and Modernity: The Indian Sociological Lens<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/mapping-marginalisation-sociological-analysis\/#The_Universal_Entitlement_Card_Polanyis_%E2%80%9CDisembedded_Economy%E2%80%9D\" title=\"The Universal Entitlement Card: Polanyi\u2019s \u201cDisembedded Economy\u201d\">The Universal Entitlement Card: Polanyi\u2019s \u201cDisembedded Economy\u201d<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/mapping-marginalisation-sociological-analysis\/#Scope_and_Scale_A_Durkheimian_View_of_Social_Integration\" title=\"Scope and Scale: A Durkheimian View of Social Integration\">Scope and Scale: A Durkheimian View of Social Integration<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/mapping-marginalisation-sociological-analysis\/#Tribal_Development_Missions_Postcolonial_and_Subaltern_Perspectives\" title=\"Tribal Development Missions: Postcolonial and Subaltern Perspectives\">Tribal Development Missions: Postcolonial and Subaltern Perspectives<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/mapping-marginalisation-sociological-analysis\/#What_a_Sociologically_Sensitive_Policy_Must_Consider\" title=\"What a Sociologically Sensitive Policy Must Consider\">What a Sociologically Sensitive Policy Must Consider<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/mapping-marginalisation-sociological-analysis\/#Conclusion_Beyond_Enumeration_Toward_Justice\" title=\"Conclusion: Beyond Enumeration, Toward Justice\">Conclusion: Beyond Enumeration, Toward Justice<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/mapping-marginalisation-sociological-analysis\/#Read_more_Blogs\" title=\"Read more Blogs:\">Read more Blogs:<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 100%;\">\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Mapping_Marginalisation\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Mapping Marginalisation<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">The Government of India\u2019s plan to conduct the <strong>first-ever Individual Entitlement Survey<\/strong> for Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) is a major administrative step, but beneath its technocratic surface lies a far deeper sociological story.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">This is not just a survey\u2014it is an encounter between the modern state and the most historically marginalised communities of India. It reflects how society imagines \u201cprimitive\u201d groups, how state power penetrates remote regions, and how policy frameworks often reproduce hierarchies while seeking to address them.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">To unpack these complexities, we must examine this initiative through the insights of <strong>classical sociologists, anthropologists, critical thinkers, tribal studies scholars, and decolonial theorists<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"PVTGs_A_Category_Born_Out_of_Social_Perception_Not_Just_Policy\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>PVTGs: A Category Born Out of Social Perception, Not Just Policy<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-33391 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/PVTGs_-Social-Perception-and-Policy-scaled.png\" alt=\"PVTGs: A Category Born Out of Social Perception, Not Just Policy\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1042\" srcset=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/PVTGs_-Social-Perception-and-Policy-scaled.png 2560w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/PVTGs_-Social-Perception-and-Policy-300x122.png 300w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/PVTGs_-Social-Perception-and-Policy-1024x417.png 1024w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/PVTGs_-Social-Perception-and-Policy-150x61.png 150w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/PVTGs_-Social-Perception-and-Policy-768x313.png 768w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/PVTGs_-Social-Perception-and-Policy-1536x625.png 1536w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/PVTGs_-Social-Perception-and-Policy-2048x834.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">PVTGs are described as \u201cprimitive,\u201d isolated, backward, and technologically simple. These terms reflect deep social attitudes, not merely developmental indicators.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>G.S. Ghurye\u2019s Viewpoint: Tribes as Backward Hindus<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Ghurye argued that Indian tribes are not isolated cultures but \u201cbackward Hindus\u201d gradually absorbed into caste society.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">The PVTG category contradicts this by treating tribes as static, isolated entities\u2014yet the state\u2019s categories often freeze communities into administrative boxes.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Verrier Elwin\u2019s Alternative: Tribes as Distinct Civilisations<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Elwin argued PVTGs should be protected from excessive state intervention to preserve their cultural worlds.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">The Entitlement Survey represents the opposite impulse: deep integration through data, apps, and entitlement cards.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">This tension\u2014<strong>assimilation vs. cultural autonomy<\/strong>\u2014has shaped tribal policy for decades.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Survey_as_a_Tool_of_State_Visibility_James_C_Scotts_%E2%80%9CSeeing_Like_a_State%E2%80%9D\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong> The Survey as a Tool of State Visibility: James C. Scott\u2019s \u201cSeeing Like a State\u201d<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">James C. Scott famously argued that states seek to make populations <strong>legible<\/strong>\u2014counted, measured, classified\u2014so they can govern them.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">The Individual Entitlement Survey, with its mobile-app data collection and universal entitlement cards, is a perfect example.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Scott\u2019s viewpoint applied:<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Remote PVTG communities, historically outside state visibility, will now be:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">mapped<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">enumerated<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">categorised<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">integrated into welfare databases<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">This can empower them\u2014but it also expands state authority into spaces once governed by customary norms. State visibility can both uplift and discipline.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Distribution_of_Schemes_and_Inequality_Bourdieus_%E2%80%9CForms_of_Capital%E2%80%9D\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong> Distribution of Schemes and Inequality: Bourdieu\u2019s \u201cForms of Capital\u201d<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">The survey tracks access to 39 schemes\u2014from MGNREGA to pensions to scholarships.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">But tribes are often excluded not because schemes don\u2019t exist but because they lack:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>cultural capital<\/strong> (literacy, documents)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>social capital<\/strong> (networks to access programs)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>economic capital<\/strong> (resources to navigate bureaucracy)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>symbolic capital<\/strong> (recognition within administration)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Bourdieu\u2019s viewpoint applied:<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">The entitlement card may reduce <em>bureaucratic arbitrariness<\/em>, but structural barriers rooted in power relations still determine who benefits.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">The survey acknowledges the gap\u2014but does not automatically correct the social inequalities underneath.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Administrative_Expansion_into_Tribal_Life_Webers_%E2%80%9CRational-Bureaucratic_Authority%E2%80%9D\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong> Administrative Expansion into Tribal Life: Weber\u2019s \u201cRational-Bureaucratic Authority\u201d<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Max Weber argued that modern states extend control through rational, rule-bound bureaucracy.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">The Entitlement Survey epitomises this:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">app-based data entry<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">uniform entitlement cards<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">central tracking across 18 ministries<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">integration into a national welfare grid<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Weber\u2019s viewpoint applied:<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">This is the bureaucratisation of tribal life\u2014bringing rational legality to societies that often operate on informal, customary structures.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">For PVTGs, who rely on oral traditions and community-based decision-making, the bureaucratic mode may feel alien.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Cultural_Survival_vs_Development_Marshall_Sahlins_%E2%80%9COriginal_Affluent_Society%E2%80%9D\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong> Cultural Survival vs. Development: Marshall Sahlins\u2019 \u201cOriginal Affluent Society\u201d<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Sahlins showed that small, hunting-gathering communities often live with more leisure, stability, and ecological harmony than modern industrial populations.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Sahlins\u2019 viewpoint applied:<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">PVTGs are often described as \u201cpoor,\u201d but anthropologically they possess:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">ecological knowledge<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">low material needs<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">strong kin networks<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">sustainable subsistence patterns<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Development schemes may disrupt these systems.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">The entitlement survey measures poverty in modern terms but ignores cultural forms of richness.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"State_Power_in_the_Name_of_Welfare_Foucaults_%E2%80%9CGovernmentality%E2%80%9D\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong> State Power in the Name of Welfare: Foucault\u2019s \u201cGovernmentality\u201d<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Michel Foucault argued that modern states exercise power not through force but through welfare, surveillance, and classification.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">The entitlement card is not just a benefit\u2014it is also a <strong>governance mechanism<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Foucault\u2019s viewpoint applied:<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">By tracking entitlements, the state begins to regulate and shape tribal life:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">defining their needs<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">deciding their development path<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">formalising their identity<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">monitoring compliance<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">This is <strong>disciplinary power wrapped in benevolence<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Tribal_Identity_Resistance_and_Modernity_The_Indian_Sociological_Lens\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong> Tribal Identity, Resistance, and Modernity: The Indian Sociological Lens<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-33392 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Tribal-Identity-Resistance-and-Modernity_-_The-Indian-Sociological-Lens-scaled.png\" alt=\"Tribal Identity, Resistance, and Modernity: The Indian Sociological Lens\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1040\" srcset=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Tribal-Identity-Resistance-and-Modernity_-_The-Indian-Sociological-Lens-scaled.png 2560w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Tribal-Identity-Resistance-and-Modernity_-_The-Indian-Sociological-Lens-300x122.png 300w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Tribal-Identity-Resistance-and-Modernity_-_The-Indian-Sociological-Lens-1024x416.png 1024w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Tribal-Identity-Resistance-and-Modernity_-_The-Indian-Sociological-Lens-150x61.png 150w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Tribal-Identity-Resistance-and-Modernity_-_The-Indian-Sociological-Lens-768x312.png 768w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Tribal-Identity-Resistance-and-Modernity_-_The-Indian-Sociological-Lens-1536x624.png 1536w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Tribal-Identity-Resistance-and-Modernity_-_The-Indian-Sociological-Lens-2048x832.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>M.N. Srinivas: \u201cDominant Caste\u201d Theory<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">In tribal regions, dominant caste groups often control land, markets, and political offices.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Srinivas reminds us that village power structures may block PVTG benefits even if the survey identifies entitlements.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>B.R. Ambedkar: \u201cGraded Inequality\u201d<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Ambedkar\u2019s idea of hierarchical social oppression applies to PVTGs too\u2014they face layered marginalisation from other STs, castes, and state institutions.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Nirmal Kumar Bose: Acculturation<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Bose argued that tribes live in \u201ccontact zones.\u201d<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">The Entitlement Survey accelerates these contact zones digitally and administratively, altering traditional life.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Universal_Entitlement_Card_Polanyis_%E2%80%9CDisembedded_Economy%E2%80%9D\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong> The Universal Entitlement Card: Polanyi\u2019s \u201cDisembedded Economy\u201d<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Karl Polanyi argued that markets and state systems often \u201cdisembed\u201d individuals from social relations.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">The entitlement card individualises benefits rather than community-based rights.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Polanyi\u2019s viewpoint applied:<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Traditional tribal resource sharing\u2014land, food, labour\u2014is communal.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">The entitlement card individualises welfare, weakening the collective ethos.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Scope_and_Scale_A_Durkheimian_View_of_Social_Integration\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong> Scope and Scale: A Durkheimian View of Social Integration<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Durkheim believed societies must integrate marginal groups into the collective conscience.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">The survey\u2014covering <strong>10 lakh households<\/strong> across <strong>48 lakh PVTGs<\/strong>\u2014attempts this integration.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">But Durkheim warned that forced integration without respecting cultural rhythms can produce <strong>anomie<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">The challenge is to integrate <strong>without erasing distinctiveness<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Tribal_Development_Missions_Postcolonial_and_Subaltern_Perspectives\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong> Tribal Development Missions: Postcolonial and Subaltern Perspectives<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Gail Omvedt\u2019s View: Adivasi resistance is a political struggle, not a welfare issue.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Development missions often treat PVTGs as passive recipients rather than political agents.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Ranajit Guha: Subalternity<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Tribal voices remain unheard in policymaking.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Surveys gather data <em>on<\/em> tribes, not <em>from<\/em> tribes.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Amartya Sen: Capability Expansion<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Schemes should enhance capabilities\u2014education, health, agency\u2014not just distribute goods.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_a_Sociologically_Sensitive_Policy_Must_Consider\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong> What a Sociologically Sensitive Policy Must Consider<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-33393 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Sociologically-Sensitive-Policy-_Considerations.png\" alt=\"What a Sociologically Sensitive Policy Must Consider\" width=\"2508\" height=\"1213\" srcset=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Sociologically-Sensitive-Policy-_Considerations.png 2508w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Sociologically-Sensitive-Policy-_Considerations-300x145.png 300w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Sociologically-Sensitive-Policy-_Considerations-1024x495.png 1024w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Sociologically-Sensitive-Policy-_Considerations-150x73.png 150w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Sociologically-Sensitive-Policy-_Considerations-768x371.png 768w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Sociologically-Sensitive-Policy-_Considerations-1536x743.png 1536w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Sociologically-Sensitive-Policy-_Considerations-2048x991.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2508px) 100vw, 2508px\" \/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong> Protect cultural autonomy (Elwin, Sahlins)<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Development should not homogenise.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong> Address structural inequalities (Ambedkar, Bourdieu)<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">More than entitlements, PVTGs need power.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong> Prevent bureaucratic domination (Weber, Scott)<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Simplify processes; reduce documentation burdens.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong> Promote participatory governance (Subaltern Studies)<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Tribes must co-design development, not merely be surveyed.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion_Beyond_Enumeration_Toward_Justice\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Conclusion: Beyond Enumeration, Toward Justice<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">The Individual Entitlement Survey is a landmark step\u2014but it is also a moment to reflect.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Enumerating PVTGs, issuing entitlement cards, and integrating them into state systems can empower\u2014but can also assimilate, discipline, and transform.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">This initiative marks a shift from <strong>tribal invisibility<\/strong> to <strong>administrative visibility<\/strong>, but sociology warns us that visibility brings both rights and control.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">A truly just tribal policy must blend ,the state\u2019s welfare responsibility.the tribe\u2019s cultural autonomy and\u00a0 the community\u2019s voice in governance.Only then can India avoid turning welfare into another instrument of domination and truly uplift PVTGs as equal partners in development.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong><span class=\"amp-wp-303d451\" data-amp-original-style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">To Read more topics<\/span><span class=\"amp-wp-303d451\" data-amp-original-style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"amp-wp-303d451\" data-amp-original-style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><strong>visit:<\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/?amp=1\">www.triumphias.com\/blogs<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Read_more_Blogs\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" 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