{"id":33313,"date":"2025-11-15T11:53:44","date_gmt":"2025-11-15T06:23:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/?p=33313"},"modified":"2025-11-15T11:53:44","modified_gmt":"2025-11-15T06:23:44","slug":"shah-bano-case-1985-a-sociological-perspective","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/shah-bano-case-1985-a-sociological-perspective\/","title":{"rendered":"Shah Bano Case (1985): A Sociological Perspective on Muslim Women\u2019s Rights and India\u2019s Struggle with Personal Laws"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Shah_Bano_Case_1985_A_Sociological_Perspective_on_Muslim_Womens_Rights_and_Indias_Struggle_with_Personal_Laws\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Shah Bano Case (1985): A Sociological Perspective on Muslim Women\u2019s Rights and India\u2019s Struggle with Personal Laws<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">(Relevant for Sociology Paper 1 and 2: Stratification and Mobility, and System of Kinship in India)<\/span><\/h3>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_68 ez-toc-wrap-center counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-light-blue ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >What's Inside this Blog!<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/shah-bano-case-1985-a-sociological-perspective\/#Shah_Bano_Case_1985_A_Sociological_Perspective_on_Muslim_Womens_Rights_and_Indias_Struggle_with_Personal_Laws\" title=\"Shah Bano Case (1985): A Sociological Perspective on Muslim Women\u2019s Rights and India\u2019s Struggle with Personal Laws\">Shah Bano Case (1985): A Sociological Perspective on Muslim Women\u2019s Rights and India\u2019s Struggle with Personal Laws<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-2' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/shah-bano-case-1985-a-sociological-perspective\/#Background_The_Case_and_Its_Context\" title=\"Background: The Case and Its Context\">Background: The Case and Its Context<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/shah-bano-case-1985-a-sociological-perspective\/#The_Supreme_Court_Verdict_and_Its_Sociological_Implications\" title=\"The Supreme Court Verdict and Its Sociological Implications\">The Supreme Court Verdict and Its Sociological Implications<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/shah-bano-case-1985-a-sociological-perspective\/#Backlash_and_Legislative_Intervention_The_Politics_of_Religion\" title=\"Backlash and Legislative Intervention: The Politics of Religion\">Backlash and Legislative Intervention: The Politics of Religion<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/shah-bano-case-1985-a-sociological-perspective\/#Reaffirmation_in_Later_Judgments\" title=\"Reaffirmation in Later Judgments\">Reaffirmation in Later Judgments<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/shah-bano-case-1985-a-sociological-perspective\/#Shah_Bano_and_the_Uniform_Civil_Code_UCC\" title=\"Shah Bano and the Uniform Civil Code (UCC)\">Shah Bano and the Uniform Civil Code (UCC)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/shah-bano-case-1985-a-sociological-perspective\/#Gender_Religion_and_Social_Inequality\" title=\"Gender, Religion, and Social Inequality\">Gender, Religion, and Social Inequality<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/shah-bano-case-1985-a-sociological-perspective\/#Contemporary_Relevance\" title=\"Contemporary Relevance\">Contemporary Relevance<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/shah-bano-case-1985-a-sociological-perspective\/#Conclusion\" title=\"Conclusion\">Conclusion<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/shah-bano-case-1985-a-sociological-perspective\/#Read_more_Blogs\" title=\"Read more Blogs:\">Read more Blogs:<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 100%;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">The Shah Bano case of 1985 remains one of the most pivotal legal and sociological landmarks in post-independence India, reflecting the intricate interplay between law, religion, gender, and societal transformation. While it is often cited in legal texts for its jurisprudential significance, it also provides a rich case study for understanding how personal laws, social norms, and constitutional ideals collide in a diverse society like India.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Background_The_Case_and_Its_Context\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Background: The Case and Its Context<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">In 1978, Shah Bano Begum, a 62-year-old Muslim woman from Indore, sought maintenance from her husband under <strong>Section 125 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC)<\/strong> after being divorced. This section, a secular legal provision, ensures that a dependent spouse or child can claim maintenance irrespective of religious identity. Shah Bano\u2019s husband, however, argued that under <strong>Muslim personal law<\/strong>, his obligation ended after the iddat period, a three-month post-divorce window during which a woman cannot remarry.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">The Madhya Pradesh High Court sided with Shah Bano, increasing her maintenance, prompting her husband to appeal to the <strong>Supreme Court (SC)<\/strong>. This case thus pitted <strong>religious personal law<\/strong> against a <strong>secular, constitutional mandate<\/strong>, highlighting the tension between individual rights and community norms.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Supreme_Court_Verdict_and_Its_Sociological_Implications\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>The Supreme Court Verdict and Its Sociological Implications<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">In a unanimous verdict in 1985, the five-judge bench of the SC ruled in favor of Shah Bano. The Court declared that <strong>Section 125 CrPC applies to all citizens, including Muslims<\/strong>, and that she was entitled to maintenance beyond the iddat period. The judgment also lamented that <strong>Article 44 of the Constitution<\/strong>, which advocates for a <strong>Uniform Civil Code (UCC)<\/strong>, remained largely a \u201cdead letter.\u201d Importantly, the Court referenced Islamic texts to argue that maintenance beyond iddat was consistent with religious injunctions, attempting to bridge <strong>secular law and faith-based norms<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">From a sociological perspective, the verdict represented a crucial step towards <strong>gender justice in a patriarchal society<\/strong>, particularly in minority communities where religious prescriptions often limit women\u2019s autonomy. The decision challenged deeply entrenched <strong>patriarchal structures<\/strong> and social norms that confined divorced women to dependency on male relatives or charitable boards.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Backlash_and_Legislative_Intervention_The_Politics_of_Religion\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Backlash and Legislative Intervention: The Politics of Religion<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">The Shah Bano verdict triggered widespread protests from conservative Muslim groups, who perceived the SC judgment as an intrusion into religious practices. In response, the government passed the <strong>Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act, 1986<\/strong>, which curtailed the husband\u2019s liability to the iddat period and shifted the burden of long-term support to the woman\u2019s relatives or the Waqf Board.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Sociologically, this development illustrates the <strong>politicization of religion in India<\/strong>, where legal reforms intended to ensure equality often clash with community-specific traditions. The act, while politically expedient, diluted the SC\u2019s attempt to promote <strong>constitutional morality over communal norms<\/strong>. It revealed how gender justice initiatives can be subordinated to the imperatives of political appeasement and the management of religious sentiment.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Reaffirmation_in_Later_Judgments\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Reaffirmation in Later Judgments<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-33315 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Reaffirmation-in-Later-Judgments-scaled.png\" alt=\"Reaffirmation in Later Judgments\" width=\"2560\" height=\"764\" srcset=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Reaffirmation-in-Later-Judgments-scaled.png 2560w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Reaffirmation-in-Later-Judgments-300x90.png 300w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Reaffirmation-in-Later-Judgments-1024x306.png 1024w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Reaffirmation-in-Later-Judgments-150x45.png 150w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Reaffirmation-in-Later-Judgments-768x229.png 768w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Reaffirmation-in-Later-Judgments-1536x458.png 1536w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Reaffirmation-in-Later-Judgments-2048x611.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Subsequent cases attempted to recalibrate the balance between <strong>constitutional rights and personal laws<\/strong>:<\/span><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Daniel Latifi Case (2001):<\/strong> Challenging the 1986 Act, Latifi sought to restore the original spirit of Shah Bano. The SC ruled that husbands must make a <strong>one-time payment during the iddat period<\/strong> to meet future needs, effectively retaining the protective intention of the original judgment.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Mohd. Abdul Samad v. State of Telangana (2024):<\/strong> The SC clarified that <strong>Section 125 CrPC is not overridden by the 1986 Act<\/strong>, allowing divorced Muslim women to claim maintenance under either or both laws.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">These judgments reflect the <strong>gradual evolution of legal consciousness in India<\/strong>, where courts increasingly recognize the need to balance religious freedom with <strong>gender equality<\/strong>, a core sociological principle.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Shah_Bano_and_the_Uniform_Civil_Code_UCC\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Shah Bano and the Uniform Civil Code (UCC)<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">The case is inextricably linked to the debate over the <strong>Uniform Civil Code<\/strong>, envisioned under <strong>Article 44 of the Constitution<\/strong>. The UCC proposes a <strong>common set of civil laws<\/strong> for all citizens, transcending religious divisions, and promoting <strong>legal uniformity, gender equality, and national integration<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Historically, personal laws were preserved by the British as part of their strategy of indirect rule, leaving family matters untouched while introducing uniform criminal laws. Post-independence, the Constituent Assembly grappled with this duality: while Muslim representatives sought protection of personal laws, reformists like <strong>B.R. Ambedkar<\/strong> and <strong>K.M. Munshi<\/strong> advocated for a UCC to ensure equality.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Goa stands out as an exception, having implemented a UCC under the Portuguese Civil Code of 1867, while <strong>Uttarakhand<\/strong> recently implemented a state-specific civil code. SC verdicts like <strong>Sarla Mudgal (1995)<\/strong>, <strong>Lily Thomas (2013)<\/strong>, <strong>Shayara Bano (2017)<\/strong>, and <strong>Jose Paulo Coutinho (2019)<\/strong> further underscore the <strong>judiciary\u2019s role in nudging social reform<\/strong> while respecting religious autonomy.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Sociologically, the UCC represents a vision of <strong>citizenship beyond religious identities<\/strong>, aligning with <strong>Durkheimian concepts of social cohesion<\/strong> and modernist ideals of the <strong>rule of law<\/strong>. Resistance to its implementation highlights the <strong>conflict between tradition and modernity<\/strong>, a recurring theme in Indian society.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Gender_Religion_and_Social_Inequality\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Gender, Religion, and Social Inequality<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-33314 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Gender-Religion-and-Social-Inequality-scaled.png\" alt=\"Gender, Religion, and Social Inequality\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1260\" srcset=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Gender-Religion-and-Social-Inequality-scaled.png 2560w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Gender-Religion-and-Social-Inequality-300x148.png 300w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Gender-Religion-and-Social-Inequality-1024x504.png 1024w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Gender-Religion-and-Social-Inequality-150x74.png 150w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Gender-Religion-and-Social-Inequality-768x378.png 768w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Gender-Religion-and-Social-Inequality-1536x756.png 1536w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Gender-Religion-and-Social-Inequality-2048x1008.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">The Shah Bano case, beyond its legal significance, is a <strong>sociological lens<\/strong> to understand the structural inequalities faced by Muslim women:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Patriarchy and Dependency:<\/strong> Women\u2019s economic vulnerability is often reinforced by religious norms that restrict inheritance and post-divorce maintenance.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Intersectionality:<\/strong> Shah Bano\u2019s case highlights how gender intersects with <strong>religion, age, and socio-economic status<\/strong>, exacerbating marginalization.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Legal Consciousness:<\/strong> The case empowered women to challenge entrenched norms, marking a <strong>shift in societal attitudes toward gender justice<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">It also illuminates how legal reform can act as a catalyst for <strong>cultural transformation<\/strong>, even when resisted by conservative structures. By invoking both secular law and religious texts, the SC demonstrated a nuanced approach to <strong>legal pluralism<\/strong>, a hallmark of Indian democracy.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Contemporary_Relevance\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Contemporary Relevance<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">The Shah Bano case continues to resonate in contemporary debates on <strong>gender justice, secularism, and legal reform<\/strong>:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Triple Talaq and Marriage Laws:<\/strong> The Shayara Bano verdict (2017) and subsequent legislation criminalizing instant divorce reflect the continuing struggle to balance <strong>religious freedom with women\u2019s rights<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Policy Implications:<\/strong> The case highlights the importance of <strong>socially informed lawmaking<\/strong>, where reforms must consider community norms while upholding <strong>constitutional values<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Sociological Lessons:<\/strong> It underscores that social change is <strong>incremental and contested<\/strong>, requiring both legal interventions and societal dialogue.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">The Shah Bano case is far more than a legal milestone\u2014it is a <strong>sociological mirror reflecting the tensions of a plural society<\/strong>. It illustrates the challenges of <strong>reconciling personal laws with constitutional guarantees<\/strong>, the complexities of <strong>gender and religious politics<\/strong>, and the enduring struggle for <strong>social justice<\/strong> in India.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Through the lens of sociology, Shah Bano teaches that <strong>legal reform cannot succeed in isolation<\/strong>; it must be accompanied by shifts in <strong>social norms, political will, and community consciousness<\/strong>. The ongoing debates around the <strong>Uniform Civil Code<\/strong>, gender equality, and women\u2019s rights reveal that Indian society is continuously negotiating its path between <strong>tradition and modernity<\/strong>, <strong>faith and equality<\/strong>, and <strong>custom and constitutionalism<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">In the final analysis, Shah Bano\u2019s courage and the judicial interventions that followed symbolize a critical assertion of <strong>women\u2019s agency<\/strong> in Indian society, offering lessons in the <strong>intersection of law, religion, and social reform<\/strong> that remain relevant to this day.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong><span class=\"amp-wp-303d451\" data-amp-original-style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">To Read more topics<\/span><span 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