{"id":32925,"date":"2025-09-29T15:36:32","date_gmt":"2025-09-29T10:06:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/?p=32925"},"modified":"2025-09-29T15:36:32","modified_gmt":"2025-09-29T10:06:32","slug":"universal-immunisation-programme-in-india","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/universal-immunisation-programme-in-india\/","title":{"rendered":"Universal Immunisation Programme in India: Progress, Challenges, and Sociological Insights"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Universal_Immunisation_Programme_in_India_Progress_Challenges_and_Sociological_Insights\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Universal Immunisation Programme in India: Progress, Challenges, and Sociological Insights<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">(Relevant for Sociology Paper 2: Populations Dynamics)<\/span><\/h3>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_68 ez-toc-wrap-center counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-light-blue ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >What's Inside this Blog!<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/universal-immunisation-programme-in-india\/#Universal_Immunisation_Programme_in_India_Progress_Challenges_and_Sociological_Insights\" title=\"Universal Immunisation Programme in India: Progress, Challenges, and Sociological Insights\">Universal Immunisation Programme in India: Progress, Challenges, and Sociological Insights<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-2' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/universal-immunisation-programme-in-india\/#Introduction\" title=\"Introduction\">Introduction<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/universal-immunisation-programme-in-india\/#Historical_Evolution\" title=\"Historical Evolution\">Historical Evolution<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/universal-immunisation-programme-in-india\/#Status_of_Immunisation_in_India\" title=\"Status of Immunisation in India\">Status of Immunisation in India<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/universal-immunisation-programme-in-india\/#Technological_tools\" title=\"Technological tools:\">Technological tools:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/universal-immunisation-programme-in-india\/#Challenges_to_Universal_Immunisation\" title=\"Challenges to Universal Immunisation\">Challenges to Universal Immunisation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/universal-immunisation-programme-in-india\/#Sociological_Perspectives\" title=\"Sociological Perspectives\">Sociological Perspectives<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/universal-immunisation-programme-in-india\/#Measures_to_Bridge_Gaps\" title=\"Measures to Bridge Gaps\">Measures to Bridge Gaps<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/universal-immunisation-programme-in-india\/#Conclusion\" title=\"Conclusion\">Conclusion<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/universal-immunisation-programme-in-india\/#Read_more_Blogs\" title=\"Read more Blogs:\">Read more Blogs:<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 100%;\">\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Introduction\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Introduction<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Public health interventions in India hold profound sociological importance, as they not only prevent disease but also address questions of <strong>equity, access, and social justice<\/strong>. The <strong>Universal Immunisation Programme (UIP)<\/strong>\u2014the world\u2019s largest vaccination drive\u2014reflects India\u2019s commitment to safeguarding maternal and child health. Each year, it vaccinates around <strong>2.6 crore infants and 2.9 crore pregnant women<\/strong>, offering protection against multiple life-threatening diseases.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Despite achievements such as <strong>polio eradication<\/strong> and <strong>tetanus elimination<\/strong>, rural\u2013urban divides, vaccine hesitancy, and systemic barriers continue to produce health inequalities. Analysing UIP through a <strong>sociological lens<\/strong> highlights how class, caste, gender, and regional disparities intersect with public health outcomes.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Historical_Evolution\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Historical Evolution<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-32928 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Challenges-to-Universal-Immunisation-visual-selection-2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"912\" height=\"349\" srcset=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Challenges-to-Universal-Immunisation-visual-selection-2.png 912w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Challenges-to-Universal-Immunisation-visual-selection-2-300x115.png 300w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Challenges-to-Universal-Immunisation-visual-selection-2-150x57.png 150w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Challenges-to-Universal-Immunisation-visual-selection-2-768x294.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 912px) 100vw, 912px\" \/><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>1978:<\/strong> Launched as the <em>Expanded Programme on Immunisation<\/em>, focused mainly on urban areas.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>1985:<\/strong> Rebranded as the <strong>Universal Immunisation Programme<\/strong>, expanding to rural India.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>2014:<\/strong> <em>Mission Indradhanush<\/em> launched to cover unvaccinated children.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>2017 onwards:<\/strong> Intensified Mission Indradhanush (IMI) expanded to reach missed populations.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>2023:<\/strong> IMI 5.0 conducted as a catch-up campaign for children up to 5 years and pregnant women.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Sociological view:<\/strong> This historical trajectory mirrors India\u2019s broader development story\u2014moving from <strong>elitist, urban-centric interventions<\/strong> to inclusive, <strong>rights-based public health expansion<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Status_of_Immunisation_in_India\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Status of Immunisation in India<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">The UIP today offers free immunisation against <strong>12 diseases<\/strong>:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Nationally:<\/strong> Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus, Polio, Measles, Rubella, Tuberculosis, Hepatitis B, and Haemophilus Influenzae type B.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Region-specific:<\/strong> Rotavirus, Pneumococcal Pneumonia, and Japanese Encephalitis.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Coverage:<\/strong> India reports <strong>98% full immunisation coverage (FY 2024-25)<\/strong>\u2014a remarkable leap, though gaps remain in disadvantaged clusters.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Technological_tools\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Technological tools:<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>eVIN (Electronic Vaccine Intelligence Network):<\/strong> Real-time monitoring of vaccine stocks.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>U-WIN platform:<\/strong> End-to-end digital registration and tracking, ensuring migrant populations are not left behind.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Key Achievements<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Polio eradication (2014):<\/strong> A milestone in global health.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Yaws-free status (2016)<\/strong> and <strong>Maternal &amp; Neonatal Tetanus elimination (2015)<\/strong>: Achieved ahead of global targets.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Digital innovations:<\/strong> Building on Co-WIN, U-WIN now provides universal tracking.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Sociological significance:<\/strong> These successes illustrate <strong>state capacity<\/strong> (Michael Mann), <strong>collective action<\/strong> (Durkheim), and the ability of science and technology to generate \u201csocial solidarity\u201d in fighting epidemics.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Challenges_to_Universal_Immunisation\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Challenges to Universal Immunisation<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-32926 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Challenges-to-Universal-Immunisation-visual-selection.png\" alt=\"Challenges to Universal Immunisation\" width=\"960\" height=\"585\" srcset=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Challenges-to-Universal-Immunisation-visual-selection.png 960w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Challenges-to-Universal-Immunisation-visual-selection-300x183.png 300w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Challenges-to-Universal-Immunisation-visual-selection-150x91.png 150w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Challenges-to-Universal-Immunisation-visual-selection-768x468.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\" \/><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Geographic Exclusion<\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Remote, tribal, and conflict-ridden areas remain underserved.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Weak infrastructure hinders access in UP, Bihar, and parts of the Northeast.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Reflects <strong>spatial inequality<\/strong>\u2014a form of structural marginalisation.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Vaccine Hesitancy<\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Stems from misinformation, cultural beliefs, and distrust in state institutions.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Can be linked to <strong>Weber\u2019s concept of traditional authority<\/strong>, where local healers may command more trust than medical science.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Pandemic Disruptions<\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">COVID-19 diverted resources and interrupted routine immunisation, causing <strong>resurgent measles outbreaks<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Illustrates how <strong>global crises exacerbate local vulnerabilities<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Low Awareness &amp; Social Stratification<\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Marginalised groups (slum dwellers, migrants, Dalits, minorities) often miss out.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Pierre Bourdieu\u2019s concept of cultural capital<\/strong> helps explain why illiteracy and low awareness create barriers to accessing healthcare.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Gender Inequality<\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Mothers in patriarchal households may lack autonomy to take children for vaccination.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Ties to <strong>Sylvia Walby\u2019s patriarchy theory<\/strong>, where women\u2019s reproductive roles are socially undervalued.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Sociological_Perspectives\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Sociological Perspectives<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Functionalism (Durkheim)<\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">UIP strengthens <strong>collective solidarity<\/strong> by protecting vulnerable populations, enhancing social integration, and preventing epidemics.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Conflict Perspective (Marx)<\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Unequal access to vaccines mirrors class and caste hierarchies.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Privatization of healthcare may deepen inequalities between elites and rural poor.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Structural-Functional Approach (Parsons)<\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Health is key to maintaining the \u201csocial system.\u201d Immunisation ensures individuals fulfil social roles by preventing illness.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Post-colonial and Indian Perspectives<\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">B.R. Ambedkar: Unequal access to health services perpetuates caste oppression.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Amartya Sen: Health is a <strong>capability<\/strong>; immunisation enhances freedom to live a healthy life.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Measures_to_Bridge_Gaps\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Measures to Bridge Gaps<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-32927 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Challenges-to-Universal-Immunisation-visual-selection-1.png\" alt=\"Measures to Bridge Gaps\" width=\"984\" height=\"665\" srcset=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Challenges-to-Universal-Immunisation-visual-selection-1.png 984w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Challenges-to-Universal-Immunisation-visual-selection-1-300x203.png 300w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Challenges-to-Universal-Immunisation-visual-selection-1-150x101.png 150w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Challenges-to-Universal-Immunisation-visual-selection-1-768x519.png 768w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Challenges-to-Universal-Immunisation-visual-selection-1-120x80.png 120w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 984px) 100vw, 984px\" \/><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Replicating Pulse Polio Model<\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Mass outreach through National Immunisation Days.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Community Engagement<\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Social mobilisers, local leaders, and SHGs to counter misinformation.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Strengthening Task Forces<\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">State, District, and Block Immunisation Task Forces for coordinated governance.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Targeted Supplementary Campaigns<\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Focused drives in low-coverage districts.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Digital Tracking<\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Scaling up U-WIN to ensure every child and pregnant woman is covered.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Village Health &amp; Nutrition Days<\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Taking vaccines to the doorstep of marginalised communities.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">India\u2019s Universal Immunisation Programme demonstrates how <strong>public health can be both a biomedical and sociological project<\/strong>. While remarkable achievements highlight the success of state-led interventions, persistent challenges\u2014vaccine hesitancy, social inequality, geographic exclusion\u2014underscore the need for deeper engagement with communities.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">For India to achieve true universality, immunisation must be seen not just as a health programme but as a <strong>social justice imperative<\/strong>, addressing the structural inequalities that leave certain groups behind.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong><span class=\"amp-wp-303d451\" data-amp-original-style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">To Read more topics<\/span><span class=\"amp-wp-303d451\" data-amp-original-style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"amp-wp-303d451\" data-amp-original-style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><strong>visit:<\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/?amp=1\">www.triumphias.com\/blogs<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Read_more_Blogs\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" 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health<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":32929,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[116],"tags":[14035,12170,14032,14033,14030,14029,14031,14034],"class_list":["post-32925","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-sociology-optional-paper-ii","tag-child-immunisation-india","tag-healthcare-in-india","tag-public-health-immunisation","tag-sociological-insights-immunisation","tag-uip-progress","tag-universal-immunisation-programme-india","tag-vaccination-challenges-india","tag-vaccination-policy-india"],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/32925","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=32925"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/32925\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":32930,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/32925\/revisions\/32930"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/32929"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=32925"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=32925"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=32925"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}