{"id":32550,"date":"2025-09-02T12:12:25","date_gmt":"2025-09-02T06:42:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/?p=32550"},"modified":"2025-09-02T12:12:25","modified_gmt":"2025-09-02T06:42:25","slug":"platformization-of-labour","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/platformization-of-labour\/","title":{"rendered":"Platformization of Labour"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Platformization_of_Labour\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Platformization of Labour<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>(Relevant for Sociology <\/strong><strong>Paper I: Works and Economic Life and Sociology <\/strong><strong>Paper II: Industrialization and Urbanization in India)<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_68 ez-toc-wrap-center counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-light-blue ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >What's Inside this Blog!<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/platformization-of-labour\/#Platformization_of_Labour\" title=\"Platformization of Labour\">Platformization of Labour<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-2' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/platformization-of-labour\/#Introduction\" title=\"Introduction\">Introduction<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/platformization-of-labour\/#What_is_Platformization_of_Labour\" title=\"What is Platformization of Labour?\">What is Platformization of Labour?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/platformization-of-labour\/#Characteristics_of_Platform_Labour\" title=\"Characteristics of Platform Labour\">Characteristics of Platform Labour<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/platformization-of-labour\/#Sociological_Analysis\" title=\"Sociological Analysis\">Sociological Analysis<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/platformization-of-labour\/#Platform_Labour_in_India\" title=\"Platform Labour in India\">Platform Labour in India<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/platformization-of-labour\/#Globalization_and_Platform_Labour\" title=\"Globalization and Platform Labour\">Globalization and Platform Labour<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/platformization-of-labour\/#Policy_and_Legal_Concerns\" title=\"Policy and Legal Concerns\">Policy and Legal Concerns<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/platformization-of-labour\/#Way_Forward\" title=\"Way Forward\">Way Forward<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/platformization-of-labour\/#Conclusion\" title=\"Conclusion\">Conclusion<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/platformization-of-labour\/#PYQs\" title=\"PYQs\">PYQs<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/platformization-of-labour\/#Read_more_Blogs\" title=\"Read more Blogs:\">Read more Blogs:<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 100%;\">\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Introduction\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Introduction<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">In recent years, the <strong>platform economy<\/strong> has transformed the way people work across the globe. Services like <strong>Uber, Ola, Zomato, Swiggy, Amazon Mechanical Turk, Urban Company, and Upwork<\/strong> are now shaping employment patterns, wages, and work relations. This shift is often referred to as the <strong>platformization of labour<\/strong>. This is not just an economic phenomenon but a <strong>deeply social transformation<\/strong> that touches questions of <strong>class, precarity, gender, technology, and globalization<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Understanding this concept is crucial because it links directly with themes such as industrialization, social change, labour, informal sector, class relations, gender and work, and globalization.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_is_Platformization_of_Labour\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>What is Platformization of Labour?<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Platformization of labour refers to the <strong>organization of work and employment through digital platforms<\/strong>. Here, technology acts as an intermediary between service providers (workers) and consumers. Instead of working in a traditional factory or office, workers connect with clients through <strong>apps and websites<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Examples:<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Ride-hailing platforms<\/strong>: Ola, Uber<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Food delivery apps<\/strong>: Swiggy, Zomato<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Freelance work<\/strong>: Upwork, Fiverr<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Domestic and care work<\/strong>: Urban Company<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Crowdwork<\/strong>: Amazon Mechanical Turk<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">This new work arrangement is <strong>flexible, decentralized, and task-oriented<\/strong>. However, it comes with sociological implications that go beyond economics.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Characteristics_of_Platform_Labour\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Characteristics of Platform Labour<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-32551 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Characteristics-of-Platform-Labour-visual-selection.png\" alt=\"Characteristics of Platform Labour\" width=\"996\" height=\"607\" srcset=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Characteristics-of-Platform-Labour-visual-selection.png 996w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Characteristics-of-Platform-Labour-visual-selection-300x183.png 300w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Characteristics-of-Platform-Labour-visual-selection-150x91.png 150w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Characteristics-of-Platform-Labour-visual-selection-768x468.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 996px) 100vw, 996px\" \/><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Gig-based and task-oriented<\/strong>: Workers are paid per ride, delivery, or task.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Flexibility and autonomy<\/strong>: They choose working hours, but often at the cost of job security.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Algorithmic management<\/strong>: Apps monitor performance, ratings, and even incentives.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Informality<\/strong>: No fixed contracts, limited labour rights, and absence of social security.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Global reach<\/strong>: Workers in India can serve clients abroad, breaking geographical boundaries.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Sociological_Analysis\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Sociological Analysis<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-32552 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Characteristics-of-Platform-Labour-visual-selection-1.png\" alt=\"Sociological Analysis\" width=\"1144\" height=\"486\" srcset=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Characteristics-of-Platform-Labour-visual-selection-1.png 1144w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Characteristics-of-Platform-Labour-visual-selection-1-300x127.png 300w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Characteristics-of-Platform-Labour-visual-selection-1-1024x435.png 1024w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Characteristics-of-Platform-Labour-visual-selection-1-150x64.png 150w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Characteristics-of-Platform-Labour-visual-selection-1-768x326.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1144px) 100vw, 1144px\" \/><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong> Labour and Alienation<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Marx argued that under capitalism, workers face <strong>alienation<\/strong> from the product, process, and their own potential. Platform labour intensifies this alienation:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Workers have little control over wages (set by algorithm).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Their labour is fragmented into small tasks, reducing meaning and stability.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">They often feel <strong>replaceable<\/strong>, as apps can deactivate accounts instantly.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\" start=\"2\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong> Bureaucracy and Rationalization<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Weber spoke about rationalization and bureaucratic control. In platform labour, <strong>algorithms replace supervisors<\/strong>, exercising invisible control through ratings, penalties, and incentives. This reflects a new form of <strong>digital bureaucracy<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\" start=\"3\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong> Division of Labour<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Durkheim emphasized solidarity in division of labour. But platformization creates a <strong>hyper-individualized workforce<\/strong> with weak collective identity. Unlike factory workers, gig workers rarely meet or unionize, which weakens their bargaining power.<\/span><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\" start=\"4\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong> Precariat Class<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Guy Standing<\/strong> describes a new social class called the <strong>precariat<\/strong>\u2014people with insecure, unstable jobs and no welfare support. Platform workers fit this category perfectly.<\/span><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\" start=\"5\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong> Liquid Modernity<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Zygmunt Bauman\u2019s concept of <strong>liquid modernity<\/strong> explains how modern life is flexible but unstable. Platform labour mirrors this liquidity\u2014workers float between multiple jobs but lack stability.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Platform_Labour_in_India\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Platform Labour in India<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">India has become one of the fastest-growing gig economies. According to NITI Aayog (2022), India had <strong>7.7 million gig workers<\/strong>, expected to rise to <strong>23.5 million by 2030<\/strong>. Most are in urban centers, engaged in food delivery, ride-hailing, and personal services.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Key Issues:<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Income instability<\/strong>: Earnings fluctuate daily.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>No social security<\/strong>: No health insurance, pension, or paid leave.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Gender dimensions<\/strong>: Women gig workers face safety concerns and cultural restrictions.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Caste-based segmentation<\/strong>: Certain jobs like domestic work or sanitation on platforms still reflect caste hierarchies.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Unionization challenges<\/strong>: App-based workers\u2019 unions are emerging (e.g., Indian Federation of App-based Transport Workers), but face resistance from companies.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Globalization_and_Platform_Labour\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Globalization and Platform Labour<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Platformization is part of the <strong>global shift towards digital capitalism<\/strong>. A worker in Bangalore may write content for a client in New York or design logos for someone in London. This creates:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Global labour competition<\/strong>: Workers compete across borders, often pushing down wages.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Race to the bottom<\/strong>: Employers outsource tasks to countries with cheaper labour.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Digital colonialism<\/strong>: Platforms headquartered in the Global North extract value from workers in the Global South without adequate regulation.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Policy_and_Legal_Concerns\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Policy and Legal Concerns<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">The Indian government has taken steps to recognize gig and platform workers under the <strong>Code on Social Security, 2020<\/strong>. However, actual benefits remain limited. Many workers continue to lack coverage under <strong>healthcare schemes, provident funds, or accident insurance<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Civil society groups and trade unions demand:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Minimum wage regulations<\/strong> for platform work.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Social security coverage<\/strong> irrespective of employment type.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Platform accountability<\/strong> for worker well-being.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Way_Forward\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Way Forward<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-32553 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Characteristics-of-Platform-Labour-visual-selection-2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"744\" height=\"563\" srcset=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Characteristics-of-Platform-Labour-visual-selection-2.png 744w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Characteristics-of-Platform-Labour-visual-selection-2-300x227.png 300w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Characteristics-of-Platform-Labour-visual-selection-2-150x114.png 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 744px) 100vw, 744px\" \/><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Regulation and Social Security<\/strong>: Implement the Social Security Code effectively for gig workers.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Collective Bargaining<\/strong>: Encourage unions and associations of gig workers.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Fair Algorithms<\/strong>: Platforms must ensure transparency in ratings and payment systems.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Skill Development<\/strong>: Provide digital and vocational training to workers.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Gender-sensitive policies<\/strong>: Ensure women workers have safe, accessible, and equitable opportunities.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">The <strong>platformization of labour<\/strong> is not just a technological development but a <strong>sociological transformation<\/strong>. It is reshaping class relations, employment structures, and everyday lives. While it offers <strong>flexibility and global opportunities<\/strong>, it also deepens <strong>precarity, inequality, and insecurity<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">It also reflects broader questions: How do we ensure <strong>dignity of labour<\/strong> in a digital economy? How do we balance <strong>innovation with social justice<\/strong>?<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">The answers to these will shape the <strong>future of work<\/strong> in India and the world.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"PYQs\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>PYQs<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Paper-1<\/span> <\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Examine the social impact of globalization on labour and society. (2013)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">The increasing importance of the tertiary sector has weakened the formal organization of work in recent times. Examine the statement. (2015)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">\u201cGlobalization has pushed the labour into informal organization of work.\u201d Substantiate your answer with suitable examples. (2016)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">What do you understand by \u2018informalisation of labour\u2019? Write your answer with special reference to India. (2017)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Trace the changing nature of organisation of work in capitalist society over the years. (2017)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Discuss the nature of social organisation of work in capitalist society with reference to the \u2018Limits of the working day\u2019. (2018)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">What do you understand by \u2018labour commitment\u2019? Discuss it with reference to studies of manufacturing industry. (2018)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">What is \u2018informal labour\u2019? Discuss the need for and challenges in regulating informal labour in the post-industrial society. (2019)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">What is \u2018reserve army of labour\u2019? Present the position of feminist scholars on this. (2019)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Capitalism has brought increasing informalisation of work in society. Substantiate your answer. (2020)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">What characterizes degradation of work in capitalist society according to Marx? (2022)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Paper-2<\/span> <\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Explain how the idea of \u2018Work from Home\u2019 forced us to redefine the formal and informal organization of work. (2021)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Discuss the new labour codes and their impact on formal and informal labour in India. 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data-secret=\"2n1EAV0jII\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"LedyIg1ZXq\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/download-sociology-optional-paper-2-2025\/\">Download Sociology Optional Paper 2 2025 | Triumph IAS<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; visibility: hidden;\" title=\"&#8220;Download Sociology Optional Paper 2 2025 | Triumph IAS&#8221; &#8212; TriumphIAS\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/download-sociology-optional-paper-2-2025\/embed\/#?secret=qgWNXGySZa#?secret=LedyIg1ZXq\" data-secret=\"LedyIg1ZXq\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Platformization of Labour (Relevant for Sociology Paper I: Works and Economic Life and Sociology Paper II: Industrialization and Urbanization in<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":32554,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[115,116],"tags":[13694,12543,12653,3080,9908,12370,13693,3079,13695,13692],"class_list":["post-32550","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-sociology-optional-paper-i","category-sociology-optional-paper-ii","tag-digital-employment","tag-digital-labour","tag-future-of-work","tag-gig-economy","tag-gig-workers","tag-labour-market-changes","tag-online-platforms","tag-platform-economy","tag-platform-based-work","tag-platformization-of-labour"],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/32550","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=32550"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/32550\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":32557,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/32550\/revisions\/32557"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/32554"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=32550"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=32550"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=32550"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}