{"id":32472,"date":"2025-08-28T11:44:31","date_gmt":"2025-08-28T06:14:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/?p=32472"},"modified":"2025-08-28T12:35:16","modified_gmt":"2025-08-28T07:05:16","slug":"poverty-and-inequality","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/poverty-and-inequality\/","title":{"rendered":"Poverty and Inequality"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Poverty_and_Inequality\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Poverty and Inequality<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>(Relevant for Sociology <\/strong><strong>Paper I: Stratification and Mobility)<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_68 ez-toc-wrap-center counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-light-blue ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >What's Inside this Blog!<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/poverty-and-inequality\/#Poverty_and_Inequality\" title=\"Poverty and Inequality\">Poverty and Inequality<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-2' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/poverty-and-inequality\/#Introduction\" title=\"Introduction\">Introduction<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/poverty-and-inequality\/#Key_Findings_of_the_PPRC_2025_Survey\" title=\"Key Findings of the PPRC 2025 Survey\">Key Findings of the PPRC 2025 Survey<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/poverty-and-inequality\/#Sociological_Analysis\" title=\"Sociological Analysis\">Sociological Analysis<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/poverty-and-inequality\/#Comparative_Insights_with_India\" title=\"Comparative Insights with India\">Comparative Insights with India<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/poverty-and-inequality\/#Policy_Recommendations\" title=\"Policy Recommendations\">Policy Recommendations<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/poverty-and-inequality\/#Conclusion\" title=\"Conclusion\">Conclusion<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/poverty-and-inequality\/#PYQs\" title=\"PYQs\">PYQs<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/poverty-and-inequality\/#Read_more_Blogs\" title=\"Read more Blogs:\">Read more Blogs:<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 100%;\">\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Introduction\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Introduction<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Bangladesh has long been presented as a development success story in South Asia, often praised for its progress in reducing poverty, improving health outcomes, and expanding access to education. However, the latest <strong>Power and Participation Research Centre (PPRC) survey (2025)<\/strong> reveals a worrying reversal of poverty reduction gains. The report highlights that <strong>one in four households now lives below the upper poverty line (UPL)<\/strong>, while <strong>nearly one in ten households is below the lower poverty line (LPL)<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">The <strong>national Gini coefficient<\/strong>\u2014a key measure of inequality\u2014has surged from <strong>0.334 in HIES 2022 to 0.436 in 2025<\/strong>, with urban inequality reaching a striking <strong>0.532<\/strong>. These figures not only paint a picture of rising disparities.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Key_Findings_of_the_PPRC_2025_Survey\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Key Findings of the PPRC 2025 Survey<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-32473 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Key-Findings-of-the-PPRC-2025-Survey-visual-selection.png\" alt=\"Key Findings of the PPRC 2025 Survey\" width=\"804\" height=\"559\" srcset=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Key-Findings-of-the-PPRC-2025-Survey-visual-selection.png 804w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Key-Findings-of-the-PPRC-2025-Survey-visual-selection-300x209.png 300w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Key-Findings-of-the-PPRC-2025-Survey-visual-selection-150x104.png 150w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Key-Findings-of-the-PPRC-2025-Survey-visual-selection-768x534.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 804px) 100vw, 804px\" \/><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Poverty Incidence<\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">93% of the population lives below the <strong>upper poverty line (UPL)<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">35% lives below the <strong>lower poverty line (LPL)<\/strong>, up from 5.6% in 2022.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Income Inequality<\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">National <strong>Gini coefficient<\/strong>: 0.436 (2025) vs. 0.334 (2022).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Rural inequality: 0.347.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Urban inequality: 0.532.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Employment and Work<\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Underemployment<\/strong> affects 38% of workers.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Women\u2019s labor force participation stuck at 26%.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Household Income and Expenditure<\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Average household income: Tk32, 685.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Rural households: Tk29, 205 vs. Urban households: Tk40, 578.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Bottom 10% earn Tk8, 477 but spend Tk12, 294 (debt dependency).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Top 10% earn Tk109, 390 and spend Tk101, 163.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Vulnerabilities<\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Over half of households suffer from <strong>chronic illness<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">9% of the poorest families reported <strong>skipping meals for a day<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Resilience<\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Smartphone penetration: 74%.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">15% of households receive remittances averaging Tk29, 000\/month.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Sociological_Analysis\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Sociological Analysis<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-32474 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Key-Findings-of-the-PPRC-2025-Survey-visual-selection-1.png\" alt=\"Sociological Analysis\" width=\"864\" height=\"672\" srcset=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Key-Findings-of-the-PPRC-2025-Survey-visual-selection-1.png 864w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Key-Findings-of-the-PPRC-2025-Survey-visual-selection-1-300x233.png 300w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Key-Findings-of-the-PPRC-2025-Survey-visual-selection-1-150x117.png 150w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Key-Findings-of-the-PPRC-2025-Survey-visual-selection-1-768x597.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 864px) 100vw, 864px\" \/><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong> Structural Inequality and Class Stratification<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">The survey reflects classic <strong>Marxist concerns<\/strong> about class exploitation. The bottom 10% not only earns little but also spend beyond their income, relying on debt and informal networks. Meanwhile, the top 10% control disproportionate resources. This reproduces <strong>class stratification<\/strong>, echoing <strong>Marx\u2019s <\/strong>idea of the growing divide between the <strong>bourgeoisie<\/strong> and the <strong>proletariat<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Max Weber\u2019s theory of life chances<\/strong> is equally relevant. Access to stable employment, healthcare, and education varies significantly between social classes, shaping opportunities for upward mobility. Urban elites enjoy greater life chances, while rural poor face structural constraints.<\/span><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\" start=\"2\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong> Gender and Labor Market Exclusion<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">With women\u2019s labor force participation stagnant at <strong>26%<\/strong>, the survey highlights persistent <strong>patriarchy<\/strong> in the labor market. Feminist sociology interprets this as the <strong>sexual division of labor<\/strong>, where women remain tied to unpaid domestic work while men dominate wage employment.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">This aligns with <strong>Sylvia Walby\u2019s concept of patriarchal structures<\/strong>, where institutions like the family and labor market reproduces gender inequality. The exclusion of women from productive work not only reduces household income but also limits the transformative potential of <strong>women\u2019s agency<\/strong> in poverty reduction.<\/span><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\" start=\"3\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong> Urban-Rural Divide and Spatial Inequality<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Urban inequality at <strong>0.532<\/strong> reflects the unequal growth of cities like Dhaka compared to peripheral rural regions. From a sociological standpoint, this demonstrates <strong>regional disparities<\/strong> and the consequences of <strong>urban bias<\/strong> in development policy.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Dependency theorists<\/strong> argue that such uneven development reflects the global capitalist system, where cities act as \u201c<strong>core\u201d zones extracting surplus from rural \u201cperipheries.\u201d <\/strong>Within Bangladesh itself, metropolitan regions become growth hubs while villages are trapped in agrarian distress and low productivity.<\/span><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\" start=\"4\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong> Informalization and Underemployment<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">The finding that <strong>38% of workers are underemployed<\/strong> reveals the dominance of the <strong>informal economy<\/strong>. From a sociological perspective, this reflects the <strong>dual labor market theory<\/strong>\u2014a segmented labor force where secure, formal jobs are restricted to elites while the majority survive in precarious, low-paid, informal work.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Karl Polanyi\u2019s idea<\/strong> of the <strong>commodification of labor<\/strong> is also relevant. Workers in Bangladesh are increasingly treated as disposable units, without social security or adequate wages, intensifying social vulnerability.<\/span><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\" start=\"5\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong> Poverty, Health, and Social Reproduction<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">The survey shows that over half of households suffer from <strong>chronic illness<\/strong>. This links to <strong>Amartya Sen\u2019s capability approach<\/strong>: poverty is not merely low income but also deprivation of capabilities such as health, nutrition, and education. Illness reduces productivity, drains resources, and perpetuates <strong>intergenerational poverty<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">The fact that the poorest households skip meals points to <strong>food insecurity<\/strong>\u2014a violation of <strong>basic human needs theory<\/strong>. This reveals a breakdown of <strong>social reproduction<\/strong>, where families struggle to meet survival needs.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Comparative_Insights_with_India\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Comparative Insights with India<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Bangladesh\u2019s rising inequality mirrors similar challenges in India:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">India\u2019s <strong>Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS)<\/strong> also highlights underemployment and low female participation.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">The <strong>Global Hunger Index 2024<\/strong> placed both India and Bangladesh in the <strong>\u201cserious\u201d<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Urban inequality is rising in Indian metros as well, with slum growth paralleling Dhaka\u2019s divides.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Policy_Recommendations\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Policy Recommendations<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-32475 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Key-Findings-of-the-PPRC-2025-Survey-visual-selection-2.png\" alt=\"Policy Recommendations\" width=\"672\" height=\"472\" srcset=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Key-Findings-of-the-PPRC-2025-Survey-visual-selection-2.png 672w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Key-Findings-of-the-PPRC-2025-Survey-visual-selection-2-300x211.png 300w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Key-Findings-of-the-PPRC-2025-Survey-visual-selection-2-150x105.png 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 672px) 100vw, 672px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">The PPRC survey suggests <strong>emergency family assistance, education grants, and price stabilization measures<\/strong>. A sociological approach would expand these into long-term strategies:<\/span><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Equity-Driven Planning<\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Adopt <strong>inclusive development models<\/strong> addressing class, caste, and gender-based inequalities.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Reduce the urban-rural gap through <strong>balanced regional development<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Strengthening Social Security<\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Universal health insurance to reduce the burden of chronic illness.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Employment guarantee schemes (<strong>similar to India\u2019s MNREGA<\/strong>) to combat underemployment.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Gender Mainstreaming<\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Skill development and safe workspaces for women.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Recognition of unpaid care work in economic policy.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Data and Monitoring<\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Real-time household data to track poverty dynamics.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Participatory approaches involving NGOs and communities.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">The <strong>2025 PPRC survey<\/strong> on poverty and inequality in Bangladesh signals an alarming reversal of earlier development gains. Rising poverty, widening inequality, and entrenched underemployment point toward a <strong>crisis of social justice<\/strong>. From a sociological perspective, the findings highlight how <strong>class stratification, gender exclusion, informalization, and urban bias<\/strong> combine to reinforce poverty. The crisis cannot be reduced to income figures alone\u2014it reflects deeper structural inequities in labor markets, social institutions, and state policies.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">For India and other developing societies, the Bangladesh case is a stark reminder: <strong>poverty reduction requires not just economic growth but also equity-driven social transformation<\/strong>. As sociologist <strong>A.R. Desai argued, true development must dismantle exploitative structures rather than simply redistribute marginal benefits.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"PYQs\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>PYQs<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Paper<\/span> I <\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Differentiate between Marxian and Weberian theories of Social Stratification. <strong>(2015)<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Discuss the relationship between poverty and social exclusion. <strong>(2016)<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Vertical mobility brings structural change even in a closed social system. Comment. <strong>(2016)<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Can we equate \u2018poverty\u2019 with \u2018poor living\u2019? Elaborate your answer. <strong>(2017)<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Why is gender a dimension of social stratification? How does gender intersect other dimensions of inequality based on caste, class, race and ethnicity? <strong>(2019)<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Compare and contrast the contributions of Marx and Weber on social stratification in capitalist society. <strong>(2019)<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Paper<\/span> II<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">What is \u2018informal labour\u2019? Discuss the need for and challenges in regulating informal labour in the post-industrial society. <strong>(2019)<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Capitalism has brought increasing informalisation of work in society. Substantiate your answer. <strong>(2020)<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">How has the idea of \u2018Work from Home\u2019 forced us to redefine the formal and informal organization of work? <strong>(2021)<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Elucidate the main problems and challenges faced by the migrant labourers in the recent \u2018Lockdown period\u2019. <strong>(2021)<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">What characterizes degradation of work in capitalist society according to Marx? <strong>(2022)<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Explain the implications of feminization of work in the developing societies. <strong>(2022)<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Highlight the significant features of A. R. Desai\u2019s \u2018Dialectical Perspective\u2019 to study Indian Society. <strong>(2023)<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li>Despite the efforts of the government, bonded labour still continues in India. Discuss. <strong style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif; font-size: inherit;\">(2024)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong><span class=\"amp-wp-303d451\" data-amp-original-style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">To Read more topics<\/span><span class=\"amp-wp-303d451\" data-amp-original-style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"amp-wp-303d451\" data-amp-original-style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><strong>visit:\u00a0<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/?amp=1\">www.triumphias.com\/blogs<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Read_more_Blogs\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" 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Mobility) Introduction Bangladesh has long been presented as a development<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":32476,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[115],"tags":[4410,6816,13663,2259,13207,12951,2058,1915,3431,6776],"class_list":["post-32472","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-sociology-optional-paper-i","tag-causes-of-poverty","tag-economic-inequality","tag-global-poverty","tag-inclusive-growth","tag-inequality-in-india","tag-poverty-and-inequality","tag-poverty-reduction","tag-social-inequality","tag-sustainable-development","tag-wealth-gap"],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/32472","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=32472"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/32472\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":32477,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/32472\/revisions\/32477"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/32476"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=32472"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=32472"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=32472"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}