{"id":32093,"date":"2025-08-06T11:15:18","date_gmt":"2025-08-06T05:45:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/?p=32093"},"modified":"2025-08-06T11:32:34","modified_gmt":"2025-08-06T06:02:34","slug":"footloose-labour-in-india","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/footloose-labour-in-india\/","title":{"rendered":"Footloose Labour in India"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Footloose_Labour_in_India\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Footloose Labour in India<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>(Relevant Sociology <\/strong><strong>Paper I: Works and Economic Life and Sociology <\/strong><strong>Paper II: Industrialization and Urbanization in India)<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<div style=\"width: 810px;\" class=\"wp-video\"><video class=\"wp-video-shortcode\" id=\"video-32093-1\" width=\"810\" height=\"456\" preload=\"metadata\" controls=\"controls\"><source type=\"video\/mp4\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/UPSC-CSE-2024-Result-_-Triumph-IAS-with-Vikash-Ranjan-Sir.mp4?_=1\" \/><a href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/UPSC-CSE-2024-Result-_-Triumph-IAS-with-Vikash-Ranjan-Sir.mp4\">https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/UPSC-CSE-2024-Result-_-Triumph-IAS-with-Vikash-Ranjan-Sir.mp4<\/a><\/video><\/div>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_68 ez-toc-wrap-center counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-light-blue ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >What's Inside this Blog!<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/footloose-labour-in-india\/#Footloose_Labour_in_India\" title=\"Footloose Labour in India\">Footloose Labour in India<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-2' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/footloose-labour-in-india\/#Introduction\" title=\"Introduction\">Introduction<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/footloose-labour-in-india\/#What_is_Footloose_Labour\" title=\"What is Footloose Labour?\">What is Footloose Labour?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/footloose-labour-in-india\/#Sociological_Analysis\" title=\"Sociological Analysis\">Sociological Analysis<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/footloose-labour-in-india\/#Sociological_Causes_of_Footloose_Labour_in_India\" title=\"Sociological Causes of Footloose Labour in India\">Sociological Causes of Footloose Labour in India<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/footloose-labour-in-india\/#Implications_of_Footloose_Labour_in_India\" title=\"Implications of Footloose Labour in India\">Implications of Footloose Labour in India<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/footloose-labour-in-india\/#Current_affairs_linkage\" title=\"Current affairs linkage\">Current affairs linkage<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/footloose-labour-in-india\/#Policy_Challenges_and_Recommendations\" title=\"Policy Challenges and Recommendations\">Policy Challenges and Recommendations<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/footloose-labour-in-india\/#Conclusion\" title=\"Conclusion\">Conclusion<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/footloose-labour-in-india\/#Read_more_Blogs\" title=\"Read more Blogs:\">Read more Blogs:<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 100%;\">\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Introduction\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Introduction<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">India\u2019s labour market has witnessed profound structural changes in recent decades, most notably through the <strong>rise of <em>footloose labour<\/em><\/strong>. This term, popularised by sociologist <strong>Jan Breman<\/strong>, refers to workers who are <strong>casually employed, lack job security, and constantly shift locations in search of livelihood<\/strong>. They represent the <strong>marginal and mobile workforce<\/strong> navigating the vulnerabilities of the informal economy. In the backdrop of <strong><em>agrarian crisis, urban informalization, and globalization<\/em>,<\/strong> footloose labourers are fast becoming a defining feature of India&#8217;s socio-economic landscape.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Understanding <em>footloose labour<\/em> is crucial to grasp the changing nature of work, inequality, class structures, and labour rights in contemporary India. This blog delves into the meaning, causes, sociological implications, and policy relevance of footloose labour.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_is_Footloose_Labour\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>What is Footloose Labour?<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Footloose labour refers to <strong>non-permanent, circular, and migratory workers<\/strong> who shift between informal jobs and lack stable income, employment contracts, or social security.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Key Features:<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>No fixed employer or workplace<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Migratory in nature<\/strong>, moving across states and regions<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Work in <strong>informal sectors<\/strong> such as construction, brick kilns, agriculture, loading\/unloading, and domestic work<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Low wages and high exploitation<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Social insecurity<\/strong> and exclusion from labour laws<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Sociological_Analysis\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Sociological Analysis<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-32094 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Sociological-Analysis-visual-selection-67.png\" alt=\"Sociological Analysis\" width=\"854\" height=\"507\" srcset=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Sociological-Analysis-visual-selection-67.png 854w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Sociological-Analysis-visual-selection-67-300x178.png 300w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Sociological-Analysis-visual-selection-67-150x89.png 150w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Sociological-Analysis-visual-selection-67-768x456.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 854px) 100vw, 854px\" \/><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong> Jan Breman <\/strong>introduced the term while studying <strong>rural Gujarat<\/strong>. He observed that <strong><em>agrarian transformation<\/em> and <em>decline in rural employment<\/em><\/strong> pushed landless labourers into seasonal migration, especially from <strong>Dalit and Adivasi backgrounds<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">From a <strong>Marxist perspective<\/strong>, footloose labour reflects the <strong>\u201creserve army of labour\u201d<\/strong>, as theorised by Karl Marx. It highlights how capitalism generates <strong>surplus labour<\/strong>, using it as a buffer for fluctuating market demands and suppressing wage growth.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">The rise of footloose labour signifies the <strong>precarization of work<\/strong>, a concept explored by sociologists like <strong>Guy Standing<\/strong> (<strong>precariat class<\/strong>) and <strong>Arne Kalleberg<\/strong>, who highlight unstable employment, lack of worker rights, and erosion of traditional labour protections.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Sociological_Causes_of_Footloose_Labour_in_India\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Sociological Causes of Footloose Labour in India<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-32095 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Sociological-Analysis-visual-selection-68.png\" alt=\"Sociological Causes of Footloose Labour in India\" width=\"1008\" height=\"609\" srcset=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Sociological-Analysis-visual-selection-68.png 1008w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Sociological-Analysis-visual-selection-68-300x181.png 300w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Sociological-Analysis-visual-selection-68-150x91.png 150w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Sociological-Analysis-visual-selection-68-768x464.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1008px) 100vw, 1008px\" \/><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong> Agrarian Crisis: <\/strong>The decline in agricultural profitability due to land fragmentation, rising input costs, and climate uncertainties has made rural livelihoods unsustainable. This pushes marginal farmers and landless labourers\u2014especially Dalits and Adivasis\u2014toward seasonal migration and precarious urban work.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong> Caste and Labour Segmentation: <\/strong>Historical patterns of caste-based exclusion have confined Dalits and Adivasis to low-paid, menial work. Their limited access to land, education, and formal employment opportunities has led to overrepresentation in footloose labour, reinforcing caste-class intersectionality.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong> Rural-Urban Migration: <\/strong>Lack of employment in rural areas and the lure of daily wage work in cities have driven circular and seasonal migration. However, migrants remain socially and legally excluded in cities, often lacking documentation and access to services, resulting in a vulnerable existence.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong> Informalization of Labour: <\/strong>A growing informal sector with minimal job security and lack of contracts has led to increasing casualisation of the workforce. Even formal enterprises increasingly outsource work to informal contractors, leading to unstable, low-wage, and mobile employment for millions.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong> Globalisation and Neoliberal Policies: <\/strong>Post-liberalisation, labour laws were relaxed to promote economic flexibility. This shift encouraged industries to rely on temporary and mobile labour, eroding job permanency and encouraging contractual, footloose employment models without protections or benefits.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Implications_of_Footloose_Labour_in_India\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Implications of Footloose Labour in India<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong> Class Formation and Fragmentation: <\/strong>Footloose labourers represent a fragmented class lacking cohesion or collective bargaining power. Due to their mobile and scattered nature, they are unable to develop strong class consciousness, making it difficult for them to organise or resist exploitation effectively. This limits their political visibility and representation.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong> Gendered Nature of Labour: <\/strong>A significant portion of footloose labour consists of women, especially in domestic work, textiles, and care sectors. These women face <strong>double marginalisation<\/strong>\u2014first as informal workers and second due to patriarchal norms. They often endure wage discrimination, unsafe work conditions, and social invisibility.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong> Family and Social Life Disruption: <\/strong>The migratory nature of footloose labour leads to long periods of family separation. Children may be left behind in villages or move frequently, resulting in disrupted schooling, inadequate healthcare, and emotional distress. The lack of stability affects family bonding and long-term community integration.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong> Urban Exclusion: <\/strong>Despite their contribution to the urban economy, footloose migrants often remain excluded from city planning and services. Without valid IDs or documents, they are denied housing, health care, banking, and welfare schemes, reinforcing their status as <strong>\u201curban outsiders\u201d<\/strong> or invisible citizens.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong> COVID-19 and Migrant Crisis: <\/strong>The COVID-19 lockdown starkly revealed the systemic neglect of footloose labourers. With no job security, savings, or transportation, millions were left stranded, forced to walk hundreds of kilometres. The crisis exposed deep flaws in the welfare architecture and the urgent need for inclusive labour policies.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Current_affairs_linkage\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Current affairs linkage<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>NITI Aayog\u2019s reports<\/strong> on migrant workers and portability of entitlements<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>e-Shram portal<\/strong>: A recent initiative to <strong>register informal and footloose labourers<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Code on Social Security, 2020<\/strong>: Potential to bring them under legal safety nets<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Kerala\u2019s Inter-State Migrant Workers Welfare Scheme<\/strong> as a model<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Policy_Challenges_and_Recommendations\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Policy Challenges and Recommendations<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-32096 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Sociological-Analysis-visual-selection-69.png\" alt=\"Policy Challenges and Recommendations\" width=\"864\" height=\"667\" srcset=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Sociological-Analysis-visual-selection-69.png 864w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Sociological-Analysis-visual-selection-69-300x232.png 300w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Sociological-Analysis-visual-selection-69-150x116.png 150w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Sociological-Analysis-visual-selection-69-768x593.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 864px) 100vw, 864px\" \/><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong> Social Security and Portability: <\/strong>Footloose labourers lack stable access to social welfare due to their mobility. Ensuring portability of benefits <strong>such as PDS through schemes<\/strong> like <strong>&#8216;One Nation One Ration Card&#8217; <\/strong>and universal registration under <strong>e-Shram<\/strong> is vital for improving their security and access.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong> Housing and Basic Services: <\/strong>Migrants often live in overcrowded and informal settlements without basic amenities. Urban planning should include transit housing, clean water, toilets, and primary healthcare to ensure dignity and better living conditions for footloose workers.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong> Skill Mapping and Training: <\/strong>Many footloose labourers work in low-skill jobs despite having better potential. Government interventions must include skill recognition and training programs tailored to their mobility, enabling them to move into more secure and better-paid occupations.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong> Inclusive Urban Planning: <\/strong>City administrations often exclude migrants in planning. Integrating them into urban development schemes like <strong>Smart Cities and PM SVANidhi (for street vendors)<\/strong> can help improve their access to services, rights, and livelihoods in urban areas.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong> Labour Law Enforcement: <\/strong>Footloose workers face wage theft, long hours, and unsafe conditions. Effective enforcement of new Labour Codes, especially those related to minimum wages, workplace safety, and dispute redressal, is essential to protect their rights.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Footloose labour is not just an economic category\u2014it reflects <strong>deep-rooted social inequalities<\/strong>, <strong>institutional neglect<\/strong>, and the <strong>failures of both rural and urban policy frameworks<\/strong>. Understanding this phenomenon requires a multidimensional approach that combines <strong>economic, social, and political analysis<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Paper<\/span> I: <\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><em>Critically examine the functional and dysfunctions of the informal sector in the economy.<\/em> \u2013 <strong>(2013)<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><em>What do you understand by the informal sector? Examine the role of the informal sector in the Indian economy.<\/em> \u2013 <strong>(2014)<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><em>Discuss the significance of informal networks in the organization of work.<\/em> \u2013 <strong>(2015)<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><em>Explain the Marxian concept of surplus value. Is it relevant in the present-day capitalist society?<\/em> \u2013 <strong>(2016)<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><em>Discuss the relevance of Marx\u2019s theory of class struggle in understanding labour exploitation in the unorganised sector.<\/em> \u2013 <strong>(2021)<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><em>What is meant by precarious work? Discuss its emergence in the context of globalization.<\/em> \u2013 <strong>(2023)<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Paper<\/span> II: <\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><em>Write a note on labour migration and its impact on social structure in India.<\/em> \u2013 <strong>(2013)<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><em>Examine the changing labour relations in the emerging agrarian economy in India.<\/em> \u2013 <strong>(2015)<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><em>Explain the growth of informal sector in urban India and its implications for social mobility.<\/em> \u2013 <strong>(2017)<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><em>Discuss the challenges faced by internal migrants in India during the COVID-19 pandemic.<\/em> \u2013 <strong>(2021)<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><em>How has the informalisation of labour affected the economic security of rural households?<\/em> \u2013 <strong>(2022)<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><em>Critically examine the sociological consequences of inter-state labour migration in India.<\/em> \u2013 <strong>(2023)<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong><span class=\"amp-wp-303d451\" data-amp-original-style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">To Read more topics<\/span><span 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sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; visibility: hidden;\" title=\"&#8220;Harnessing Tariffs for Strategic Trade Gains&#8221; &#8212; TriumphIAS\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/harnessing-tariffs-for-strategic-trade-gains\/embed\/#?secret=Zq2m9KGvyu#?secret=BnwodLD6Hh\" data-secret=\"BnwodLD6Hh\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Footloose Labour in India (Relevant Sociology Paper I: Works and Economic Life and Sociology Paper II: Industrialization and Urbanization in<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":32104,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[115,116],"tags":[13435,11523,12368,10086,13437,13436,13344,6104],"class_list":["post-32093","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-sociology-optional-paper-i","category-sociology-optional-paper-ii","tag-footloose-labour","tag-indian-workforce","tag-informal-labour","tag-labour-migration","tag-labour-policies-india","tag-migrant-workers-india","tag-rural-to-urban-migration","tag-unorganized-sector"],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/32093","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=32093"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/32093\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":32100,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/32093\/revisions\/32100"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/32104"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=32093"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=32093"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=32093"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}