{"id":31339,"date":"2025-07-05T12:36:17","date_gmt":"2025-07-05T07:06:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/?p=31339"},"modified":"2025-07-05T12:39:41","modified_gmt":"2025-07-05T07:09:41","slug":"crony-capitalism-in-india","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/crony-capitalism-in-india\/","title":{"rendered":"Crony Capitalism in India"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Crony_Capitalism_in_India\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Crony Capitalism in India<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>(Relevant for Sociology Paper I: Stratification and Mobility; Works and Economic Life and Sociology Paper II: Industrialization and Urbanization in India)<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<div style=\"width: 810px;\" class=\"wp-video\"><video class=\"wp-video-shortcode\" id=\"video-31339-1\" width=\"810\" height=\"456\" preload=\"metadata\" controls=\"controls\"><source type=\"video\/mp4\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/UPSC-CSE-2024-Result-_-Triumph-IAS-with-Vikash-Ranjan-Sir.mp4?_=1\" \/><a href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/UPSC-CSE-2024-Result-_-Triumph-IAS-with-Vikash-Ranjan-Sir.mp4\">https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/UPSC-CSE-2024-Result-_-Triumph-IAS-with-Vikash-Ranjan-Sir.mp4<\/a><\/video><\/div>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_68 ez-toc-wrap-center counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-light-blue ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >What's Inside this Blog!<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/crony-capitalism-in-india\/#Crony_Capitalism_in_India\" title=\"Crony Capitalism in India\">Crony Capitalism in India<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-2' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/crony-capitalism-in-india\/#Introduction\" title=\"Introduction\">Introduction<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/crony-capitalism-in-india\/#Historical_Context\" title=\"Historical Context\">Historical Context<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/crony-capitalism-in-india\/#Sociological_Analysis\" title=\"Sociological Analysis\">Sociological Analysis<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/crony-capitalism-in-india\/#Contemporary_Manifestations_of_Crony_Capitalism_in_India\" title=\"Contemporary Manifestations of Crony Capitalism in India\">Contemporary Manifestations of Crony Capitalism in India<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/crony-capitalism-in-india\/#Impact_of_Crony_Capitalism_on_Indian_Society\" title=\"Impact of Crony Capitalism on Indian Society\">Impact of Crony Capitalism on Indian Society<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/crony-capitalism-in-india\/#Government_Reforms_to_Curb_Crony_Capitalism\" title=\"Government Reforms to Curb Crony Capitalism\">Government Reforms to Curb Crony Capitalism<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/crony-capitalism-in-india\/#Way_Forward\" title=\"Way Forward\">Way Forward<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/crony-capitalism-in-india\/#Conclusion\" title=\"Conclusion\">Conclusion<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/crony-capitalism-in-india\/#PYQs\" title=\"PYQs\">PYQs<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/crony-capitalism-in-india\/#Read_more_Blogs\" title=\"Read more Blogs:\">Read more Blogs:<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 100%;\">\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Introduction\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Introduction<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Crony Capitalism<\/strong> refers to an economic system in which business success is influenced by <strong>close relationships between businessmen and government officials.<\/strong> Instead of merit-based competition, <strong>favoritism in distribution of legal permits, government grants, tax breaks, and regulatory support<\/strong> becomes the norm. In the Indian context, <strong>crony capitalism<\/strong> is often cited in reference to the <strong>liberalization period post-1991<\/strong>, where economic reforms paved the way for both <strong>entrepreneurial expansion<\/strong> and <strong>corporate-political collusion<\/strong>. The term has gained traction due to high-profile scams, regulatory captures, and accusations of <strong>corporate lobbying<\/strong> influencing public policy.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Historical_Context\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Historical Context<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-31341 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Historical-Context-visual-selection-2.png\" alt=\"Historical Context\" width=\"576\" height=\"333\" srcset=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Historical-Context-visual-selection-2.png 576w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Historical-Context-visual-selection-2-300x173.png 300w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Historical-Context-visual-selection-2-150x87.png 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 576px) 100vw, 576px\" \/><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Pre-1991 Era:<\/strong> Indian economy was heavily regulated. Industrial licenses, quotas, and permits were central to running a business. This created a space for <strong>license-permit raj<\/strong>, which was fertile ground for favoritism.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Post-1991 Liberalisation:<\/strong> Economic liberalization was expected to eliminate the inefficiencies of a controlled economy. However, it often <strong>replaced state control with corporate capture<\/strong> of public resources like land, spectrum, coal, and water.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Notable Cases:<\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>2G Spectrum Scam<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Coal Allocation Scam<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Adani Controversies<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Bank NPAs linked to large industrialists<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">These events show how <strong>political patronage and capital accumulation have converged<\/strong>, making the market less free and more skewed toward a powerful few.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Sociological_Analysis\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Sociological Analysis<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-31342 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Historical-Context-visual-selection-3.png\" alt=\"Sociological Analysis\" width=\"912\" height=\"357\" srcset=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Historical-Context-visual-selection-3.png 912w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Historical-Context-visual-selection-3-300x117.png 300w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Historical-Context-visual-selection-3-150x59.png 150w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Historical-Context-visual-selection-3-768x301.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 912px) 100vw, 912px\" \/><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong> Conflict Theory and Capital Accumulation<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">According to <strong>Karl Marx<\/strong>, capitalism is inherently exploitative. In India, crony capitalism represents a <strong>neo-Marxist concern<\/strong> where <strong>bourgeoisie (corporate class)<\/strong> consolidates economic power by influencing the <strong>superstructure (political and legal institutions)<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Example:<\/strong> Corporate lobbying influences tax laws and land acquisition rules to favor the rich.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Sociological implication:<\/strong> Widening <strong>class inequalities<\/strong> and <strong>alienation<\/strong> of the working class.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\" start=\"2\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong> Elite Theory and Power Circulation <\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif; font-size: inherit;\">Wright Mills&#8217; Power Elite Theory<\/strong><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif; font-size: inherit;\"> applies aptly. Mills spoke of a <\/span><strong style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif; font-size: inherit;\">triad of power \u2013 corporate, political, and military elites<\/strong><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif; font-size: inherit;\">\u2014who make decisions without public accountability.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">In India, this is seen in the <strong>revolving door<\/strong> between <strong>bureaucracy, politics, and corporations<\/strong>. Top executives become political advisors or ministers, while retired officials join corporate boards.<\/span><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\" start=\"3\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong> Structural Functionalism and Dysfunction<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">While <strong>Parsons<\/strong> viewed institutions as serving a function in society, <strong>Merton&#8217;s dysfunctions<\/strong> theory is more applicable here. Crony capitalism results in:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Institutional <strong>corruption<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Delegitimization<\/strong> of democratic governance<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Erosion of trust<\/strong> in public institutions<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\" start=\"4\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong> Dependency Theory<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">India\u2019s economic dependence on <strong>foreign capital<\/strong> and <strong>multinational corporations<\/strong> is often mediated through domestic business elites. These elites act as intermediaries for global capital, facilitating <strong>neo-colonial economic relations<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Contemporary_Manifestations_of_Crony_Capitalism_in_India\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Contemporary Manifestations of Crony Capitalism in India<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong> Political Funding and Electoral Bonds<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Opaque mechanisms like <strong>electoral bonds<\/strong> allow corporates to fund political parties without transparency. This creates a <strong>quid-pro-quo environment<\/strong> for policy favors.<\/span><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\" start=\"2\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong> Privatisation Drive<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Privatisation of public sector undertakings (PSUs) often leads to <strong>undervalued asset sales<\/strong> to a few industrialists, reinforcing crony ties.<\/span><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\" start=\"3\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong> Corporate Influence on Media<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Large corporations own a significant share of Indian media. The <strong>nexus between capital and media<\/strong> curbs freedom of expression and restricts <strong>public debate on economic inequalities<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Impact_of_Crony_Capitalism_on_Indian_Society\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Impact of Crony Capitalism on Indian Society<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-31343 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Historical-Context-visual-selection-4.png\" alt=\"Impact of Crony Capitalism on Indian Society\" width=\"504\" height=\"576\" srcset=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Historical-Context-visual-selection-4.png 504w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Historical-Context-visual-selection-4-263x300.png 263w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Historical-Context-visual-selection-4-131x150.png 131w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 504px) 100vw, 504px\" \/><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong> Widening Inequality<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">The <strong>Oxfam Reports<\/strong> on India have highlighted growing income inequality, with the top 1% owning more than 40% of national wealth.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">The <strong>Sociological implication<\/strong>: <strong>Exclusion of the poor and marginalized<\/strong>, especially <strong>Dalits, Adivasis, and informal workers<\/strong>, from economic growth.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\" start=\"2\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong> Erosion of Public Trust<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Crony capitalism fosters a <strong>sense of injustice<\/strong> and <strong>alienation<\/strong> among citizens.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Trust deficit<\/strong> between government and people hampers citizen engagement and undermines democracy.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\" start=\"3\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong> Regional Disparities<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">States with strong business-politics ties get <strong>preferential treatment in infrastructure and resource allocation<\/strong>, further deepening <strong>regional inequalities<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\" start=\"4\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong> Undermining Rule of Law<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Selective application of laws, corporate bailouts, and slow prosecution of financial frauds reflect the <strong>erosion of institutional autonomy<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Government_Reforms_to_Curb_Crony_Capitalism\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Government Reforms to Curb Crony Capitalism<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong> Digital India and e-Governance: <\/strong>Promotes <strong>transparency<\/strong> in service delivery and reduces interface with middlemen.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong> Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC): <\/strong>Aims to resolve the issue of <strong>non-performing assets (NPAs)<\/strong> and hold crony capitalists accountable.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong> New Procurement Policies: <\/strong>Government <strong>e-Marketplace (GeM) <\/strong>ensures open bidding to reduce favoritism in contracts.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong> Regulatory Strengthening: <\/strong>Strengthening of institutions like <strong>CAG, CVC, and CCI<\/strong> to counter <strong>regulatory capture<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">However, the <strong>effectiveness<\/strong> of these reforms remains questionable unless backed by <strong>political will<\/strong> and <strong>independent media<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Way_Forward\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Way Forward<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-31344 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Historical-Context-visual-selection-5.png\" alt=\"Way Forward\" width=\"792\" height=\"439\" srcset=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Historical-Context-visual-selection-5.png 792w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Historical-Context-visual-selection-5-300x166.png 300w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Historical-Context-visual-selection-5-150x83.png 150w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Historical-Context-visual-selection-5-768x426.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 792px) 100vw, 792px\" \/><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong> Democratization of Economic Policies: <\/strong>Encourage <strong>public participation<\/strong> in policymaking through deliberative forums and social audits.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong> Strengthen Civil Society: <\/strong>Empower NGOs, think tanks, and watchdog organizations to hold corporations accountable.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong> Inclusive Capitalism: <\/strong>Promote <strong>social entrepreneurship<\/strong> and <strong>cooperatives<\/strong> that work towards <strong>equity and sustainability<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong> Education on Economic Literacy: <\/strong>Citizens must be educated about how crony capitalism affects democracy, economy, and justice.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Crony capitalism in India represents a <strong>deviation from the ideals of free-market competition and democratic governance<\/strong>. It results in <strong>institutional decay, public disillusionment, and structural inequality.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"PYQs\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>PYQs<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Paper<\/span> I <\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>How does the Marxist theory explain the process of class formation in capitalist society?<\/strong>(2015)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Explain the role of capitalism in bringing social change.<\/strong>(2016)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Discuss the contribution of C. Wright Mills to the understanding of power elite<\/strong>(2018)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>How is inequality structured in capitalist societies? Use sociological theories to explain.<\/strong>(2020)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>How is power distributed in capitalist societies according to various sociological theories?<\/strong>(2023)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>How do conflict theorists explain inequality in capitalist societies? Evaluate with examples.<\/strong>(2024)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Paper<\/span> II <\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Examine the impact of economic reforms (1991) on class structure in India.<\/strong>(2015)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Discuss the emerging pattern of class formation in India after liberalisation.<\/strong>(2016)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>How has the policy of liberalisation affected labour class in India?<\/strong>(2017)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Critically examine the role of corporate sector in development with reference to recent controversies.<\/strong>(2018)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>How far has the privatization of public services in India resulted in social exclusion?<\/strong>(2020)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Analyse the relationship between economic liberalisation and the growth of inequality in India.<\/strong>(2021)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Discuss the nature of business-politics nexus in contemporary India. Use sociological concepts.<\/strong>(2022)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Explain the role of economic reforms in shaping the emerging elite class in India.<\/strong>(2023)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong style=\"font-size: inherit;\">How does crony capitalism impact democratic governance and social justice in India?<\/strong>(2024)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-31112 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/WhatsApp-Image-2025-06-25-at-13.46.25_70749268.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1126\" height=\"1600\" srcset=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/WhatsApp-Image-2025-06-25-at-13.46.25_70749268.jpg 1126w, 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Exclusion in India<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; visibility: hidden;\" title=\"&#8220;Urban Exclusion in India&#8221; &#8212; TriumphIAS\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/urban-exclusion-in-india\/embed\/#?secret=ZTMpB58aWQ#?secret=HYmdvOKIzz\" data-secret=\"HYmdvOKIzz\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Crony Capitalism in India (Relevant for Sociology Paper I: Stratification and Mobility; Works and Economic Life and Sociology Paper II:<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":31350,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[115,116],"tags":[12988,12986,792,12985,6816,896,12989,12987],"class_list":["post-31339","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-sociology-optional-paper-i","category-sociology-optional-paper-ii","tag-business-lobbying","tag-corporate-influence","tag-corruption","tag-crony-capitalism-in-india","tag-economic-inequality","tag-indian-economy","tag-policy-manipulation","tag-political-business-nexus"],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/31339","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=31339"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/31339\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":31349,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/31339\/revisions\/31349"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/31350"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=31339"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=31339"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=31339"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}