{"id":31031,"date":"2025-06-23T11:24:26","date_gmt":"2025-06-23T05:54:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/?p=31031"},"modified":"2025-06-23T11:24:26","modified_gmt":"2025-06-23T05:54:26","slug":"same-sex-parenting-in-india","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/same-sex-parenting-in-india\/","title":{"rendered":"Same-Sex Parenting in India"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Same-Sex_Parenting_in_India\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Same-Sex Parenting in India<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>(Relevant for Sociology <\/strong><strong>Paper 1: <\/strong><strong>Systems of Kinship; Social Change in Modern Society and Sociology <\/strong><strong>Paper 2:<\/strong><strong> Systems of Kinship in India; Population Dynamics)<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<div style=\"width: 810px;\" class=\"wp-video\"><video class=\"wp-video-shortcode\" id=\"video-31031-1\" width=\"810\" height=\"456\" preload=\"metadata\" controls=\"controls\"><source type=\"video\/mp4\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/final-cse-result-ady.mp4?_=1\" \/><a href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/final-cse-result-ady.mp4\">https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/final-cse-result-ady.mp4<\/a><\/video><\/div>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_68 ez-toc-wrap-center counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-light-blue ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >What's Inside this Blog!<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/same-sex-parenting-in-india\/#Same-Sex_Parenting_in_India\" title=\"Same-Sex Parenting in India\">Same-Sex Parenting in India<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-2' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/same-sex-parenting-in-india\/#Introduction\" title=\"Introduction\">Introduction<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/same-sex-parenting-in-india\/#What_is_Same-Sex_Parenting\" title=\"What is Same-Sex Parenting?\">What is Same-Sex Parenting?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/same-sex-parenting-in-india\/#Sociological_Theories\" title=\"Sociological Theories\">Sociological Theories<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/same-sex-parenting-in-india\/#Legal_Framework_in_India\" title=\"Legal Framework in India:\">Legal Framework in India:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/same-sex-parenting-in-india\/#Global_Trends\" title=\"Global Trends\">Global Trends<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/same-sex-parenting-in-india\/#Indias_Emerging_Reality\" title=\"India\u2019s Emerging Reality:\">India\u2019s Emerging Reality:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/same-sex-parenting-in-india\/#Barriers_in_Indian_Society\" title=\"Barriers in Indian Society:\">Barriers in Indian Society:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/same-sex-parenting-in-india\/#Policy_Recommendations_and_Way_Forward\" title=\"Policy Recommendations and Way Forward\">Policy Recommendations and Way Forward<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/same-sex-parenting-in-india\/#Case_Studies\" title=\"Case Studies\">Case Studies<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/same-sex-parenting-in-india\/#Conclusion\" title=\"Conclusion\">Conclusion<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/same-sex-parenting-in-india\/#PYQs\" title=\"PYQs\">PYQs<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/same-sex-parenting-in-india\/#Read_more_Blogs\" title=\"Read more Blogs:\">Read more Blogs:<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 100%;\">\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Introduction\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Introduction<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">In recent years, <strong>same-sex parenting<\/strong> has emerged as a crucial subject in the discourse on <strong>gender rights, family diversity, and LGBTQ+ inclusion<\/strong>. With the <strong>decriminalization of homosexuality in India (Section 377 judgment, 2018)<\/strong> and increasing global acceptance, same-sex couples have begun asserting their rights to <strong>form families and raise children<\/strong>. This evolving dynamic challenges <strong>heteronormative notions of parenting<\/strong> and brings fresh perspectives to the sociological understanding of <strong>family, kinship, and parenthood<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_is_Same-Sex_Parenting\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>What is Same-Sex Parenting?<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Same-sex parenting<\/strong> refers to parenting by couples of the same gender identity\u2014gay, lesbian, transgender, or queer. This parenting model can involve:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Biological children<\/strong> from previous heterosexual relationships<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Adoption<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Surrogacy<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>In-vitro fertilization (IVF)<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Sociologically, it questions traditional binaries of &#8220;mother-father&#8221; and introduces <strong>inclusive family models<\/strong> centered on <strong>emotional bonding, shared responsibilities, and social parenting<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Sociological_Theories\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Sociological Theories<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-31032 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Sociological-Theories-visual-selection.png\" alt=\"Sociological Theories\" width=\"792\" height=\"358\" srcset=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Sociological-Theories-visual-selection.png 792w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Sociological-Theories-visual-selection-300x136.png 300w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Sociological-Theories-visual-selection-150x68.png 150w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Sociological-Theories-visual-selection-768x347.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 792px) 100vw, 792px\" \/><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Functionalist Perspective: Talcott Parsons<\/strong> argued that the nuclear family is structured around <strong>instrumental (male) and expressive (female)<\/strong> Same-sex parenting challenges this by showing <strong>functional equivalence<\/strong> in caregiving regardless of gender. Studies demonstrate that same-sex couples can <strong>equally fulfill nurturing, socializing, and economic roles<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Symbolic Interactionism: <\/strong>This micro-sociological approach focuses on how <strong>family roles are negotiated and performed<\/strong>. Same-sex parents often <strong>redefine parental roles<\/strong>, creating <strong>inclusive rituals and symbols<\/strong> (<strong>like dual \u201cmom\u201d or \u201cdad\u201d households)<\/strong> which redefine kinship beyond biology.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Queer Theory: <\/strong><strong>Queer theory<\/strong> by <strong>Judith Butler, Michel Foucault<\/strong> destabilizes <strong>fixed gender roles<\/strong> and heteronormativity. It emphasizes that family and parenthood are <strong>social constructs<\/strong>, not biologically bound institutions. Same-sex parenting exposes how <strong>power, discourse, and state laws<\/strong> shape who is seen as a <strong>\u201clegitimate parent.\u201d<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Intersectionality: <\/strong><strong>Same-sex couples<\/strong> from <strong>lower socio-economic backgrounds, religious minorities, or non-urban spaces<\/strong> face <strong>multi-layered discrimination<\/strong>, illustrating <strong>Kimberl\u00e9 Crenshaw\u2019s<\/strong> idea of intersecting identities and marginalization.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Legal_Framework_in_India\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Legal Framework in India:<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-31034 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Sociological-Theories-visual-selection-2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"648\" height=\"448\" srcset=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Sociological-Theories-visual-selection-2.png 648w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Sociological-Theories-visual-selection-2-300x207.png 300w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Sociological-Theories-visual-selection-2-150x104.png 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 648px) 100vw, 648px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Despite progress in LGBTQ+ rights, <strong>same-sex couples in India still cannot legally adopt or marry<\/strong>, which directly affects parenting rights.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Key Legal Hurdles:<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Adoption<\/strong>: Under the <strong>Juvenile Justice Act<\/strong> and <strong>CARINGS (Central Adoption Resource Authority)<\/strong> guidelines, <strong>only single or heterosexual married couples<\/strong> can adopt.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Surrogacy<\/strong>: The <strong>Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021<\/strong> permits only heterosexual Indian couples.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Marriage<\/strong>: No legal recognition of <strong>same-sex marriages<\/strong> under existing laws <strong>(Special Marriage Act, Hindu Marriage Act, etc.).<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Without legal marriage, <strong>same-sex partners<\/strong> face issues in naming rights, guardianship, inheritance, and school documentation of children.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Global_Trends\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Global Trends<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">The American Psychological Association (APA) confirms that <strong>children of same-sex parents<\/strong> show <strong>no difference in emotional, cognitive, or social development<\/strong> compared to children of heterosexual couples.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Countries like <strong>Canada, Netherlands, South Africa, and Australia<\/strong> legally recognize <strong>same-sex parenting<\/strong>, including adoption and surrogacy.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Indias_Emerging_Reality\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>India\u2019s Emerging Reality:<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Though legally barred, many <strong>urban LGBTQ+ couples<\/strong> raise children through informal adoption, co-parenting with friends, or surrogacy abroad.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Social media visibility and <strong>support networks<\/strong> are normalizing same-sex family structures in metros <strong>like Mumbai, Delhi, and Bengaluru<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Barriers_in_Indian_Society\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Barriers in Indian Society:<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Patriarchal norms<\/strong>: Stronghold of the traditional nuclear family ideal.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Religious conservatism<\/strong>: Many belief systems see homosexuality and non-traditional parenting as<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Institutional discrimination<\/strong>: Schools, hospitals, and legal systems often refuse to recognize non-biological same-sex parents.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Policy_Recommendations_and_Way_Forward\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Policy Recommendations and Way Forward<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-31033 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Sociological-Theories-visual-selection-1.png\" alt=\"Policy Recommendations and Way Forward\" width=\"900\" height=\"376\" srcset=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Sociological-Theories-visual-selection-1.png 900w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Sociological-Theories-visual-selection-1-300x125.png 300w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Sociological-Theories-visual-selection-1-150x63.png 150w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Sociological-Theories-visual-selection-1-768x321.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Legal Reforms:<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Amend <strong>adoption and marriage laws<\/strong> to include <strong>LGBTQ+ couples<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Extend <strong>surrogacy rights<\/strong> to all consenting adults, regardless of sexual orientation.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Awareness and Education:<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Train teachers, social workers, and legal professionals on <strong>diverse family structures<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Encourage <strong>gender-inclusive textbooks<\/strong> and curricula.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Inclusive Policies:<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Mandate <strong>anti-discrimination clauses<\/strong> in public services <strong>(healthcare, education<\/strong>).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Recognize <strong>parental rights in government forms<\/strong> beyond &#8220;<strong>mother\/father&#8221;<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Case_Studies\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Case Studies <\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Sushma and Sneha (2021): <\/strong>A lesbian couple from Bengaluru who openly discussed raising a child via sperm donation abroad, highlighting the <strong>emotional strength and legal vulnerabilities<\/strong> of queer parents.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Supreme Court Petition (2022): <\/strong>A PIL sought <strong>marriage equality under Special Marriage Act<\/strong> to provide legal status for same-sex parents. Though dismissed in 2023, it <strong>opened public debate<\/strong> on queer parenting rights.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Same-sex parenting in India is not just a legal or moral question, but a <strong>sociological shift<\/strong> in how we understand <strong>family, love, and responsibility<\/strong>. As society evolves, so must our institutions, laws, and perceptions to reflect the <strong>diversity of human relationships<\/strong>. The recognition of same-sex parenting is not a threat to Indian values\u2014but a testament to their <strong>resilience, adaptability, and inclusiveness<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"PYQs\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>PYQs<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Paper<\/span> 1 \u2013 <\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>How has the feminist perspective broadened our understanding of family?<\/strong>(2013)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>What are the implications of the shift from joint to nuclear family systems in India<\/strong>(2015)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Discuss the changing forms of family in contemporary society.<\/strong>(2016)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Discuss how social changes have influenced the role of marriage and family.<\/strong>(2017)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Critically evaluate the functionalist perspective on the family in the context of changing gender roles.<\/strong>(2018)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Examine the functional and dysfunctional aspects of the nuclear family.<\/strong>(2020)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Paper<\/span> 2 \u2013 <\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Critically examine the impact of new reproductive technologies (IVF, surrogacy) on the family system in India.<\/strong>(2015)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Explain the implications of social legislation on the status of women in India.<\/strong>(2017)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>How is the institution of family changing in response to legal, economic, and technological changes in India?<\/strong>(2018)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Evaluate the role of media and civil society in shaping gender discourse in India<\/strong>(2019)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>What are the emerging challenges to the institution of marriage in India?<\/strong>(2020)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong style=\"font-size: inherit;\">Discuss the role of judiciary in social transformation with reference to gender justice in India.<\/strong>(2022)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-30732 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/WhatsApp-Image-2025-06-10-at-22.46.35_845289fc.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1126\" height=\"1600\" srcset=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/WhatsApp-Image-2025-06-10-at-22.46.35_845289fc.jpg 1126w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/WhatsApp-Image-2025-06-10-at-22.46.35_845289fc-211x300.jpg 211w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/WhatsApp-Image-2025-06-10-at-22.46.35_845289fc-721x1024.jpg 721w, 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href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/?amp=1\">www.triumphias.com\/blogs<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Read_more_Blogs\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" 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Paper<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":31035,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[115,116],"tags":[12803,12804,12802,12805,12806,12801],"class_list":["post-31031","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-sociology-optional-paper-i","category-sociology-optional-paper-ii","tag-gay-parenting-india","tag-legal-rights-same-sex-couples","tag-lgbtq-families","tag-parenting-challenges-lgbtq","tag-queer-families-india","tag-same-sex-parenting-india"],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/31031","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=31031"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/31031\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":31038,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/31031\/revisions\/31038"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/31035"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=31031"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=31031"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=31031"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}