{"id":30512,"date":"2025-06-02T10:57:53","date_gmt":"2025-06-02T05:27:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/?p=30512"},"modified":"2025-06-02T11:00:48","modified_gmt":"2025-06-02T05:30:48","slug":"contractualisation-of-labour-in-india","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/contractualisation-of-labour-in-india\/","title":{"rendered":"Contractualisation of Labour in India"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Contractualisation_of_Labour_in_India\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Contractualisation of Labour in India<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>(Relevant for Sociology <\/strong><strong>Paper I: Works and Economic Life and Sociology <\/strong><strong>Paper II: Social Classes in India; Industrialization and Urbanization in India)<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<div style=\"width: 810px;\" class=\"wp-video\"><video class=\"wp-video-shortcode\" id=\"video-30512-1\" width=\"810\" height=\"456\" preload=\"metadata\" controls=\"controls\"><source type=\"video\/mp4\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/final-cse-result-ady.mp4?_=1\" \/><a href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/final-cse-result-ady.mp4\">https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/final-cse-result-ady.mp4<\/a><\/video><\/div>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_68 ez-toc-wrap-center counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-light-blue ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >What's Inside this Blog!<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/contractualisation-of-labour-in-india\/#Contractualisation_of_Labour_in_India\" title=\"Contractualisation of Labour in India\">Contractualisation of Labour in India<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-2' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/contractualisation-of-labour-in-india\/#Introduction\" title=\"Introduction\">Introduction<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/contractualisation-of-labour-in-india\/#What_is_Contractual_Labour\" title=\"What is Contractual Labour?\">What is Contractual Labour?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/contractualisation-of-labour-in-india\/#Causes_of_Contractualisation_of_Labour\" title=\"Causes of Contractualisation of Labour\">Causes of Contractualisation of Labour<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/contractualisation-of-labour-in-india\/#Current_Trends_and_Data_2024-25\" title=\"Current Trends and Data (2024-25)\">Current Trends and Data (2024-25)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/contractualisation-of-labour-in-india\/#Sociological_Analysis\" title=\"Sociological Analysis\">Sociological Analysis<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/contractualisation-of-labour-in-india\/#Impact_on_Society\" title=\"Impact on Society\">Impact on Society<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/contractualisation-of-labour-in-india\/#Government_Initiatives\" title=\"Government Initiatives\">Government Initiatives<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/contractualisation-of-labour-in-india\/#Challenges\" title=\"Challenges\">Challenges<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/contractualisation-of-labour-in-india\/#Way_Forward\" title=\"Way Forward\">Way Forward<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/contractualisation-of-labour-in-india\/#Conclusion\" title=\"Conclusion\">Conclusion<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/contractualisation-of-labour-in-india\/#PYQs\" title=\"PYQs\">PYQs<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/contractualisation-of-labour-in-india\/#Read_more_Blogs\" title=\"Read more Blogs:\">Read more Blogs:<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 100%;\">\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Introduction\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Introduction<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">The <strong>contractualisation of labour refers to the increasing reliance on contract workers rather than permanent employees, especially in both public and private sectors. <\/strong>With the <strong>rise of liberalisation, privatisation, and globalisation (LPG reforms) since the 1990s,<\/strong> India has witnessed a significant shift in employment patterns. Today, a large portion of India&#8217;s workforce operates under precarious conditions without job security, social protection, or bargaining power.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_is_Contractual_Labour\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>What is Contractual Labour?<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Contractual labour is a form of employment where workers are hired for a fixed-term contract by a third-party contractor, rather than being directly employed by the principal employer<\/strong>. This system is widely used in industries <strong>such as construction, manufacturing, sanitation, mining, and even IT services.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Causes_of_Contractualisation_of_Labour\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Causes of Contractualisation of Labour<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-30514 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Causes-of-Contractualisation-of-Labour-visual-selection.png\" alt=\"Causes of Contractualisation of Labour\" width=\"952\" height=\"535\" srcset=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Causes-of-Contractualisation-of-Labour-visual-selection.png 952w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Causes-of-Contractualisation-of-Labour-visual-selection-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Causes-of-Contractualisation-of-Labour-visual-selection-150x84.png 150w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Causes-of-Contractualisation-of-Labour-visual-selection-768x432.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 952px) 100vw, 952px\" \/><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong> Liberalisation and Global Competition: <\/strong>To reduce costs and stay competitive, companies prefer contract workers who are cheaper and easier to replace.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong> Labour Law Evasion: <\/strong>Employers often use contract labour to bypass stringent regulations under laws like the <strong>Industrial Disputes Act.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong> Public Sector Reforms: <\/strong>Even government sectors are increasingly outsourcing jobs like security, cleaning, and data entry to contract workers.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong> Technology and Gig Work: <\/strong>The rise of the <strong>gig economy (e.g., Zomato, Swiggy, Ola)<\/strong> promotes flexible and on-demand labour models, often contractual in nature.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Current_Trends_and_Data_2024-25\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Current Trends and Data (2024-25)<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">As per <strong>Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) 2023-24,<\/strong> over 70% of India\u2019s non-agricultural workforce is engaged in informal or contractual jobs.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">The <strong>Code on Social Security 2020<\/strong> tries to universalize benefits, but implementation remains a challenge for contract workers.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Delhi\u2019s sanitation workers protest in 2024<\/strong> against contractualization drew national attention to job insecurity and poor wages.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Sociological_Analysis\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Sociological Analysis<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-30515 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Causes-of-Contractualisation-of-Labour-visual-selection-1.png\" alt=\"Sociological Analysis\" width=\"804\" height=\"541\" srcset=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Causes-of-Contractualisation-of-Labour-visual-selection-1.png 804w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Causes-of-Contractualisation-of-Labour-visual-selection-1-300x202.png 300w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Causes-of-Contractualisation-of-Labour-visual-selection-1-150x101.png 150w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Causes-of-Contractualisation-of-Labour-visual-selection-1-768x517.png 768w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Causes-of-Contractualisation-of-Labour-visual-selection-1-120x80.png 120w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 804px) 100vw, 804px\" \/><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong> Marxist Perspective: Karl Marx<\/strong> viewed capitalism as a system that exploits labour. <strong>Contractual labour intensifies alienation, reduces collective bargaining, and increases class conflict.<\/strong> Workers are <strong>commodified, valued only for their labour power<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong> Weberian View: Max Weber\u2019s idea of bureaucratisation<\/strong> contrasts with today&#8217;s informal labour structures. Contractualisation undermines <strong>rational-legal authority and institutional loyalty, replacing them with uncertainty and disempowerment.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong> Bourdieu\u2019s Theory of Social Capital: Pierre Bourdieu\u2019s concept of social and economic capital<\/strong> suggests that contract workers lack the institutional support and networks that <strong>permanent employees have, leading to structural marginalisation.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong> Gandhian Vision of Labour: Gandhi emphasized dignity of labour and decentralized economic structures<\/strong>. Contractualisation contradicts this by creating fragmented and insecure work lives, especially for marginalized communities.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Impact_on_Society\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Impact on Society<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-30516 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Causes-of-Contractualisation-of-Labour-visual-selection-2.png\" alt=\"Impact on Society\" width=\"576\" height=\"783\" srcset=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Causes-of-Contractualisation-of-Labour-visual-selection-2.png 576w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Causes-of-Contractualisation-of-Labour-visual-selection-2-221x300.png 221w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Causes-of-Contractualisation-of-Labour-visual-selection-2-110x150.png 110w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 576px) 100vw, 576px\" \/><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Rise in informal sector employment<\/strong>: Contractual jobs increase economic insecurity.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>No social security benefits<\/strong>: Workers lack pensions, health insurance, and maternity leave.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Weakened trade unions:<\/strong> Fragmented employment leads to a decline in unionisation.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Gender impact<\/strong>: Women are disproportionately represented in insecure contractual jobs like <strong>ASHA workers, anganwadi staff, and garment factory workers.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Caste-based marginalisation: Dalits and Adivasis<\/strong> are overrepresented in low-wage contractual jobs.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Government_Initiatives\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Government Initiatives <\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Labour Codes 2020<\/strong> \u2013 Promises to cover contract and gig workers under social security.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>E-Shram Portal<\/strong> \u2013 Database to register unorganised workers for welfare schemes.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Challenges\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Challenges<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Implementation is weak and often excludes actual beneficiaries.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Middlemen and contractors often siphon off benefits.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Lack of grievance redressal mechanisms<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Way_Forward\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Way Forward<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Regulate <strong>third-party contracts<\/strong> through strict monitoring and compliance.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Ensure <strong>universal social protection<\/strong> for all categories of workers.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Promote formalisation<\/strong> through incentives to employers.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Strengthen worker unions to include <strong>gig and contractual labour<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Implement legal protections for <strong>vulnerable groups including women, Dalits, and minorities.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Contractualisation of labour is a reflection of the changing dynamics of work in a globalised economy, but it raises serious questions about <strong>social justice, dignity, and equity<\/strong>. From a sociological lens, it reveals the <strong>structural inequalities that persist in India\u2019s labour market, making it a core issue for policymakers, sociologists, and civil society.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"PYQs\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>PYQs<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Paper<\/span> 1:<\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Discuss the relationship between bureaucracy and the labour process as analysed by Weber. (2014)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">How does globalisation affect the nature of work and workers in modern society? (2015)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Discuss the role of industrialisation in shaping the structure and nature of work. (2016)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">How is the process of social mobility influenced by economic liberalisation and contractual employment? (2018)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Examine how informal labour and precarious employment reflect changes in the mode of production. (2019)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Discuss the changing nature of class structure in capitalist societies. (2020)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Explain the Marxian concept of alienation. How is it relevant in the context of gig and platform-based economies today? (2021)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Paper<\/span> 2:<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">How does globalisation impact labour and working conditions in developing countries like India? (2015)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Examine the impact of new economic policy (1991) on the informal sector workforce in India. (2016)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Discuss the informalisation of labour in the context of post-liberalisation Indian economy. (2017)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Discuss the impact of privatisation and outsourcing on employment security in public institutions in India. (2019)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Explain the consequences of feminisation of labour in urban informal sectors. (2020)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Critically examine the role of state policies in the promotion of labour rights in the informal sector. (2021)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Highlight the structural and social issues faced by migrant labourers in India. (2022)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">What are the emerging trends in labour market in India in the era of platform-based gig economy? (2023)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">What are the implications of labour codes 2020 on workers\u2019 rights in the informal sector? (2024)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-30458 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/WhatsApp-Image-2025-05-27-at-11.34.26_cd05d4dc.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1082\" height=\"1082\" srcset=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/WhatsApp-Image-2025-05-27-at-11.34.26_cd05d4dc.jpg 1082w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/WhatsApp-Image-2025-05-27-at-11.34.26_cd05d4dc-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/WhatsApp-Image-2025-05-27-at-11.34.26_cd05d4dc-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/WhatsApp-Image-2025-05-27-at-11.34.26_cd05d4dc-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/WhatsApp-Image-2025-05-27-at-11.34.26_cd05d4dc-768x768.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, 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1024px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong><span class=\"amp-wp-303d451\" data-amp-original-style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">To Read more topics<\/span><span class=\"amp-wp-303d451\" data-amp-original-style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"amp-wp-303d451\" data-amp-original-style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><strong>visit:<\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/?amp=1\">www.triumphias.com\/blogs<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Read_more_Blogs\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" 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