{"id":30341,"date":"2025-05-23T12:26:38","date_gmt":"2025-05-23T06:56:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/?p=30341"},"modified":"2025-05-23T13:20:35","modified_gmt":"2025-05-23T07:50:35","slug":"the-soil-grows-castes-the-machine-make-classes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/the-soil-grows-castes-the-machine-make-classes\/","title":{"rendered":"The Soil Grows Castes, the Machines Make Classes"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Soil_Grows_Castes_the_Machines_Make_Classes\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>The Soil Grows Castes, the Machines Make Classes<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>(Relevant for Sociology <\/strong><strong>Paper I: Stratification and Mobility; Works and Economic Life and Sociology <\/strong><strong>Paper II: Social Classes in India)<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<div style=\"width: 810px;\" class=\"wp-video\"><video class=\"wp-video-shortcode\" id=\"video-30341-1\" width=\"810\" height=\"456\" preload=\"metadata\" controls=\"controls\"><source type=\"video\/mp4\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/final-cse-result-ady.mp4?_=1\" \/><a href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/final-cse-result-ady.mp4\">https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/final-cse-result-ady.mp4<\/a><\/video><\/div>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_68 ez-toc-wrap-center counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-light-blue ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >What's Inside this Blog!<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/the-soil-grows-castes-the-machine-make-classes\/#The_Soil_Grows_Castes_the_Machines_Make_Classes\" title=\"The Soil Grows Castes, the Machines Make Classes\">The Soil Grows Castes, the Machines Make Classes<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-2' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/the-soil-grows-castes-the-machine-make-classes\/#Introduction_Soil_Grows_Castes\" title=\"Introduction: Soil Grows Castes\">Introduction: Soil Grows Castes<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/the-soil-grows-castes-the-machine-make-classes\/#Caste_and_the_Soil\" title=\"Caste and the Soil:\">Caste and the Soil:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/the-soil-grows-castes-the-machine-make-classes\/#Machines_Make_Classes\" title=\"Machines Make Classes:\">Machines Make Classes:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/the-soil-grows-castes-the-machine-make-classes\/#Sociological_Analysis\" title=\"Sociological Analysis\">Sociological Analysis<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/the-soil-grows-castes-the-machine-make-classes\/#Current_Affairs_Connection\" title=\"Current Affairs Connection\">Current Affairs Connection<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/the-soil-grows-castes-the-machine-make-classes\/#Conclusion\" title=\"Conclusion\">Conclusion<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/the-soil-grows-castes-the-machine-make-classes\/#PYQs\" title=\"PYQs\">PYQs<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/the-soil-grows-castes-the-machine-make-classes\/#Read_more_Blogs\" title=\"Read more Blogs:\">Read more Blogs:<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 100%;\">\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Introduction_Soil_Grows_Castes\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Introduction: Soil Grows Castes<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">India\u2019s social fabric is deeply entwined with two enduring <strong>forms of inequality \u2014 caste and class<\/strong>. The phrase \u201c<strong>The soil grows castes and the machines make classes\u201d captures<\/strong> a powerful sociological truth: <strong>agriculture has historically reinforced caste hierarchies, while industrialization and technology have restructured economic stratification into class-based divisions.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">In the <strong>age of digital capitalism, gig economy, and agrarian distress<\/strong>, this dual system continues to shape <strong>opportunity, identity, and access to resources<\/strong>. This blog explores the relevance of caste and class in contemporary India, backed by sociological analysis and examples from current affairs.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Caste_and_the_Soil\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Caste and the Soil:<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-30343 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Caste-and-the-Soil_-visual-selection.png\" alt=\"Caste and the Soil - visual selection\" width=\"600\" height=\"510\" srcset=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Caste-and-the-Soil_-visual-selection.png 600w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Caste-and-the-Soil_-visual-selection-300x255.png 300w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Caste-and-the-Soil_-visual-selection-150x128.png 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong> Caste as a Mode of Production:<\/strong> In rural India, caste continues to define <strong>access to land and labor<\/strong>. <strong>Upper castes largely own agricultural land, while Dalits and other lower castes are often relegated to manual labor<\/strong>. <strong>B\u00e9teille\u2019s 1969 study of Tanjore village<\/strong> highlights how <strong>caste-based occupational<\/strong> roles remain entrenched in agrarian economies, reproducing social hierarchies.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong> Persistence of Caste in Rural India: <\/strong>The <strong>2018 Rural India Land Inequality Report shows that 95% of Dalit households lack ownership of agricultural land. Caste-based exclusion<\/strong> still manifests through practices like <strong>manual scavenging, bonded labor, and unequal access to irrigation and credit, reinforcing social and economic marginalization.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Recent Example \u2013 In Tamil Nadu\u2019s Kallakurichi district,<\/strong> <strong>Dalit farmers were denied access to irrigation canals by dominant caste groups.<\/strong> This incident reflects how caste-based control over agricultural resources persists, leading to unequal development and social tensions in rural India.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Machines_Make_Classes\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Machines Make Classes:<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-30344 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Caste-and-the-Soil_-visual-selection-1.png\" alt=\"Machines Make Classes\" width=\"816\" height=\"619\" srcset=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Caste-and-the-Soil_-visual-selection-1.png 816w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Caste-and-the-Soil_-visual-selection-1-300x228.png 300w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Caste-and-the-Soil_-visual-selection-1-150x114.png 150w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Caste-and-the-Soil_-visual-selection-1-768x583.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 816px) 100vw, 816px\" \/><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong> Industrialization and New Class Formations: <\/strong>With the <strong>growth of industrialization and the digital gig economy, class has emerged as a new axis of inequality. Platforms like Swiggy, Zomato, and Ola<\/strong> illustrate how occupational roles and income levels now determine social position, moving beyond traditional caste identifiers\u2014aligning with <strong>Marxian concepts of class formation<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong> Technology and the Gig Economy: <\/strong>The gig economy has given rise to a precarious working class. <strong>App-based workers often face long hours, lack of job security, and no legal protections<\/strong>. This <strong>commodification of labor<\/strong> results in economic insecurity and <strong>deepens class divisions in urban India.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong> Contemporary Inequality: According to CMIE data (2025), urban youth unemployment<\/strong> exceeds <strong>17%, and the richest 10% of Indians control 77% of the nation&#8217;s wealth.<\/strong> This growing economic disparity signals a sharp <strong>polarization of classes<\/strong>, especially in urban settings dominated by digital and service-based industries.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Sociological_Analysis\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Sociological Analysis<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-30345 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Caste-and-the-Soil_-visual-selection-2.png\" alt=\"Sociological analysis\" width=\"504\" height=\"577\" srcset=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Caste-and-the-Soil_-visual-selection-2.png 504w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Caste-and-the-Soil_-visual-selection-2-262x300.png 262w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Caste-and-the-Soil_-visual-selection-2-131x150.png 131w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 504px) 100vw, 504px\" \/><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Marxist Perspective: A.R. Desai<\/strong> argues that capitalist development in India perpetuates class inequality. In rural settings, caste operates as a <strong>cultural superstructure<\/strong> legitimizing <strong>economic exploitation and control over labor.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Caste Mobility: M.N. Srinivas\u2019s concept of Sanskritization<\/strong> shows how <strong>lower castes attempt upward mobility by adopting upper-caste practices<\/strong>. However, entrenched structural barriers often prevent these communities from achieving real economic or social advancement.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Social Capital and Habitus: Pierre Bourdieu\u2019s<\/strong> framework reveals that <strong>caste limits access to essential forms of capital\u2014social, cultural, and economic\u2014in rural India<\/strong>. Meanwhile<strong>, in urban settings, class shapes lifestyle, education, and aspirations, defining individuals\u2019 life chances and social positioning<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Current_Affairs_Connection\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Current Affairs Connection <\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Caste Census Demand (2024\u20132025):<\/strong> Debates on including caste data in national census underscore its continuing significance.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Labour Codes and Gig Workers: <\/strong>Exclusion of platform workers from legal protection reflects emerging class neglect.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Agrarian Crisis &amp; Farmers\u2019 Protests:<\/strong> Majority of protesting farmers in 2020\u201321 belonged to marginal caste-based farming communities.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">The Indian social structure cannot be understood without examining both caste and class simultaneously. While <strong>caste remains deeply entrenched in rural, agrarian life, the urban economy is increasingly divided along class lines, shaped by technology, education, and digital capital.<\/strong> Understanding this intersection of traditional caste and modern class structures is essential to decode <strong>India\u2019s development challenges, social justice movements, and policy dilemmas.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"PYQs\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>PYQs <\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Paper<\/span> 1 <\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Distinguish between class and caste as forms of social stratification in India. (2013)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">What is the role of caste in contemporary rural economic structure? (2014)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Discuss the changing nature of caste system in modern India. (2015)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Explain how caste and class overlap and diverge in rural India. (2017)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Explain Marxian conception of class conflict. How relevant is it in the context of contemporary India? (2020)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Examine the concept of \u2018status group\u2019 as given by Max Weber. How far is it useful in understanding caste system in India? (2021)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">How does Bourdieu\u2019s theory of social reproduction explain persistence of inequality in modern society? (2024)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Paper<\/span> 2 <\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Discuss the agrarian class structure in India and its transformation since independence. (2013)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Write a note on caste-based discrimination in agrarian labour. (2014)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Examine the interplay of caste and class in rural India. (2015)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Explain the sociological significance of farmers\u2019 movements in contemporary India. (2017)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">How do caste and land ownership pattern affect agricultural development in India? (2018)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Discuss the impact of globalization on the class structure of Indian society. (2019)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Analyze the role of digital platforms in shaping new forms of class inequality in urban India. (2020)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Critically analyze the issues faced by informal workers in India\u2019s gig economy. (2021)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">How do caste and class inequalities manifest in access to rural resources like water, credit and land? (2022)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-27338 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/WhatsApp-Image-2025-05-10-at-12.23.01_ffb3cf5e.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1080\" height=\"1200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/WhatsApp-Image-2025-05-10-at-12.23.01_ffb3cf5e.jpg 1080w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/WhatsApp-Image-2025-05-10-at-12.23.01_ffb3cf5e-270x300.jpg 270w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/WhatsApp-Image-2025-05-10-at-12.23.01_ffb3cf5e-922x1024.jpg 922w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/WhatsApp-Image-2025-05-10-at-12.23.01_ffb3cf5e-135x150.jpg 135w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/WhatsApp-Image-2025-05-10-at-12.23.01_ffb3cf5e-768x853.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1080px) 100vw, 1080px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong><span class=\"amp-wp-303d451\" data-amp-original-style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">To Read more topics<\/span><span class=\"amp-wp-303d451\" data-amp-original-style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"amp-wp-303d451\" data-amp-original-style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><strong>visit:<\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/?amp=1\">www.triumphias.com\/blogs<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Read_more_Blogs\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" class=\"ez-toc-section\"><\/span><span id=\"Read_more_Blogs\" 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