{"id":2494,"date":"2018-12-24T12:33:27","date_gmt":"2018-12-24T07:03:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/?p=2494"},"modified":"2018-12-24T12:33:27","modified_gmt":"2018-12-24T07:03:27","slug":"no-rise-in-working-women-despite-high-literacy-levels-icrier-study","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/no-rise-in-working-women-despite-high-literacy-levels-icrier-study\/","title":{"rendered":"No rise in working women despite high literacy levels: ICRIER study"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_68 ez-toc-wrap-center counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-light-blue ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >What's Inside this Blog!<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/no-rise-in-working-women-despite-high-literacy-levels-icrier-study\/#Relevant_for_Sociology_Essay_GS\" title=\"Relevant for Sociology, Essay &amp; GS:-\">Relevant for Sociology, Essay &amp; GS:-<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/no-rise-in-working-women-despite-high-literacy-levels-icrier-study\/#Four_factors\" title=\"Four factors:-\">Four factors:-<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/no-rise-in-working-women-despite-high-literacy-levels-icrier-study\/#Social_norms\" title=\"Social norms:-\">Social norms:-<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/no-rise-in-working-women-despite-high-literacy-levels-icrier-study\/#Behavioural_changes\" title=\"Behavioural changes:-\">Behavioural changes:-<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Relevant_for_Sociology_Essay_GS\"><\/span>Relevant for Sociology, Essay &amp; GS:-<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>A rise in literacy levels among women has failed to translate into an increase in the number of working women due to a combination of socio-economic factors such as the importance of education for improving marital prospects as well as higher prestige attached to households which keep women out of\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/tag\/1171\/labour\/?utm=bodytag\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>labour\u00a0<\/strong><\/a>force, according to a new research.<\/li>\n<li>A study authored by Surbhi Ghai and published by the Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations (ICRIER) has cited the Labour Bureau\u2019s employment figures to show that there is a rise in the percentage of women out of labour force between 2011-2012 and 2015-2016 across all levels of education and age-cohorts.<\/li>\n<li>For example, the age cohort 30 years and above shows that the percentage of women with graduate degrees and above who are not in the labour force has increased from 62.7% to 65.2%. At the same time, the percentage of illiterate women out of the labour force too increased from 67.6% to 70.1%. The author says that this is an indicator that despite one\u2019s educational attainment there has been a decline in the incentive for women to participate in the labour force.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/12\/TH24educationcol.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-2495\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/12\/TH24educationcol.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"615\" height=\"513\" srcset=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/12\/TH24educationcol.jpg 615w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/12\/TH24educationcol-150x125.jpg 150w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/12\/TH24educationcol-300x250.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 615px) 100vw, 615px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>This has happened even though there is gender parity in attainment of education. The gross enrolment ratio shows that there are equal numbers of boys and girls at secondary level and women remain in education longer.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Four_factors\"><\/span>Four factors:-<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>The research paper attributes the trend to four major factors: the role education plays in marriage markets, social norms, poor condition for educated women and quality of education.<\/li>\n<li>The author argues that for many the incentive behind ensuring better education for their daughters is not so much the lure of a better paying job but the promise of a better marriage prospect. For instance, in 2011-2012, 60.3% of the divorced\/ separated women constituting 0.4 % of the total population were working. But, only 32.5% of currently married women, at 50.5% of the total population, were in the workforce.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Social_norms\"><\/span>Social norms:-<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Social norms also ensure that higher prestige or social status is associated with families which keep their women out of the workforce.<\/li>\n<li>At the same time, the growth in formal sector jobs has not kept pace with the supply of educated women, which may have led to \u201ccrowding out of females\u201d from the workforce.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Behavioural_changes\"><\/span>Behavioural changes:-<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>The research study recommends that government policies should focus on behavioural changes that make female employment more acceptable in the society, communication programmes on gender equality in secondary education to help students imbibe equitable gender norms as well as programmes that acknowledge child care as the responsibility of both parents.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Relevant for Sociology, Essay &amp; GS:- A rise in literacy levels among women has failed to translate into an increase<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":882,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[18],"tags":[817,392],"class_list":["post-2494","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-general-studies-ii","tag-gs","tag-union-public-service-commission-upsc"],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2494","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2494"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2494\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2496,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2494\/revisions\/2496"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/882"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2494"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2494"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2494"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}