<\/a><\/p>\n
IAS Medha Anand, has get 310 marks in her optional subject sociology, 156 in paper \u2013 1 & 154 marks in Paper-2 in CSE 2023<\/strong>. Notably, Sociology for UPSC has garnered a reputation as one of the Highest scoring optional subjects in the UPSC Main Examination, with numerous candidates consistently achieving 300+. Its popularity is evident in the fact that a significant proportion of top 100 rankers opt for Sociology as their optional subject, showcasing its high scoring potential, particularly for those not from sociology backgrounds. Moreover, relevance of\u00a0Sociology Optional Syllabus for UPSC<\/strong>\u00a0extends beyond the examination hall, enriching understanding across various aspects of life, from social and economic to political and cultural domains. In recent times, Sociology Optional has gained traction, aligning with the evolving trend of the UPSC Mains towards conceptual analysis. Unlike other optional subjects with unpredictable question patterns, Sociology offers stability and predictability, making it an attractive choice. This adaptability, coupled with its concise syllabus and relevance to both academic and social spheres, positions Sociology as the ideal\u00a0optional subject for engineers<\/strong>\u00a0as well as\u00a0optional subject for commerce graduates<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0optional subject for\u00a0science<\/span><\/a>\u00a0graduates<\/strong>\u00a0seeking success in the\u00a0Civil Services Examination<\/strong>. For those pursuing Sociology as an optional subject, accessing comprehensive\u00a0Sociology optional notes<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0and few good\u00a0Sociology optional books<\/strong>, and previous years\u2019\u00a0UPSC sociology optional question papers<\/strong>\u00a0is pivotal for thorough preparation. Additionally, for aspirants seeking guidance, renowned\u00a0\u00a0educator<\/span><\/a>\u00a0Vikash Ranjan Sir at\u00a0TRIUMPH IAS<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0coaching institutes in Delhi, offer valuable support and resources.\u00a0Vikash Ranjan Sir<\/strong>\u00a0is the\u00a0Best Sociology Teacher<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0and Triumph IAS is the<\/span>\nbest<\/strong>\u00a0sociology coaching in Delhi<\/strong><\/a>. If you are away from Old Rajendra Nagar, Delhi, you can still complete Journey of UPSC civil service preparation through\u00a0online Sociology class<\/strong>\u00a0<\/a>The\u00a0scientific<\/span><\/a> nature of Sociology, coupled with its direct applicability to daily social interactions, renders it a subject that can be comprehended without extensive reference materials, distinguishing it from other optional subjects requiring extensive reading and research.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\nWhat's Inside this Blog!<\/p>\nToggle<\/span><\/path><\/svg><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\nCrisis of Development: Displacement, Environmental Problems, and Sustainability<\/a>Relevant for Civil Services Examination \nPaper-2, Unit-13 [Challenges of Social Transformation]<\/a><\/li>Social Transformation<\/a><\/li>What is Development?<\/a><\/li>Environmental Problems:<\/a><\/li>The End of the Blog: Crisis of Development: Displacement, Environmental Problems, and Sustainability<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li>After Class Doubts Session of Students \nwith Vikash Ranjan Sir<\/a>Frequently Asked Questions by \nUPSC Sociology Optional Students<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li>Sociology Optional Program for \nUPSC CSE 2025 & 2026<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<\/span>Crisis of Development: Displacement, Environmental Problems, and Sustainability<\/span><\/span><\/h1>\n<\/span>Relevant for Civil Services Examination\n<\/span><\/em>Paper-2, Unit-13 [Challenges of Social Transformation<\/span><\/em><\/strong>]<\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n<\/span>Social Transformation<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\nNeither society nor social problems are static. Social Problems are mainly linked with Social structure.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\nIdeologies<\/span><\/li>\nInstitutions<\/span><\/li>\nInterests of Society<\/span><\/li>\nValues<\/span><\/li>\nAttitudes<\/span><\/li>\nPower<\/span><\/li>\nAuthority<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\nThe process of Social Transformations brings about change in the above mentioned different aspect of <\/span>social life and side by side generates new social problems.<\/span><\/p>\nIt is a broad concept used to indicate social dynamics. The ideas, conveying the meaning of \u2018evolution, <\/span>\u2018progress\u2019 and \u2018change\u2019 on the one hand and the meaning of \u2018development\u2019, \u2018modernization\u2019 and \u2018revolution\u2019 on the other, are incorporated within the concept of the process of social transformation. If the process of social transformation is suppressed it generates new social problems i.e., farmers unrest, Naxalism, unemployment, youth unrest etc. If the process of transformation taking a natural course, the society faces the problems of adjustment i.e., generation gap, caste conflict etc, poverty, inequality, and deprivation, displacement, during the transitional phase of the decline of the old system and emergence of the new system.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/span>What is Development?<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\nDevelopment is a stage in which with the help of his knowledge and skill man is able to relieve himself from the natural environment and molds it for his own advantage. It involves extraction of natural mineral from the land and sea water and controlling the flow of natural surface water for generation or power and transforming land for the development of transport facilities and industrial establishment Naturally such development activities provide economic benefits and it is the only way for the progress of human civilization.<\/span><\/p>\nMain characteristics of development are as follows:<\/span><\/h3>\n\nDevelopment modifies natural environment for human advantage.<\/span><\/li>\nDevelopment is a change on account of best use of technological and economic capabilities.<\/span><\/li>\nDevelopment increases physical and economic capability, hence, it can be measured in terms of its social benefits.<\/span><\/li>\nDevelopment brings about economic and technological change; therefore, socio-cultural change is its secondary aspect<\/span><\/li>\nDevelopment leads human life from simplicity to complexity.<\/span><\/li>\nDevelopment leads to division of labour and specialization in job.<\/span><\/li>\nDevelopment provides various options to man to fulfil his needs.<\/span><\/li>\nDevelopment is an upward trend in the production of various goods and instrument for our use.<\/span><\/li>\nProper planning is essential for proper development<\/span><\/li>\nSome types of development if not controlled properly such as weaponry may lead to human devastation.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\nDevelopment is necessary for the progress but it cannot be done without changing the land use and erecting some form of new structure and for this the original user of the land has to be displaced which if not done with the free will and convenience for the original user, it is bound to create problems to him. Such problems are termed as development induced displacement problems. In short,\u00a0this is crisis of development.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\nMeaning of Displacement:<\/span><\/h3>\nWe find that since early days of human civilization human settlements are along rivers and have agricultural landmass around their settlements. When government plans some types of development, such as construction of dam, power generation plant, construction of road or railway and development of industrial area etc., it acquires land for the purpose. After paying some compensation asks the original owners of the land acquired to vacate it If they do not do so willingly they are removed from the acquired land by force. This process is termed as\u00a0development induced displacement.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\nTypes of Displacement:<\/span><\/h4>\nIn India, there are four broad categories of displacement:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\nPolitical causes, including secessionist movements:<\/strong>\u00a0Since independence, north-east India has witnessed two major armed conflicts: the Naga movement primarily led by the National Socialist Council of Nagaland and the Assam movement led by the All Assam Students Union and now largely taken over by the extremist United Liberation Front of Assam. The violence and retaliatory responses from the gov- eminent and other forces opposed to the secessionists continue to generate a steady flow of displaced people. In Kashmir\u2019s \u2018war\u2019 between state forces and militants, the killing of Kashmiri Pandits by fundamentalist secessionist groups, the widespread anarchy created by political instability and the continuous violation of fundamental human rights by both the state and militant groups, have led to large- scale displacement, mainly of Kashmiri Pandits (estimated at 250,000), to Jammu and cities like Delhi. Despite the election and restoration of a popular government in 1996, those displaced have not been able to return due to the continuing reality of sporadic massacres in Kashmir. Although conditions are miserable, the displaced find that camps offer better employment opportunities, education and security.<\/span><\/li>\nIdentity-based autonomy movements, have also led to violence and displacement: <\/strong>This has happened in Punjab and more recently in the Bodo Autonomous Council area of western Assam. \u2018Cleansing\u2019 of non-Bodo communities by the Bodos, through plunder, arson, massacre and persecution, has forced a large number of non-Bodos to flee. They now live in camps.<\/span><\/li>\nLocalized violence:<\/strong>\u00a0Internal displacement has also arisen from caste disputes (as in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh), religious fundamentalism (as in urban riots in Bombay, Coimbatore, Bhagalpur and Aligarh) and aggressive denial of residency and employment rights to non-indigenous groups by supporters of the \u2018son of-the soil policy\u2019 (as in Meghalaya by the Khasi students and in Arunachal Pradesh against the Chakmas).<\/span><\/li>\nEnvironmental and development- induced displacement:<\/strong> In order to achieve rapid economic growth, India has invested in industrial projects, dams, roads, mines, power plants and new cities which have been made possible only through massive acquisition of land and subsequent dis- placement of people. According to the figures provided by the Indian Social Institute, the 21.3 million development- induced IDPs include those displaced by dams (16.4 million), mines (2.55 million), industrial development (1.25 million) and wild life sanctuaries and national parks (0.6 million).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\nDevelopment projects, particularly dams, have always generated serious controversy in India as they have tended to be a major source of displacement-related conflicts. Estimates of national resettlement forced by development a project shows that during1950-90 the number of people affected was18.5 million. According to the Central Water Commission, over 3,300 dams have been built since independence and some1,000 more are under construction. Another study of 54 large dams done by the Indian Institute of Public Administration concluded that the average number of people displaced by a large dam is 44,182.<\/span><\/p>\nOver 21,000 families were uprooted and ousted when the Pong Dam was constructed nearly 25 years ago and they have still not received the benefit of any proper rehabilitation measures. The World Bank\u2019s \u2018Project Completion Report\u2019 for the controversial Sardar Sarovar dam on the Narmada (likely to displace 0.2 million people) has cast a shadow over the project\u2019s future. India\u2019s unimpressive track record in operations and maintenance, says the report, is responsible for the uncertainty. India has borrowed US$151.5 million from the Work!Bank to build the dam. In 1993 the Bank cancelled plans to lend more due to the Indian government\u2019s failure to meet even such basic conditions as identification of the displaced and preparation of resettlement plans.<\/span><\/p>\nThe fact that development projects are usually located in remote villages, hills and forests means that those displaced tend to be the indigenous people who have been the traditional agents of conservation. Here displacement has meant a loss of livelihood habitat and assets, social disruption and disorder and severance from an eco-system which had sustained them. Most critically, these displacements threaten the poor and the weak with even greater impoverishment It is only those cases of \u2018involuntary resettlement\u2019 which come to the attention of social and environmental activists, and are thus highlighted that lead to some measure of state intervention. In most cases total displacement with loss of home and livelihood has resulted.<\/span><\/p>\nRehabilitation primarily the process of reconstruction of the livelihood of displaced persons has never been a guiding principle of the 1894 Land Acquisition Act (still in use) which instead emphasizes cash compensation for loss. The government has taken the firm stand that rehabilitation would not be a prime consideration when acquiring land for \u2018public purpose\u2019 (the definition of which has not been made public). The government has even sought to take away the right of appeal by those whose land stands to be confiscated by making the Supreme Court the only appellate forum.<\/span><\/p>\nGlobalization has been another threat to indigenous communities as private conglomerates (including foreign multi-nationals) encroach upon rural lands, hitherto the domain of tribal and other indigenous communities, to build the government\u2019s desired industrial infra-structure. The proposed amendments to the 1894 Act, if carried out, are likely to generate new waves of displacement as the Act will then make it even easier for private interests to acquire land.<\/span><\/p>\n\nNatural disaster-induced displacement<\/strong>:<\/mark> There has been massive and recurrent displacement due to floods, cyclones and landslides. A report by the Centre for Science and Environment (1991) states that India is the most flood- affected country in the world after Bangladesh and that over 30 million people are displaced annually. Flood- affected areas shot up from an average of 6.4 million hectares a year in the 1950s to 9 million hectares in the 1980s. Government flood control measures mainly consist of dams and embankments. Over 400 km of embankments have been built annually since 1954 and 256 large dams with an average height of 15 metres and above had been constructed by 1986; 154 more were under construction. Yet all these have failed to control floods and indeed dams are now cited as an important cause of floods while embankments have disrupted the natural drainage system in the flood plains.<\/span>\n\n\u2018Natural\u2019 disaster-led displacement is never recorded after the initial dose of relief and rehabilitation assistance. One of the most serious aspects of the displacement belonging to this category has been the fact that the displacement has been silent but acute and frequent.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\nDisplacement from Dams and Reservoirs<\/strong>\u00a0:\u00a0<\/strong>V<\/mark>arious dams and reservoirs such as Bhakhra Nangal Dam, Sardar Sarovar Dam, Tehri Dam, Bargi Dam and many others of this nature have been constructed, which have rendered nearly 50 lakh homeless and they are facing the problems of displacement, though government took to rehabilitation work, but displaced people are not satisfied Narmada Bachao Andolan is still on for the rehabilitation of the displaced people.<\/span><\/li>\nIndustrial Development and Displacement:<\/strong>\u00a0<\/mark>Large size industrial plants to boost the national economy were erected and land acquired for the purpose had displaced nearly 50 lakh people so far. These people are not satisfied with the compensation paid to them and efforts are made for their rehabilitation. It may be stressed that some industries produce goods of domestic use in large quantities which has rendered large number of workers, engaged in small and cottage industries jobless. Number of such displaced persons cannot be counted.<\/span><\/li>\nNew Forest Policy and Displacement:<\/strong>\u00a0<\/mark>This policy has banned traditional tribal population from taking herbs and earn their bread thus crores of people feel displaced without proper rehabilitation plans for the good of the people.<\/span><\/li>\nDisplacement caused by Urban Facilities :<\/mark>\u00a0<\/strong>Government is developing Mandi Samiti, transport facilities, educational institutions, sports facilities, etc., in urban areas for which land around urban areas have been acquired by the government and small farmers of those areas have been displaced<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\nInstitutional responses<\/span><\/h5>\n\nIndia has no national policy and legal institutional framework to deal with either refugees or IDPs. India has not ratified the 1951 Convention and 1967 Protocol and does not permit UNHCR access to most refugee groups. In the absence of a permanent institutional structure to oversee refugee issues, the granting of refugee status has been at the discretion of the political authorities. Due to a similar absence of a national policy on resettlement and rehabilitation of IDPs, there has been only piecemeal and ad hoc initiatives at project and state level.<\/span><\/li>\nEven the latest Draft National Policy for Rehabilitation of Persons: Displaced as a Consequence of Acquisition of Land proposed by the Ministry of Rural Development does not deal with any other type of displacement except that arising from land acquisition. This draft also totally disregards the plight and interests of IDPs of other categories, including those fleeing human rights violations, physical violence and communal and other sources of tension.<\/span><\/li>\nCrucially, government accountability for the consequences of state-imposed displacement has been virtually absent While the states have aggressively clamoured for more benefits from development projects, they have consistently haggled over their share of rehabilitation costs and totally disregarded the plight of those displaced The Draft National Policy for Rehabilitation is a multi- dimensional response to displacement with full rehabilitation covering<\/span>\n\nThe entire community (landless labourers, landholders, houseless, householders and even the unemployed and the forest dwellers),<\/span><\/li>\nTheir sociocultural cost of displacement and<\/span><\/li>\nEconomic dimensions such as upgrading of skill levels and the accumulation of physical assets as well as social capital.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\nThere is no international agency to deal with such types of dis- placement UNHCR\u2019s mandate in this regard has been both ad hoc and unsystematic. Only recently has UNHCR redefined its mandate to allow for the inclusion of IDPs in certain situations: when such people are present in or going back to the same areas as returning refugees; when they are living alongside a refugee population and have similar needs for protection and assistance; where the same factors have given rise to both internal and external population movements and where there are good reasons for addressing those problems by means of a single humanitarian operation; where there is a potential for cross-border movement and where the provision of assistance to the internally displaced may enable them to remain in safety in their own country.<\/span><\/li>\nDisplacement is not migration, because migration is on account of individual\u2019s free will for his own good while displacement is forced by the state. Sometimes the government provides some facilities to the displaced person and families and sometime they are asked to make their own arrangements.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\nMeasures to Check Displacement<\/span><\/h5>\nSince the problem of development induced displacement is a question of life and death for a very large population, therefore, we suggest following measures to check the problems<\/span><\/p>\n\nBefore undertaking any development project it must be evaluated by experts so that only minimum numbers of people are displaced<\/span><\/li>\nThe execution of such big projects be handled by honest and efficient persons so that they are completed in due time and proper rehabilitation of displaced is ensured<\/span><\/li>\nPlans must be made for the employment of the displaced people.<\/span><\/li>\nCash compensation to displaced persons does not serve the purpose. Therefore, they should be provided with living space, educational and medical facilities for their children and family members as well as employment to the displaced<\/span><\/li>\nDispersal of industries instead of their concentration in some selected areas will benefit large number of people and reduce the large scale displacement<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/span>
What's Inside this Blog!<\/p>\nToggle<\/span><\/path><\/svg><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\nCrisis of Development: Displacement, Environmental Problems, and Sustainability<\/a>Relevant for Civil Services Examination \nPaper-2, Unit-13 [Challenges of Social Transformation]<\/a><\/li>Social Transformation<\/a><\/li>What is Development?<\/a><\/li>Environmental Problems:<\/a><\/li>The End of the Blog: Crisis of Development: Displacement, Environmental Problems, and Sustainability<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li>After Class Doubts Session of Students \nwith Vikash Ranjan Sir<\/a>Frequently Asked Questions by \nUPSC Sociology Optional Students<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li>Sociology Optional Program for \nUPSC CSE 2025 & 2026<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<\/span>Crisis of Development: Displacement, Environmental Problems, and Sustainability<\/span><\/span><\/h1>\n<\/span>Relevant for Civil Services Examination\n<\/span><\/em>Paper-2, Unit-13 [Challenges of Social Transformation<\/span><\/em><\/strong>]<\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n<\/span>Social Transformation<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\nNeither society nor social problems are static. Social Problems are mainly linked with Social structure.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\nIdeologies<\/span><\/li>\nInstitutions<\/span><\/li>\nInterests of Society<\/span><\/li>\nValues<\/span><\/li>\nAttitudes<\/span><\/li>\nPower<\/span><\/li>\nAuthority<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\nThe process of Social Transformations brings about change in the above mentioned different aspect of <\/span>social life and side by side generates new social problems.<\/span><\/p>\nIt is a broad concept used to indicate social dynamics. The ideas, conveying the meaning of \u2018evolution, <\/span>\u2018progress\u2019 and \u2018change\u2019 on the one hand and the meaning of \u2018development\u2019, \u2018modernization\u2019 and \u2018revolution\u2019 on the other, are incorporated within the concept of the process of social transformation. If the process of social transformation is suppressed it generates new social problems i.e., farmers unrest, Naxalism, unemployment, youth unrest etc. If the process of transformation taking a natural course, the society faces the problems of adjustment i.e., generation gap, caste conflict etc, poverty, inequality, and deprivation, displacement, during the transitional phase of the decline of the old system and emergence of the new system.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/span>What is Development?<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\nDevelopment is a stage in which with the help of his knowledge and skill man is able to relieve himself from the natural environment and molds it for his own advantage. It involves extraction of natural mineral from the land and sea water and controlling the flow of natural surface water for generation or power and transforming land for the development of transport facilities and industrial establishment Naturally such development activities provide economic benefits and it is the only way for the progress of human civilization.<\/span><\/p>\nMain characteristics of development are as follows:<\/span><\/h3>\n\nDevelopment modifies natural environment for human advantage.<\/span><\/li>\nDevelopment is a change on account of best use of technological and economic capabilities.<\/span><\/li>\nDevelopment increases physical and economic capability, hence, it can be measured in terms of its social benefits.<\/span><\/li>\nDevelopment brings about economic and technological change; therefore, socio-cultural change is its secondary aspect<\/span><\/li>\nDevelopment leads human life from simplicity to complexity.<\/span><\/li>\nDevelopment leads to division of labour and specialization in job.<\/span><\/li>\nDevelopment provides various options to man to fulfil his needs.<\/span><\/li>\nDevelopment is an upward trend in the production of various goods and instrument for our use.<\/span><\/li>\nProper planning is essential for proper development<\/span><\/li>\nSome types of development if not controlled properly such as weaponry may lead to human devastation.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\nDevelopment is necessary for the progress but it cannot be done without changing the land use and erecting some form of new structure and for this the original user of the land has to be displaced which if not done with the free will and convenience for the original user, it is bound to create problems to him. Such problems are termed as development induced displacement problems. In short,\u00a0this is crisis of development.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\nMeaning of Displacement:<\/span><\/h3>\nWe find that since early days of human civilization human settlements are along rivers and have agricultural landmass around their settlements. When government plans some types of development, such as construction of dam, power generation plant, construction of road or railway and development of industrial area etc., it acquires land for the purpose. After paying some compensation asks the original owners of the land acquired to vacate it If they do not do so willingly they are removed from the acquired land by force. This process is termed as\u00a0development induced displacement.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\nTypes of Displacement:<\/span><\/h4>\nIn India, there are four broad categories of displacement:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\nPolitical causes, including secessionist movements:<\/strong>\u00a0Since independence, north-east India has witnessed two major armed conflicts: the Naga movement primarily led by the National Socialist Council of Nagaland and the Assam movement led by the All Assam Students Union and now largely taken over by the extremist United Liberation Front of Assam. The violence and retaliatory responses from the gov- eminent and other forces opposed to the secessionists continue to generate a steady flow of displaced people. In Kashmir\u2019s \u2018war\u2019 between state forces and militants, the killing of Kashmiri Pandits by fundamentalist secessionist groups, the widespread anarchy created by political instability and the continuous violation of fundamental human rights by both the state and militant groups, have led to large- scale displacement, mainly of Kashmiri Pandits (estimated at 250,000), to Jammu and cities like Delhi. Despite the election and restoration of a popular government in 1996, those displaced have not been able to return due to the continuing reality of sporadic massacres in Kashmir. Although conditions are miserable, the displaced find that camps offer better employment opportunities, education and security.<\/span><\/li>\nIdentity-based autonomy movements, have also led to violence and displacement: <\/strong>This has happened in Punjab and more recently in the Bodo Autonomous Council area of western Assam. \u2018Cleansing\u2019 of non-Bodo communities by the Bodos, through plunder, arson, massacre and persecution, has forced a large number of non-Bodos to flee. They now live in camps.<\/span><\/li>\nLocalized violence:<\/strong>\u00a0Internal displacement has also arisen from caste disputes (as in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh), religious fundamentalism (as in urban riots in Bombay, Coimbatore, Bhagalpur and Aligarh) and aggressive denial of residency and employment rights to non-indigenous groups by supporters of the \u2018son of-the soil policy\u2019 (as in Meghalaya by the Khasi students and in Arunachal Pradesh against the Chakmas).<\/span><\/li>\nEnvironmental and development- induced displacement:<\/strong> In order to achieve rapid economic growth, India has invested in industrial projects, dams, roads, mines, power plants and new cities which have been made possible only through massive acquisition of land and subsequent dis- placement of people. According to the figures provided by the Indian Social Institute, the 21.3 million development- induced IDPs include those displaced by dams (16.4 million), mines (2.55 million), industrial development (1.25 million) and wild life sanctuaries and national parks (0.6 million).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\nDevelopment projects, particularly dams, have always generated serious controversy in India as they have tended to be a major source of displacement-related conflicts. Estimates of national resettlement forced by development a project shows that during1950-90 the number of people affected was18.5 million. According to the Central Water Commission, over 3,300 dams have been built since independence and some1,000 more are under construction. Another study of 54 large dams done by the Indian Institute of Public Administration concluded that the average number of people displaced by a large dam is 44,182.<\/span><\/p>\nOver 21,000 families were uprooted and ousted when the Pong Dam was constructed nearly 25 years ago and they have still not received the benefit of any proper rehabilitation measures. The World Bank\u2019s \u2018Project Completion Report\u2019 for the controversial Sardar Sarovar dam on the Narmada (likely to displace 0.2 million people) has cast a shadow over the project\u2019s future. India\u2019s unimpressive track record in operations and maintenance, says the report, is responsible for the uncertainty. India has borrowed US$151.5 million from the Work!Bank to build the dam. In 1993 the Bank cancelled plans to lend more due to the Indian government\u2019s failure to meet even such basic conditions as identification of the displaced and preparation of resettlement plans.<\/span><\/p>\nThe fact that development projects are usually located in remote villages, hills and forests means that those displaced tend to be the indigenous people who have been the traditional agents of conservation. Here displacement has meant a loss of livelihood habitat and assets, social disruption and disorder and severance from an eco-system which had sustained them. Most critically, these displacements threaten the poor and the weak with even greater impoverishment It is only those cases of \u2018involuntary resettlement\u2019 which come to the attention of social and environmental activists, and are thus highlighted that lead to some measure of state intervention. In most cases total displacement with loss of home and livelihood has resulted.<\/span><\/p>\nRehabilitation primarily the process of reconstruction of the livelihood of displaced persons has never been a guiding principle of the 1894 Land Acquisition Act (still in use) which instead emphasizes cash compensation for loss. The government has taken the firm stand that rehabilitation would not be a prime consideration when acquiring land for \u2018public purpose\u2019 (the definition of which has not been made public). The government has even sought to take away the right of appeal by those whose land stands to be confiscated by making the Supreme Court the only appellate forum.<\/span><\/p>\nGlobalization has been another threat to indigenous communities as private conglomerates (including foreign multi-nationals) encroach upon rural lands, hitherto the domain of tribal and other indigenous communities, to build the government\u2019s desired industrial infra-structure. The proposed amendments to the 1894 Act, if carried out, are likely to generate new waves of displacement as the Act will then make it even easier for private interests to acquire land.<\/span><\/p>\n\nNatural disaster-induced displacement<\/strong>:<\/mark> There has been massive and recurrent displacement due to floods, cyclones and landslides. A report by the Centre for Science and Environment (1991) states that India is the most flood- affected country in the world after Bangladesh and that over 30 million people are displaced annually. Flood- affected areas shot up from an average of 6.4 million hectares a year in the 1950s to 9 million hectares in the 1980s. Government flood control measures mainly consist of dams and embankments. Over 400 km of embankments have been built annually since 1954 and 256 large dams with an average height of 15 metres and above had been constructed by 1986; 154 more were under construction. Yet all these have failed to control floods and indeed dams are now cited as an important cause of floods while embankments have disrupted the natural drainage system in the flood plains.<\/span>\n\n\u2018Natural\u2019 disaster-led displacement is never recorded after the initial dose of relief and rehabilitation assistance. One of the most serious aspects of the displacement belonging to this category has been the fact that the displacement has been silent but acute and frequent.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\nDisplacement from Dams and Reservoirs<\/strong>\u00a0:\u00a0<\/strong>V<\/mark>arious dams and reservoirs such as Bhakhra Nangal Dam, Sardar Sarovar Dam, Tehri Dam, Bargi Dam and many others of this nature have been constructed, which have rendered nearly 50 lakh homeless and they are facing the problems of displacement, though government took to rehabilitation work, but displaced people are not satisfied Narmada Bachao Andolan is still on for the rehabilitation of the displaced people.<\/span><\/li>\nIndustrial Development and Displacement:<\/strong>\u00a0<\/mark>Large size industrial plants to boost the national economy were erected and land acquired for the purpose had displaced nearly 50 lakh people so far. These people are not satisfied with the compensation paid to them and efforts are made for their rehabilitation. It may be stressed that some industries produce goods of domestic use in large quantities which has rendered large number of workers, engaged in small and cottage industries jobless. Number of such displaced persons cannot be counted.<\/span><\/li>\nNew Forest Policy and Displacement:<\/strong>\u00a0<\/mark>This policy has banned traditional tribal population from taking herbs and earn their bread thus crores of people feel displaced without proper rehabilitation plans for the good of the people.<\/span><\/li>\nDisplacement caused by Urban Facilities :<\/mark>\u00a0<\/strong>Government is developing Mandi Samiti, transport facilities, educational institutions, sports facilities, etc., in urban areas for which land around urban areas have been acquired by the government and small farmers of those areas have been displaced<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\nInstitutional responses<\/span><\/h5>\n\nIndia has no national policy and legal institutional framework to deal with either refugees or IDPs. India has not ratified the 1951 Convention and 1967 Protocol and does not permit UNHCR access to most refugee groups. In the absence of a permanent institutional structure to oversee refugee issues, the granting of refugee status has been at the discretion of the political authorities. Due to a similar absence of a national policy on resettlement and rehabilitation of IDPs, there has been only piecemeal and ad hoc initiatives at project and state level.<\/span><\/li>\nEven the latest Draft National Policy for Rehabilitation of Persons: Displaced as a Consequence of Acquisition of Land proposed by the Ministry of Rural Development does not deal with any other type of displacement except that arising from land acquisition. This draft also totally disregards the plight and interests of IDPs of other categories, including those fleeing human rights violations, physical violence and communal and other sources of tension.<\/span><\/li>\nCrucially, government accountability for the consequences of state-imposed displacement has been virtually absent While the states have aggressively clamoured for more benefits from development projects, they have consistently haggled over their share of rehabilitation costs and totally disregarded the plight of those displaced The Draft National Policy for Rehabilitation is a multi- dimensional response to displacement with full rehabilitation covering<\/span>\n\nThe entire community (landless labourers, landholders, houseless, householders and even the unemployed and the forest dwellers),<\/span><\/li>\nTheir sociocultural cost of displacement and<\/span><\/li>\nEconomic dimensions such as upgrading of skill levels and the accumulation of physical assets as well as social capital.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\nThere is no international agency to deal with such types of dis- placement UNHCR\u2019s mandate in this regard has been both ad hoc and unsystematic. Only recently has UNHCR redefined its mandate to allow for the inclusion of IDPs in certain situations: when such people are present in or going back to the same areas as returning refugees; when they are living alongside a refugee population and have similar needs for protection and assistance; where the same factors have given rise to both internal and external population movements and where there are good reasons for addressing those problems by means of a single humanitarian operation; where there is a potential for cross-border movement and where the provision of assistance to the internally displaced may enable them to remain in safety in their own country.<\/span><\/li>\nDisplacement is not migration, because migration is on account of individual\u2019s free will for his own good while displacement is forced by the state. Sometimes the government provides some facilities to the displaced person and families and sometime they are asked to make their own arrangements.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\nMeasures to Check Displacement<\/span><\/h5>\nSince the problem of development induced displacement is a question of life and death for a very large population, therefore, we suggest following measures to check the problems<\/span><\/p>\n\nBefore undertaking any development project it must be evaluated by experts so that only minimum numbers of people are displaced<\/span><\/li>\nThe execution of such big projects be handled by honest and efficient persons so that they are completed in due time and proper rehabilitation of displaced is ensured<\/span><\/li>\nPlans must be made for the employment of the displaced people.<\/span><\/li>\nCash compensation to displaced persons does not serve the purpose. Therefore, they should be provided with living space, educational and medical facilities for their children and family members as well as employment to the displaced<\/span><\/li>\nDispersal of industries instead of their concentration in some selected areas will benefit large number of people and reduce the large scale displacement<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/span>
Neither society nor social problems are static. Social Problems are mainly linked with Social structure.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\nIdeologies<\/span><\/li>\nInstitutions<\/span><\/li>\nInterests of Society<\/span><\/li>\nValues<\/span><\/li>\nAttitudes<\/span><\/li>\nPower<\/span><\/li>\nAuthority<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\nThe process of Social Transformations brings about change in the above mentioned different aspect of <\/span>social life and side by side generates new social problems.<\/span><\/p>\nIt is a broad concept used to indicate social dynamics. The ideas, conveying the meaning of \u2018evolution, <\/span>\u2018progress\u2019 and \u2018change\u2019 on the one hand and the meaning of \u2018development\u2019, \u2018modernization\u2019 and \u2018revolution\u2019 on the other, are incorporated within the concept of the process of social transformation. If the process of social transformation is suppressed it generates new social problems i.e., farmers unrest, Naxalism, unemployment, youth unrest etc. If the process of transformation taking a natural course, the society faces the problems of adjustment i.e., generation gap, caste conflict etc, poverty, inequality, and deprivation, displacement, during the transitional phase of the decline of the old system and emergence of the new system.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/span>What is Development?<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\nDevelopment is a stage in which with the help of his knowledge and skill man is able to relieve himself from the natural environment and molds it for his own advantage. It involves extraction of natural mineral from the land and sea water and controlling the flow of natural surface water for generation or power and transforming land for the development of transport facilities and industrial establishment Naturally such development activities provide economic benefits and it is the only way for the progress of human civilization.<\/span><\/p>\nMain characteristics of development are as follows:<\/span><\/h3>\n\nDevelopment modifies natural environment for human advantage.<\/span><\/li>\nDevelopment is a change on account of best use of technological and economic capabilities.<\/span><\/li>\nDevelopment increases physical and economic capability, hence, it can be measured in terms of its social benefits.<\/span><\/li>\nDevelopment brings about economic and technological change; therefore, socio-cultural change is its secondary aspect<\/span><\/li>\nDevelopment leads human life from simplicity to complexity.<\/span><\/li>\nDevelopment leads to division of labour and specialization in job.<\/span><\/li>\nDevelopment provides various options to man to fulfil his needs.<\/span><\/li>\nDevelopment is an upward trend in the production of various goods and instrument for our use.<\/span><\/li>\nProper planning is essential for proper development<\/span><\/li>\nSome types of development if not controlled properly such as weaponry may lead to human devastation.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\nDevelopment is necessary for the progress but it cannot be done without changing the land use and erecting some form of new structure and for this the original user of the land has to be displaced which if not done with the free will and convenience for the original user, it is bound to create problems to him. Such problems are termed as development induced displacement problems. In short,\u00a0this is crisis of development.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\nMeaning of Displacement:<\/span><\/h3>\nWe find that since early days of human civilization human settlements are along rivers and have agricultural landmass around their settlements. When government plans some types of development, such as construction of dam, power generation plant, construction of road or railway and development of industrial area etc., it acquires land for the purpose. After paying some compensation asks the original owners of the land acquired to vacate it If they do not do so willingly they are removed from the acquired land by force. This process is termed as\u00a0development induced displacement.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\nTypes of Displacement:<\/span><\/h4>\nIn India, there are four broad categories of displacement:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\nPolitical causes, including secessionist movements:<\/strong>\u00a0Since independence, north-east India has witnessed two major armed conflicts: the Naga movement primarily led by the National Socialist Council of Nagaland and the Assam movement led by the All Assam Students Union and now largely taken over by the extremist United Liberation Front of Assam. The violence and retaliatory responses from the gov- eminent and other forces opposed to the secessionists continue to generate a steady flow of displaced people. In Kashmir\u2019s \u2018war\u2019 between state forces and militants, the killing of Kashmiri Pandits by fundamentalist secessionist groups, the widespread anarchy created by political instability and the continuous violation of fundamental human rights by both the state and militant groups, have led to large- scale displacement, mainly of Kashmiri Pandits (estimated at 250,000), to Jammu and cities like Delhi. Despite the election and restoration of a popular government in 1996, those displaced have not been able to return due to the continuing reality of sporadic massacres in Kashmir. Although conditions are miserable, the displaced find that camps offer better employment opportunities, education and security.<\/span><\/li>\nIdentity-based autonomy movements, have also led to violence and displacement: <\/strong>This has happened in Punjab and more recently in the Bodo Autonomous Council area of western Assam. \u2018Cleansing\u2019 of non-Bodo communities by the Bodos, through plunder, arson, massacre and persecution, has forced a large number of non-Bodos to flee. They now live in camps.<\/span><\/li>\nLocalized violence:<\/strong>\u00a0Internal displacement has also arisen from caste disputes (as in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh), religious fundamentalism (as in urban riots in Bombay, Coimbatore, Bhagalpur and Aligarh) and aggressive denial of residency and employment rights to non-indigenous groups by supporters of the \u2018son of-the soil policy\u2019 (as in Meghalaya by the Khasi students and in Arunachal Pradesh against the Chakmas).<\/span><\/li>\nEnvironmental and development- induced displacement:<\/strong> In order to achieve rapid economic growth, India has invested in industrial projects, dams, roads, mines, power plants and new cities which have been made possible only through massive acquisition of land and subsequent dis- placement of people. According to the figures provided by the Indian Social Institute, the 21.3 million development- induced IDPs include those displaced by dams (16.4 million), mines (2.55 million), industrial development (1.25 million) and wild life sanctuaries and national parks (0.6 million).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\nDevelopment projects, particularly dams, have always generated serious controversy in India as they have tended to be a major source of displacement-related conflicts. Estimates of national resettlement forced by development a project shows that during1950-90 the number of people affected was18.5 million. According to the Central Water Commission, over 3,300 dams have been built since independence and some1,000 more are under construction. Another study of 54 large dams done by the Indian Institute of Public Administration concluded that the average number of people displaced by a large dam is 44,182.<\/span><\/p>\nOver 21,000 families were uprooted and ousted when the Pong Dam was constructed nearly 25 years ago and they have still not received the benefit of any proper rehabilitation measures. The World Bank\u2019s \u2018Project Completion Report\u2019 for the controversial Sardar Sarovar dam on the Narmada (likely to displace 0.2 million people) has cast a shadow over the project\u2019s future. India\u2019s unimpressive track record in operations and maintenance, says the report, is responsible for the uncertainty. India has borrowed US$151.5 million from the Work!Bank to build the dam. In 1993 the Bank cancelled plans to lend more due to the Indian government\u2019s failure to meet even such basic conditions as identification of the displaced and preparation of resettlement plans.<\/span><\/p>\nThe fact that development projects are usually located in remote villages, hills and forests means that those displaced tend to be the indigenous people who have been the traditional agents of conservation. Here displacement has meant a loss of livelihood habitat and assets, social disruption and disorder and severance from an eco-system which had sustained them. Most critically, these displacements threaten the poor and the weak with even greater impoverishment It is only those cases of \u2018involuntary resettlement\u2019 which come to the attention of social and environmental activists, and are thus highlighted that lead to some measure of state intervention. In most cases total displacement with loss of home and livelihood has resulted.<\/span><\/p>\nRehabilitation primarily the process of reconstruction of the livelihood of displaced persons has never been a guiding principle of the 1894 Land Acquisition Act (still in use) which instead emphasizes cash compensation for loss. The government has taken the firm stand that rehabilitation would not be a prime consideration when acquiring land for \u2018public purpose\u2019 (the definition of which has not been made public). The government has even sought to take away the right of appeal by those whose land stands to be confiscated by making the Supreme Court the only appellate forum.<\/span><\/p>\nGlobalization has been another threat to indigenous communities as private conglomerates (including foreign multi-nationals) encroach upon rural lands, hitherto the domain of tribal and other indigenous communities, to build the government\u2019s desired industrial infra-structure. The proposed amendments to the 1894 Act, if carried out, are likely to generate new waves of displacement as the Act will then make it even easier for private interests to acquire land.<\/span><\/p>\n\nNatural disaster-induced displacement<\/strong>:<\/mark> There has been massive and recurrent displacement due to floods, cyclones and landslides. A report by the Centre for Science and Environment (1991) states that India is the most flood- affected country in the world after Bangladesh and that over 30 million people are displaced annually. Flood- affected areas shot up from an average of 6.4 million hectares a year in the 1950s to 9 million hectares in the 1980s. Government flood control measures mainly consist of dams and embankments. Over 400 km of embankments have been built annually since 1954 and 256 large dams with an average height of 15 metres and above had been constructed by 1986; 154 more were under construction. Yet all these have failed to control floods and indeed dams are now cited as an important cause of floods while embankments have disrupted the natural drainage system in the flood plains.<\/span>\n\n\u2018Natural\u2019 disaster-led displacement is never recorded after the initial dose of relief and rehabilitation assistance. One of the most serious aspects of the displacement belonging to this category has been the fact that the displacement has been silent but acute and frequent.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\nDisplacement from Dams and Reservoirs<\/strong>\u00a0:\u00a0<\/strong>V<\/mark>arious dams and reservoirs such as Bhakhra Nangal Dam, Sardar Sarovar Dam, Tehri Dam, Bargi Dam and many others of this nature have been constructed, which have rendered nearly 50 lakh homeless and they are facing the problems of displacement, though government took to rehabilitation work, but displaced people are not satisfied Narmada Bachao Andolan is still on for the rehabilitation of the displaced people.<\/span><\/li>\nIndustrial Development and Displacement:<\/strong>\u00a0<\/mark>Large size industrial plants to boost the national economy were erected and land acquired for the purpose had displaced nearly 50 lakh people so far. These people are not satisfied with the compensation paid to them and efforts are made for their rehabilitation. It may be stressed that some industries produce goods of domestic use in large quantities which has rendered large number of workers, engaged in small and cottage industries jobless. Number of such displaced persons cannot be counted.<\/span><\/li>\nNew Forest Policy and Displacement:<\/strong>\u00a0<\/mark>This policy has banned traditional tribal population from taking herbs and earn their bread thus crores of people feel displaced without proper rehabilitation plans for the good of the people.<\/span><\/li>\nDisplacement caused by Urban Facilities :<\/mark>\u00a0<\/strong>Government is developing Mandi Samiti, transport facilities, educational institutions, sports facilities, etc., in urban areas for which land around urban areas have been acquired by the government and small farmers of those areas have been displaced<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\nInstitutional responses<\/span><\/h5>\n\nIndia has no national policy and legal institutional framework to deal with either refugees or IDPs. India has not ratified the 1951 Convention and 1967 Protocol and does not permit UNHCR access to most refugee groups. In the absence of a permanent institutional structure to oversee refugee issues, the granting of refugee status has been at the discretion of the political authorities. Due to a similar absence of a national policy on resettlement and rehabilitation of IDPs, there has been only piecemeal and ad hoc initiatives at project and state level.<\/span><\/li>\nEven the latest Draft National Policy for Rehabilitation of Persons: Displaced as a Consequence of Acquisition of Land proposed by the Ministry of Rural Development does not deal with any other type of displacement except that arising from land acquisition. This draft also totally disregards the plight and interests of IDPs of other categories, including those fleeing human rights violations, physical violence and communal and other sources of tension.<\/span><\/li>\nCrucially, government accountability for the consequences of state-imposed displacement has been virtually absent While the states have aggressively clamoured for more benefits from development projects, they have consistently haggled over their share of rehabilitation costs and totally disregarded the plight of those displaced The Draft National Policy for Rehabilitation is a multi- dimensional response to displacement with full rehabilitation covering<\/span>\n\nThe entire community (landless labourers, landholders, houseless, householders and even the unemployed and the forest dwellers),<\/span><\/li>\nTheir sociocultural cost of displacement and<\/span><\/li>\nEconomic dimensions such as upgrading of skill levels and the accumulation of physical assets as well as social capital.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\nThere is no international agency to deal with such types of dis- placement UNHCR\u2019s mandate in this regard has been both ad hoc and unsystematic. Only recently has UNHCR redefined its mandate to allow for the inclusion of IDPs in certain situations: when such people are present in or going back to the same areas as returning refugees; when they are living alongside a refugee population and have similar needs for protection and assistance; where the same factors have given rise to both internal and external population movements and where there are good reasons for addressing those problems by means of a single humanitarian operation; where there is a potential for cross-border movement and where the provision of assistance to the internally displaced may enable them to remain in safety in their own country.<\/span><\/li>\nDisplacement is not migration, because migration is on account of individual\u2019s free will for his own good while displacement is forced by the state. Sometimes the government provides some facilities to the displaced person and families and sometime they are asked to make their own arrangements.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\nMeasures to Check Displacement<\/span><\/h5>\nSince the problem of development induced displacement is a question of life and death for a very large population, therefore, we suggest following measures to check the problems<\/span><\/p>\n\nBefore undertaking any development project it must be evaluated by experts so that only minimum numbers of people are displaced<\/span><\/li>\nThe execution of such big projects be handled by honest and efficient persons so that they are completed in due time and proper rehabilitation of displaced is ensured<\/span><\/li>\nPlans must be made for the employment of the displaced people.<\/span><\/li>\nCash compensation to displaced persons does not serve the purpose. Therefore, they should be provided with living space, educational and medical facilities for their children and family members as well as employment to the displaced<\/span><\/li>\nDispersal of industries instead of their concentration in some selected areas will benefit large number of people and reduce the large scale displacement<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/span>
The process of Social Transformations brings about change in the above mentioned different aspect of <\/span>social life and side by side generates new social problems.<\/span><\/p>\nIt is a broad concept used to indicate social dynamics. The ideas, conveying the meaning of \u2018evolution, <\/span>\u2018progress\u2019 and \u2018change\u2019 on the one hand and the meaning of \u2018development\u2019, \u2018modernization\u2019 and \u2018revolution\u2019 on the other, are incorporated within the concept of the process of social transformation. If the process of social transformation is suppressed it generates new social problems i.e., farmers unrest, Naxalism, unemployment, youth unrest etc. If the process of transformation taking a natural course, the society faces the problems of adjustment i.e., generation gap, caste conflict etc, poverty, inequality, and deprivation, displacement, during the transitional phase of the decline of the old system and emergence of the new system.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/span>What is Development?<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\nDevelopment is a stage in which with the help of his knowledge and skill man is able to relieve himself from the natural environment and molds it for his own advantage. It involves extraction of natural mineral from the land and sea water and controlling the flow of natural surface water for generation or power and transforming land for the development of transport facilities and industrial establishment Naturally such development activities provide economic benefits and it is the only way for the progress of human civilization.<\/span><\/p>\nMain characteristics of development are as follows:<\/span><\/h3>\n\nDevelopment modifies natural environment for human advantage.<\/span><\/li>\nDevelopment is a change on account of best use of technological and economic capabilities.<\/span><\/li>\nDevelopment increases physical and economic capability, hence, it can be measured in terms of its social benefits.<\/span><\/li>\nDevelopment brings about economic and technological change; therefore, socio-cultural change is its secondary aspect<\/span><\/li>\nDevelopment leads human life from simplicity to complexity.<\/span><\/li>\nDevelopment leads to division of labour and specialization in job.<\/span><\/li>\nDevelopment provides various options to man to fulfil his needs.<\/span><\/li>\nDevelopment is an upward trend in the production of various goods and instrument for our use.<\/span><\/li>\nProper planning is essential for proper development<\/span><\/li>\nSome types of development if not controlled properly such as weaponry may lead to human devastation.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\nDevelopment is necessary for the progress but it cannot be done without changing the land use and erecting some form of new structure and for this the original user of the land has to be displaced which if not done with the free will and convenience for the original user, it is bound to create problems to him. Such problems are termed as development induced displacement problems. In short,\u00a0this is crisis of development.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\nMeaning of Displacement:<\/span><\/h3>\nWe find that since early days of human civilization human settlements are along rivers and have agricultural landmass around their settlements. When government plans some types of development, such as construction of dam, power generation plant, construction of road or railway and development of industrial area etc., it acquires land for the purpose. After paying some compensation asks the original owners of the land acquired to vacate it If they do not do so willingly they are removed from the acquired land by force. This process is termed as\u00a0development induced displacement.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\nTypes of Displacement:<\/span><\/h4>\nIn India, there are four broad categories of displacement:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\nPolitical causes, including secessionist movements:<\/strong>\u00a0Since independence, north-east India has witnessed two major armed conflicts: the Naga movement primarily led by the National Socialist Council of Nagaland and the Assam movement led by the All Assam Students Union and now largely taken over by the extremist United Liberation Front of Assam. The violence and retaliatory responses from the gov- eminent and other forces opposed to the secessionists continue to generate a steady flow of displaced people. In Kashmir\u2019s \u2018war\u2019 between state forces and militants, the killing of Kashmiri Pandits by fundamentalist secessionist groups, the widespread anarchy created by political instability and the continuous violation of fundamental human rights by both the state and militant groups, have led to large- scale displacement, mainly of Kashmiri Pandits (estimated at 250,000), to Jammu and cities like Delhi. Despite the election and restoration of a popular government in 1996, those displaced have not been able to return due to the continuing reality of sporadic massacres in Kashmir. Although conditions are miserable, the displaced find that camps offer better employment opportunities, education and security.<\/span><\/li>\nIdentity-based autonomy movements, have also led to violence and displacement: <\/strong>This has happened in Punjab and more recently in the Bodo Autonomous Council area of western Assam. \u2018Cleansing\u2019 of non-Bodo communities by the Bodos, through plunder, arson, massacre and persecution, has forced a large number of non-Bodos to flee. They now live in camps.<\/span><\/li>\nLocalized violence:<\/strong>\u00a0Internal displacement has also arisen from caste disputes (as in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh), religious fundamentalism (as in urban riots in Bombay, Coimbatore, Bhagalpur and Aligarh) and aggressive denial of residency and employment rights to non-indigenous groups by supporters of the \u2018son of-the soil policy\u2019 (as in Meghalaya by the Khasi students and in Arunachal Pradesh against the Chakmas).<\/span><\/li>\nEnvironmental and development- induced displacement:<\/strong> In order to achieve rapid economic growth, India has invested in industrial projects, dams, roads, mines, power plants and new cities which have been made possible only through massive acquisition of land and subsequent dis- placement of people. According to the figures provided by the Indian Social Institute, the 21.3 million development- induced IDPs include those displaced by dams (16.4 million), mines (2.55 million), industrial development (1.25 million) and wild life sanctuaries and national parks (0.6 million).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\nDevelopment projects, particularly dams, have always generated serious controversy in India as they have tended to be a major source of displacement-related conflicts. Estimates of national resettlement forced by development a project shows that during1950-90 the number of people affected was18.5 million. According to the Central Water Commission, over 3,300 dams have been built since independence and some1,000 more are under construction. Another study of 54 large dams done by the Indian Institute of Public Administration concluded that the average number of people displaced by a large dam is 44,182.<\/span><\/p>\nOver 21,000 families were uprooted and ousted when the Pong Dam was constructed nearly 25 years ago and they have still not received the benefit of any proper rehabilitation measures. The World Bank\u2019s \u2018Project Completion Report\u2019 for the controversial Sardar Sarovar dam on the Narmada (likely to displace 0.2 million people) has cast a shadow over the project\u2019s future. India\u2019s unimpressive track record in operations and maintenance, says the report, is responsible for the uncertainty. India has borrowed US$151.5 million from the Work!Bank to build the dam. In 1993 the Bank cancelled plans to lend more due to the Indian government\u2019s failure to meet even such basic conditions as identification of the displaced and preparation of resettlement plans.<\/span><\/p>\nThe fact that development projects are usually located in remote villages, hills and forests means that those displaced tend to be the indigenous people who have been the traditional agents of conservation. Here displacement has meant a loss of livelihood habitat and assets, social disruption and disorder and severance from an eco-system which had sustained them. Most critically, these displacements threaten the poor and the weak with even greater impoverishment It is only those cases of \u2018involuntary resettlement\u2019 which come to the attention of social and environmental activists, and are thus highlighted that lead to some measure of state intervention. In most cases total displacement with loss of home and livelihood has resulted.<\/span><\/p>\nRehabilitation primarily the process of reconstruction of the livelihood of displaced persons has never been a guiding principle of the 1894 Land Acquisition Act (still in use) which instead emphasizes cash compensation for loss. The government has taken the firm stand that rehabilitation would not be a prime consideration when acquiring land for \u2018public purpose\u2019 (the definition of which has not been made public). The government has even sought to take away the right of appeal by those whose land stands to be confiscated by making the Supreme Court the only appellate forum.<\/span><\/p>\nGlobalization has been another threat to indigenous communities as private conglomerates (including foreign multi-nationals) encroach upon rural lands, hitherto the domain of tribal and other indigenous communities, to build the government\u2019s desired industrial infra-structure. The proposed amendments to the 1894 Act, if carried out, are likely to generate new waves of displacement as the Act will then make it even easier for private interests to acquire land.<\/span><\/p>\n\nNatural disaster-induced displacement<\/strong>:<\/mark> There has been massive and recurrent displacement due to floods, cyclones and landslides. A report by the Centre for Science and Environment (1991) states that India is the most flood- affected country in the world after Bangladesh and that over 30 million people are displaced annually. Flood- affected areas shot up from an average of 6.4 million hectares a year in the 1950s to 9 million hectares in the 1980s. Government flood control measures mainly consist of dams and embankments. Over 400 km of embankments have been built annually since 1954 and 256 large dams with an average height of 15 metres and above had been constructed by 1986; 154 more were under construction. Yet all these have failed to control floods and indeed dams are now cited as an important cause of floods while embankments have disrupted the natural drainage system in the flood plains.<\/span>\n\n\u2018Natural\u2019 disaster-led displacement is never recorded after the initial dose of relief and rehabilitation assistance. One of the most serious aspects of the displacement belonging to this category has been the fact that the displacement has been silent but acute and frequent.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\nDisplacement from Dams and Reservoirs<\/strong>\u00a0:\u00a0<\/strong>V<\/mark>arious dams and reservoirs such as Bhakhra Nangal Dam, Sardar Sarovar Dam, Tehri Dam, Bargi Dam and many others of this nature have been constructed, which have rendered nearly 50 lakh homeless and they are facing the problems of displacement, though government took to rehabilitation work, but displaced people are not satisfied Narmada Bachao Andolan is still on for the rehabilitation of the displaced people.<\/span><\/li>\nIndustrial Development and Displacement:<\/strong>\u00a0<\/mark>Large size industrial plants to boost the national economy were erected and land acquired for the purpose had displaced nearly 50 lakh people so far. These people are not satisfied with the compensation paid to them and efforts are made for their rehabilitation. It may be stressed that some industries produce goods of domestic use in large quantities which has rendered large number of workers, engaged in small and cottage industries jobless. Number of such displaced persons cannot be counted.<\/span><\/li>\nNew Forest Policy and Displacement:<\/strong>\u00a0<\/mark>This policy has banned traditional tribal population from taking herbs and earn their bread thus crores of people feel displaced without proper rehabilitation plans for the good of the people.<\/span><\/li>\nDisplacement caused by Urban Facilities :<\/mark>\u00a0<\/strong>Government is developing Mandi Samiti, transport facilities, educational institutions, sports facilities, etc., in urban areas for which land around urban areas have been acquired by the government and small farmers of those areas have been displaced<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\nInstitutional responses<\/span><\/h5>\n\nIndia has no national policy and legal institutional framework to deal with either refugees or IDPs. India has not ratified the 1951 Convention and 1967 Protocol and does not permit UNHCR access to most refugee groups. In the absence of a permanent institutional structure to oversee refugee issues, the granting of refugee status has been at the discretion of the political authorities. Due to a similar absence of a national policy on resettlement and rehabilitation of IDPs, there has been only piecemeal and ad hoc initiatives at project and state level.<\/span><\/li>\nEven the latest Draft National Policy for Rehabilitation of Persons: Displaced as a Consequence of Acquisition of Land proposed by the Ministry of Rural Development does not deal with any other type of displacement except that arising from land acquisition. This draft also totally disregards the plight and interests of IDPs of other categories, including those fleeing human rights violations, physical violence and communal and other sources of tension.<\/span><\/li>\nCrucially, government accountability for the consequences of state-imposed displacement has been virtually absent While the states have aggressively clamoured for more benefits from development projects, they have consistently haggled over their share of rehabilitation costs and totally disregarded the plight of those displaced The Draft National Policy for Rehabilitation is a multi- dimensional response to displacement with full rehabilitation covering<\/span>\n\nThe entire community (landless labourers, landholders, houseless, householders and even the unemployed and the forest dwellers),<\/span><\/li>\nTheir sociocultural cost of displacement and<\/span><\/li>\nEconomic dimensions such as upgrading of skill levels and the accumulation of physical assets as well as social capital.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\nThere is no international agency to deal with such types of dis- placement UNHCR\u2019s mandate in this regard has been both ad hoc and unsystematic. Only recently has UNHCR redefined its mandate to allow for the inclusion of IDPs in certain situations: when such people are present in or going back to the same areas as returning refugees; when they are living alongside a refugee population and have similar needs for protection and assistance; where the same factors have given rise to both internal and external population movements and where there are good reasons for addressing those problems by means of a single humanitarian operation; where there is a potential for cross-border movement and where the provision of assistance to the internally displaced may enable them to remain in safety in their own country.<\/span><\/li>\nDisplacement is not migration, because migration is on account of individual\u2019s free will for his own good while displacement is forced by the state. Sometimes the government provides some facilities to the displaced person and families and sometime they are asked to make their own arrangements.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\nMeasures to Check Displacement<\/span><\/h5>\nSince the problem of development induced displacement is a question of life and death for a very large population, therefore, we suggest following measures to check the problems<\/span><\/p>\n\nBefore undertaking any development project it must be evaluated by experts so that only minimum numbers of people are displaced<\/span><\/li>\nThe execution of such big projects be handled by honest and efficient persons so that they are completed in due time and proper rehabilitation of displaced is ensured<\/span><\/li>\nPlans must be made for the employment of the displaced people.<\/span><\/li>\nCash compensation to displaced persons does not serve the purpose. Therefore, they should be provided with living space, educational and medical facilities for their children and family members as well as employment to the displaced<\/span><\/li>\nDispersal of industries instead of their concentration in some selected areas will benefit large number of people and reduce the large scale displacement<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/span>
It is a broad concept used to indicate social dynamics. The ideas, conveying the meaning of \u2018evolution, <\/span>\u2018progress\u2019 and \u2018change\u2019 on the one hand and the meaning of \u2018development\u2019, \u2018modernization\u2019 and \u2018revolution\u2019 on the other, are incorporated within the concept of the process of social transformation. If the process of social transformation is suppressed it generates new social problems i.e., farmers unrest, Naxalism, unemployment, youth unrest etc. If the process of transformation taking a natural course, the society faces the problems of adjustment i.e., generation gap, caste conflict etc, poverty, inequality, and deprivation, displacement, during the transitional phase of the decline of the old system and emergence of the new system.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/span>What is Development?<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\nDevelopment is a stage in which with the help of his knowledge and skill man is able to relieve himself from the natural environment and molds it for his own advantage. It involves extraction of natural mineral from the land and sea water and controlling the flow of natural surface water for generation or power and transforming land for the development of transport facilities and industrial establishment Naturally such development activities provide economic benefits and it is the only way for the progress of human civilization.<\/span><\/p>\nMain characteristics of development are as follows:<\/span><\/h3>\n\nDevelopment modifies natural environment for human advantage.<\/span><\/li>\nDevelopment is a change on account of best use of technological and economic capabilities.<\/span><\/li>\nDevelopment increases physical and economic capability, hence, it can be measured in terms of its social benefits.<\/span><\/li>\nDevelopment brings about economic and technological change; therefore, socio-cultural change is its secondary aspect<\/span><\/li>\nDevelopment leads human life from simplicity to complexity.<\/span><\/li>\nDevelopment leads to division of labour and specialization in job.<\/span><\/li>\nDevelopment provides various options to man to fulfil his needs.<\/span><\/li>\nDevelopment is an upward trend in the production of various goods and instrument for our use.<\/span><\/li>\nProper planning is essential for proper development<\/span><\/li>\nSome types of development if not controlled properly such as weaponry may lead to human devastation.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\nDevelopment is necessary for the progress but it cannot be done without changing the land use and erecting some form of new structure and for this the original user of the land has to be displaced which if not done with the free will and convenience for the original user, it is bound to create problems to him. Such problems are termed as development induced displacement problems. In short,\u00a0this is crisis of development.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\nMeaning of Displacement:<\/span><\/h3>\nWe find that since early days of human civilization human settlements are along rivers and have agricultural landmass around their settlements. When government plans some types of development, such as construction of dam, power generation plant, construction of road or railway and development of industrial area etc., it acquires land for the purpose. After paying some compensation asks the original owners of the land acquired to vacate it If they do not do so willingly they are removed from the acquired land by force. This process is termed as\u00a0development induced displacement.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\nTypes of Displacement:<\/span><\/h4>\nIn India, there are four broad categories of displacement:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\nPolitical causes, including secessionist movements:<\/strong>\u00a0Since independence, north-east India has witnessed two major armed conflicts: the Naga movement primarily led by the National Socialist Council of Nagaland and the Assam movement led by the All Assam Students Union and now largely taken over by the extremist United Liberation Front of Assam. The violence and retaliatory responses from the gov- eminent and other forces opposed to the secessionists continue to generate a steady flow of displaced people. In Kashmir\u2019s \u2018war\u2019 between state forces and militants, the killing of Kashmiri Pandits by fundamentalist secessionist groups, the widespread anarchy created by political instability and the continuous violation of fundamental human rights by both the state and militant groups, have led to large- scale displacement, mainly of Kashmiri Pandits (estimated at 250,000), to Jammu and cities like Delhi. Despite the election and restoration of a popular government in 1996, those displaced have not been able to return due to the continuing reality of sporadic massacres in Kashmir. Although conditions are miserable, the displaced find that camps offer better employment opportunities, education and security.<\/span><\/li>\nIdentity-based autonomy movements, have also led to violence and displacement: <\/strong>This has happened in Punjab and more recently in the Bodo Autonomous Council area of western Assam. \u2018Cleansing\u2019 of non-Bodo communities by the Bodos, through plunder, arson, massacre and persecution, has forced a large number of non-Bodos to flee. They now live in camps.<\/span><\/li>\nLocalized violence:<\/strong>\u00a0Internal displacement has also arisen from caste disputes (as in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh), religious fundamentalism (as in urban riots in Bombay, Coimbatore, Bhagalpur and Aligarh) and aggressive denial of residency and employment rights to non-indigenous groups by supporters of the \u2018son of-the soil policy\u2019 (as in Meghalaya by the Khasi students and in Arunachal Pradesh against the Chakmas).<\/span><\/li>\nEnvironmental and development- induced displacement:<\/strong> In order to achieve rapid economic growth, India has invested in industrial projects, dams, roads, mines, power plants and new cities which have been made possible only through massive acquisition of land and subsequent dis- placement of people. According to the figures provided by the Indian Social Institute, the 21.3 million development- induced IDPs include those displaced by dams (16.4 million), mines (2.55 million), industrial development (1.25 million) and wild life sanctuaries and national parks (0.6 million).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\nDevelopment projects, particularly dams, have always generated serious controversy in India as they have tended to be a major source of displacement-related conflicts. Estimates of national resettlement forced by development a project shows that during1950-90 the number of people affected was18.5 million. According to the Central Water Commission, over 3,300 dams have been built since independence and some1,000 more are under construction. Another study of 54 large dams done by the Indian Institute of Public Administration concluded that the average number of people displaced by a large dam is 44,182.<\/span><\/p>\nOver 21,000 families were uprooted and ousted when the Pong Dam was constructed nearly 25 years ago and they have still not received the benefit of any proper rehabilitation measures. The World Bank\u2019s \u2018Project Completion Report\u2019 for the controversial Sardar Sarovar dam on the Narmada (likely to displace 0.2 million people) has cast a shadow over the project\u2019s future. India\u2019s unimpressive track record in operations and maintenance, says the report, is responsible for the uncertainty. India has borrowed US$151.5 million from the Work!Bank to build the dam. In 1993 the Bank cancelled plans to lend more due to the Indian government\u2019s failure to meet even such basic conditions as identification of the displaced and preparation of resettlement plans.<\/span><\/p>\nThe fact that development projects are usually located in remote villages, hills and forests means that those displaced tend to be the indigenous people who have been the traditional agents of conservation. Here displacement has meant a loss of livelihood habitat and assets, social disruption and disorder and severance from an eco-system which had sustained them. Most critically, these displacements threaten the poor and the weak with even greater impoverishment It is only those cases of \u2018involuntary resettlement\u2019 which come to the attention of social and environmental activists, and are thus highlighted that lead to some measure of state intervention. In most cases total displacement with loss of home and livelihood has resulted.<\/span><\/p>\nRehabilitation primarily the process of reconstruction of the livelihood of displaced persons has never been a guiding principle of the 1894 Land Acquisition Act (still in use) which instead emphasizes cash compensation for loss. The government has taken the firm stand that rehabilitation would not be a prime consideration when acquiring land for \u2018public purpose\u2019 (the definition of which has not been made public). The government has even sought to take away the right of appeal by those whose land stands to be confiscated by making the Supreme Court the only appellate forum.<\/span><\/p>\nGlobalization has been another threat to indigenous communities as private conglomerates (including foreign multi-nationals) encroach upon rural lands, hitherto the domain of tribal and other indigenous communities, to build the government\u2019s desired industrial infra-structure. The proposed amendments to the 1894 Act, if carried out, are likely to generate new waves of displacement as the Act will then make it even easier for private interests to acquire land.<\/span><\/p>\n\nNatural disaster-induced displacement<\/strong>:<\/mark> There has been massive and recurrent displacement due to floods, cyclones and landslides. A report by the Centre for Science and Environment (1991) states that India is the most flood- affected country in the world after Bangladesh and that over 30 million people are displaced annually. Flood- affected areas shot up from an average of 6.4 million hectares a year in the 1950s to 9 million hectares in the 1980s. Government flood control measures mainly consist of dams and embankments. Over 400 km of embankments have been built annually since 1954 and 256 large dams with an average height of 15 metres and above had been constructed by 1986; 154 more were under construction. Yet all these have failed to control floods and indeed dams are now cited as an important cause of floods while embankments have disrupted the natural drainage system in the flood plains.<\/span>\n\n\u2018Natural\u2019 disaster-led displacement is never recorded after the initial dose of relief and rehabilitation assistance. One of the most serious aspects of the displacement belonging to this category has been the fact that the displacement has been silent but acute and frequent.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\nDisplacement from Dams and Reservoirs<\/strong>\u00a0:\u00a0<\/strong>V<\/mark>arious dams and reservoirs such as Bhakhra Nangal Dam, Sardar Sarovar Dam, Tehri Dam, Bargi Dam and many others of this nature have been constructed, which have rendered nearly 50 lakh homeless and they are facing the problems of displacement, though government took to rehabilitation work, but displaced people are not satisfied Narmada Bachao Andolan is still on for the rehabilitation of the displaced people.<\/span><\/li>\nIndustrial Development and Displacement:<\/strong>\u00a0<\/mark>Large size industrial plants to boost the national economy were erected and land acquired for the purpose had displaced nearly 50 lakh people so far. These people are not satisfied with the compensation paid to them and efforts are made for their rehabilitation. It may be stressed that some industries produce goods of domestic use in large quantities which has rendered large number of workers, engaged in small and cottage industries jobless. Number of such displaced persons cannot be counted.<\/span><\/li>\nNew Forest Policy and Displacement:<\/strong>\u00a0<\/mark>This policy has banned traditional tribal population from taking herbs and earn their bread thus crores of people feel displaced without proper rehabilitation plans for the good of the people.<\/span><\/li>\nDisplacement caused by Urban Facilities :<\/mark>\u00a0<\/strong>Government is developing Mandi Samiti, transport facilities, educational institutions, sports facilities, etc., in urban areas for which land around urban areas have been acquired by the government and small farmers of those areas have been displaced<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\nInstitutional responses<\/span><\/h5>\n\nIndia has no national policy and legal institutional framework to deal with either refugees or IDPs. India has not ratified the 1951 Convention and 1967 Protocol and does not permit UNHCR access to most refugee groups. In the absence of a permanent institutional structure to oversee refugee issues, the granting of refugee status has been at the discretion of the political authorities. Due to a similar absence of a national policy on resettlement and rehabilitation of IDPs, there has been only piecemeal and ad hoc initiatives at project and state level.<\/span><\/li>\nEven the latest Draft National Policy for Rehabilitation of Persons: Displaced as a Consequence of Acquisition of Land proposed by the Ministry of Rural Development does not deal with any other type of displacement except that arising from land acquisition. This draft also totally disregards the plight and interests of IDPs of other categories, including those fleeing human rights violations, physical violence and communal and other sources of tension.<\/span><\/li>\nCrucially, government accountability for the consequences of state-imposed displacement has been virtually absent While the states have aggressively clamoured for more benefits from development projects, they have consistently haggled over their share of rehabilitation costs and totally disregarded the plight of those displaced The Draft National Policy for Rehabilitation is a multi- dimensional response to displacement with full rehabilitation covering<\/span>\n\nThe entire community (landless labourers, landholders, houseless, householders and even the unemployed and the forest dwellers),<\/span><\/li>\nTheir sociocultural cost of displacement and<\/span><\/li>\nEconomic dimensions such as upgrading of skill levels and the accumulation of physical assets as well as social capital.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\nThere is no international agency to deal with such types of dis- placement UNHCR\u2019s mandate in this regard has been both ad hoc and unsystematic. Only recently has UNHCR redefined its mandate to allow for the inclusion of IDPs in certain situations: when such people are present in or going back to the same areas as returning refugees; when they are living alongside a refugee population and have similar needs for protection and assistance; where the same factors have given rise to both internal and external population movements and where there are good reasons for addressing those problems by means of a single humanitarian operation; where there is a potential for cross-border movement and where the provision of assistance to the internally displaced may enable them to remain in safety in their own country.<\/span><\/li>\nDisplacement is not migration, because migration is on account of individual\u2019s free will for his own good while displacement is forced by the state. Sometimes the government provides some facilities to the displaced person and families and sometime they are asked to make their own arrangements.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\nMeasures to Check Displacement<\/span><\/h5>\nSince the problem of development induced displacement is a question of life and death for a very large population, therefore, we suggest following measures to check the problems<\/span><\/p>\n\nBefore undertaking any development project it must be evaluated by experts so that only minimum numbers of people are displaced<\/span><\/li>\nThe execution of such big projects be handled by honest and efficient persons so that they are completed in due time and proper rehabilitation of displaced is ensured<\/span><\/li>\nPlans must be made for the employment of the displaced people.<\/span><\/li>\nCash compensation to displaced persons does not serve the purpose. Therefore, they should be provided with living space, educational and medical facilities for their children and family members as well as employment to the displaced<\/span><\/li>\nDispersal of industries instead of their concentration in some selected areas will benefit large number of people and reduce the large scale displacement<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/span>
Development is a stage in which with the help of his knowledge and skill man is able to relieve himself from the natural environment and molds it for his own advantage. It involves extraction of natural mineral from the land and sea water and controlling the flow of natural surface water for generation or power and transforming land for the development of transport facilities and industrial establishment Naturally such development activities provide economic benefits and it is the only way for the progress of human civilization.<\/span><\/p>\nMain characteristics of development are as follows:<\/span><\/h3>\n\nDevelopment modifies natural environment for human advantage.<\/span><\/li>\nDevelopment is a change on account of best use of technological and economic capabilities.<\/span><\/li>\nDevelopment increases physical and economic capability, hence, it can be measured in terms of its social benefits.<\/span><\/li>\nDevelopment brings about economic and technological change; therefore, socio-cultural change is its secondary aspect<\/span><\/li>\nDevelopment leads human life from simplicity to complexity.<\/span><\/li>\nDevelopment leads to division of labour and specialization in job.<\/span><\/li>\nDevelopment provides various options to man to fulfil his needs.<\/span><\/li>\nDevelopment is an upward trend in the production of various goods and instrument for our use.<\/span><\/li>\nProper planning is essential for proper development<\/span><\/li>\nSome types of development if not controlled properly such as weaponry may lead to human devastation.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\nDevelopment is necessary for the progress but it cannot be done without changing the land use and erecting some form of new structure and for this the original user of the land has to be displaced which if not done with the free will and convenience for the original user, it is bound to create problems to him. Such problems are termed as development induced displacement problems. In short,\u00a0this is crisis of development.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\nMeaning of Displacement:<\/span><\/h3>\nWe find that since early days of human civilization human settlements are along rivers and have agricultural landmass around their settlements. When government plans some types of development, such as construction of dam, power generation plant, construction of road or railway and development of industrial area etc., it acquires land for the purpose. After paying some compensation asks the original owners of the land acquired to vacate it If they do not do so willingly they are removed from the acquired land by force. This process is termed as\u00a0development induced displacement.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\nTypes of Displacement:<\/span><\/h4>\nIn India, there are four broad categories of displacement:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\nPolitical causes, including secessionist movements:<\/strong>\u00a0Since independence, north-east India has witnessed two major armed conflicts: the Naga movement primarily led by the National Socialist Council of Nagaland and the Assam movement led by the All Assam Students Union and now largely taken over by the extremist United Liberation Front of Assam. The violence and retaliatory responses from the gov- eminent and other forces opposed to the secessionists continue to generate a steady flow of displaced people. In Kashmir\u2019s \u2018war\u2019 between state forces and militants, the killing of Kashmiri Pandits by fundamentalist secessionist groups, the widespread anarchy created by political instability and the continuous violation of fundamental human rights by both the state and militant groups, have led to large- scale displacement, mainly of Kashmiri Pandits (estimated at 250,000), to Jammu and cities like Delhi. Despite the election and restoration of a popular government in 1996, those displaced have not been able to return due to the continuing reality of sporadic massacres in Kashmir. Although conditions are miserable, the displaced find that camps offer better employment opportunities, education and security.<\/span><\/li>\nIdentity-based autonomy movements, have also led to violence and displacement: <\/strong>This has happened in Punjab and more recently in the Bodo Autonomous Council area of western Assam. \u2018Cleansing\u2019 of non-Bodo communities by the Bodos, through plunder, arson, massacre and persecution, has forced a large number of non-Bodos to flee. They now live in camps.<\/span><\/li>\nLocalized violence:<\/strong>\u00a0Internal displacement has also arisen from caste disputes (as in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh), religious fundamentalism (as in urban riots in Bombay, Coimbatore, Bhagalpur and Aligarh) and aggressive denial of residency and employment rights to non-indigenous groups by supporters of the \u2018son of-the soil policy\u2019 (as in Meghalaya by the Khasi students and in Arunachal Pradesh against the Chakmas).<\/span><\/li>\nEnvironmental and development- induced displacement:<\/strong> In order to achieve rapid economic growth, India has invested in industrial projects, dams, roads, mines, power plants and new cities which have been made possible only through massive acquisition of land and subsequent dis- placement of people. According to the figures provided by the Indian Social Institute, the 21.3 million development- induced IDPs include those displaced by dams (16.4 million), mines (2.55 million), industrial development (1.25 million) and wild life sanctuaries and national parks (0.6 million).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\nDevelopment projects, particularly dams, have always generated serious controversy in India as they have tended to be a major source of displacement-related conflicts. Estimates of national resettlement forced by development a project shows that during1950-90 the number of people affected was18.5 million. According to the Central Water Commission, over 3,300 dams have been built since independence and some1,000 more are under construction. Another study of 54 large dams done by the Indian Institute of Public Administration concluded that the average number of people displaced by a large dam is 44,182.<\/span><\/p>\nOver 21,000 families were uprooted and ousted when the Pong Dam was constructed nearly 25 years ago and they have still not received the benefit of any proper rehabilitation measures. The World Bank\u2019s \u2018Project Completion Report\u2019 for the controversial Sardar Sarovar dam on the Narmada (likely to displace 0.2 million people) has cast a shadow over the project\u2019s future. India\u2019s unimpressive track record in operations and maintenance, says the report, is responsible for the uncertainty. India has borrowed US$151.5 million from the Work!Bank to build the dam. In 1993 the Bank cancelled plans to lend more due to the Indian government\u2019s failure to meet even such basic conditions as identification of the displaced and preparation of resettlement plans.<\/span><\/p>\nThe fact that development projects are usually located in remote villages, hills and forests means that those displaced tend to be the indigenous people who have been the traditional agents of conservation. Here displacement has meant a loss of livelihood habitat and assets, social disruption and disorder and severance from an eco-system which had sustained them. Most critically, these displacements threaten the poor and the weak with even greater impoverishment It is only those cases of \u2018involuntary resettlement\u2019 which come to the attention of social and environmental activists, and are thus highlighted that lead to some measure of state intervention. In most cases total displacement with loss of home and livelihood has resulted.<\/span><\/p>\nRehabilitation primarily the process of reconstruction of the livelihood of displaced persons has never been a guiding principle of the 1894 Land Acquisition Act (still in use) which instead emphasizes cash compensation for loss. The government has taken the firm stand that rehabilitation would not be a prime consideration when acquiring land for \u2018public purpose\u2019 (the definition of which has not been made public). The government has even sought to take away the right of appeal by those whose land stands to be confiscated by making the Supreme Court the only appellate forum.<\/span><\/p>\nGlobalization has been another threat to indigenous communities as private conglomerates (including foreign multi-nationals) encroach upon rural lands, hitherto the domain of tribal and other indigenous communities, to build the government\u2019s desired industrial infra-structure. The proposed amendments to the 1894 Act, if carried out, are likely to generate new waves of displacement as the Act will then make it even easier for private interests to acquire land.<\/span><\/p>\n\nNatural disaster-induced displacement<\/strong>:<\/mark> There has been massive and recurrent displacement due to floods, cyclones and landslides. A report by the Centre for Science and Environment (1991) states that India is the most flood- affected country in the world after Bangladesh and that over 30 million people are displaced annually. Flood- affected areas shot up from an average of 6.4 million hectares a year in the 1950s to 9 million hectares in the 1980s. Government flood control measures mainly consist of dams and embankments. Over 400 km of embankments have been built annually since 1954 and 256 large dams with an average height of 15 metres and above had been constructed by 1986; 154 more were under construction. Yet all these have failed to control floods and indeed dams are now cited as an important cause of floods while embankments have disrupted the natural drainage system in the flood plains.<\/span>\n\n\u2018Natural\u2019 disaster-led displacement is never recorded after the initial dose of relief and rehabilitation assistance. One of the most serious aspects of the displacement belonging to this category has been the fact that the displacement has been silent but acute and frequent.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\nDisplacement from Dams and Reservoirs<\/strong>\u00a0:\u00a0<\/strong>V<\/mark>arious dams and reservoirs such as Bhakhra Nangal Dam, Sardar Sarovar Dam, Tehri Dam, Bargi Dam and many others of this nature have been constructed, which have rendered nearly 50 lakh homeless and they are facing the problems of displacement, though government took to rehabilitation work, but displaced people are not satisfied Narmada Bachao Andolan is still on for the rehabilitation of the displaced people.<\/span><\/li>\nIndustrial Development and Displacement:<\/strong>\u00a0<\/mark>Large size industrial plants to boost the national economy were erected and land acquired for the purpose had displaced nearly 50 lakh people so far. These people are not satisfied with the compensation paid to them and efforts are made for their rehabilitation. It may be stressed that some industries produce goods of domestic use in large quantities which has rendered large number of workers, engaged in small and cottage industries jobless. Number of such displaced persons cannot be counted.<\/span><\/li>\nNew Forest Policy and Displacement:<\/strong>\u00a0<\/mark>This policy has banned traditional tribal population from taking herbs and earn their bread thus crores of people feel displaced without proper rehabilitation plans for the good of the people.<\/span><\/li>\nDisplacement caused by Urban Facilities :<\/mark>\u00a0<\/strong>Government is developing Mandi Samiti, transport facilities, educational institutions, sports facilities, etc., in urban areas for which land around urban areas have been acquired by the government and small farmers of those areas have been displaced<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\nInstitutional responses<\/span><\/h5>\n\nIndia has no national policy and legal institutional framework to deal with either refugees or IDPs. India has not ratified the 1951 Convention and 1967 Protocol and does not permit UNHCR access to most refugee groups. In the absence of a permanent institutional structure to oversee refugee issues, the granting of refugee status has been at the discretion of the political authorities. Due to a similar absence of a national policy on resettlement and rehabilitation of IDPs, there has been only piecemeal and ad hoc initiatives at project and state level.<\/span><\/li>\nEven the latest Draft National Policy for Rehabilitation of Persons: Displaced as a Consequence of Acquisition of Land proposed by the Ministry of Rural Development does not deal with any other type of displacement except that arising from land acquisition. This draft also totally disregards the plight and interests of IDPs of other categories, including those fleeing human rights violations, physical violence and communal and other sources of tension.<\/span><\/li>\nCrucially, government accountability for the consequences of state-imposed displacement has been virtually absent While the states have aggressively clamoured for more benefits from development projects, they have consistently haggled over their share of rehabilitation costs and totally disregarded the plight of those displaced The Draft National Policy for Rehabilitation is a multi- dimensional response to displacement with full rehabilitation covering<\/span>\n\nThe entire community (landless labourers, landholders, houseless, householders and even the unemployed and the forest dwellers),<\/span><\/li>\nTheir sociocultural cost of displacement and<\/span><\/li>\nEconomic dimensions such as upgrading of skill levels and the accumulation of physical assets as well as social capital.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\nThere is no international agency to deal with such types of dis- placement UNHCR\u2019s mandate in this regard has been both ad hoc and unsystematic. Only recently has UNHCR redefined its mandate to allow for the inclusion of IDPs in certain situations: when such people are present in or going back to the same areas as returning refugees; when they are living alongside a refugee population and have similar needs for protection and assistance; where the same factors have given rise to both internal and external population movements and where there are good reasons for addressing those problems by means of a single humanitarian operation; where there is a potential for cross-border movement and where the provision of assistance to the internally displaced may enable them to remain in safety in their own country.<\/span><\/li>\nDisplacement is not migration, because migration is on account of individual\u2019s free will for his own good while displacement is forced by the state. Sometimes the government provides some facilities to the displaced person and families and sometime they are asked to make their own arrangements.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\nMeasures to Check Displacement<\/span><\/h5>\nSince the problem of development induced displacement is a question of life and death for a very large population, therefore, we suggest following measures to check the problems<\/span><\/p>\n\nBefore undertaking any development project it must be evaluated by experts so that only minimum numbers of people are displaced<\/span><\/li>\nThe execution of such big projects be handled by honest and efficient persons so that they are completed in due time and proper rehabilitation of displaced is ensured<\/span><\/li>\nPlans must be made for the employment of the displaced people.<\/span><\/li>\nCash compensation to displaced persons does not serve the purpose. Therefore, they should be provided with living space, educational and medical facilities for their children and family members as well as employment to the displaced<\/span><\/li>\nDispersal of industries instead of their concentration in some selected areas will benefit large number of people and reduce the large scale displacement<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/span>
Development is necessary for the progress but it cannot be done without changing the land use and erecting some form of new structure and for this the original user of the land has to be displaced which if not done with the free will and convenience for the original user, it is bound to create problems to him. Such problems are termed as development induced displacement problems. In short,\u00a0this is crisis of development.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\nMeaning of Displacement:<\/span><\/h3>\nWe find that since early days of human civilization human settlements are along rivers and have agricultural landmass around their settlements. When government plans some types of development, such as construction of dam, power generation plant, construction of road or railway and development of industrial area etc., it acquires land for the purpose. After paying some compensation asks the original owners of the land acquired to vacate it If they do not do so willingly they are removed from the acquired land by force. This process is termed as\u00a0development induced displacement.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\nTypes of Displacement:<\/span><\/h4>\nIn India, there are four broad categories of displacement:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\nPolitical causes, including secessionist movements:<\/strong>\u00a0Since independence, north-east India has witnessed two major armed conflicts: the Naga movement primarily led by the National Socialist Council of Nagaland and the Assam movement led by the All Assam Students Union and now largely taken over by the extremist United Liberation Front of Assam. The violence and retaliatory responses from the gov- eminent and other forces opposed to the secessionists continue to generate a steady flow of displaced people. In Kashmir\u2019s \u2018war\u2019 between state forces and militants, the killing of Kashmiri Pandits by fundamentalist secessionist groups, the widespread anarchy created by political instability and the continuous violation of fundamental human rights by both the state and militant groups, have led to large- scale displacement, mainly of Kashmiri Pandits (estimated at 250,000), to Jammu and cities like Delhi. Despite the election and restoration of a popular government in 1996, those displaced have not been able to return due to the continuing reality of sporadic massacres in Kashmir. Although conditions are miserable, the displaced find that camps offer better employment opportunities, education and security.<\/span><\/li>\nIdentity-based autonomy movements, have also led to violence and displacement: <\/strong>This has happened in Punjab and more recently in the Bodo Autonomous Council area of western Assam. \u2018Cleansing\u2019 of non-Bodo communities by the Bodos, through plunder, arson, massacre and persecution, has forced a large number of non-Bodos to flee. They now live in camps.<\/span><\/li>\nLocalized violence:<\/strong>\u00a0Internal displacement has also arisen from caste disputes (as in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh), religious fundamentalism (as in urban riots in Bombay, Coimbatore, Bhagalpur and Aligarh) and aggressive denial of residency and employment rights to non-indigenous groups by supporters of the \u2018son of-the soil policy\u2019 (as in Meghalaya by the Khasi students and in Arunachal Pradesh against the Chakmas).<\/span><\/li>\nEnvironmental and development- induced displacement:<\/strong> In order to achieve rapid economic growth, India has invested in industrial projects, dams, roads, mines, power plants and new cities which have been made possible only through massive acquisition of land and subsequent dis- placement of people. According to the figures provided by the Indian Social Institute, the 21.3 million development- induced IDPs include those displaced by dams (16.4 million), mines (2.55 million), industrial development (1.25 million) and wild life sanctuaries and national parks (0.6 million).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\nDevelopment projects, particularly dams, have always generated serious controversy in India as they have tended to be a major source of displacement-related conflicts. Estimates of national resettlement forced by development a project shows that during1950-90 the number of people affected was18.5 million. According to the Central Water Commission, over 3,300 dams have been built since independence and some1,000 more are under construction. Another study of 54 large dams done by the Indian Institute of Public Administration concluded that the average number of people displaced by a large dam is 44,182.<\/span><\/p>\nOver 21,000 families were uprooted and ousted when the Pong Dam was constructed nearly 25 years ago and they have still not received the benefit of any proper rehabilitation measures. The World Bank\u2019s \u2018Project Completion Report\u2019 for the controversial Sardar Sarovar dam on the Narmada (likely to displace 0.2 million people) has cast a shadow over the project\u2019s future. India\u2019s unimpressive track record in operations and maintenance, says the report, is responsible for the uncertainty. India has borrowed US$151.5 million from the Work!Bank to build the dam. In 1993 the Bank cancelled plans to lend more due to the Indian government\u2019s failure to meet even such basic conditions as identification of the displaced and preparation of resettlement plans.<\/span><\/p>\nThe fact that development projects are usually located in remote villages, hills and forests means that those displaced tend to be the indigenous people who have been the traditional agents of conservation. Here displacement has meant a loss of livelihood habitat and assets, social disruption and disorder and severance from an eco-system which had sustained them. Most critically, these displacements threaten the poor and the weak with even greater impoverishment It is only those cases of \u2018involuntary resettlement\u2019 which come to the attention of social and environmental activists, and are thus highlighted that lead to some measure of state intervention. In most cases total displacement with loss of home and livelihood has resulted.<\/span><\/p>\nRehabilitation primarily the process of reconstruction of the livelihood of displaced persons has never been a guiding principle of the 1894 Land Acquisition Act (still in use) which instead emphasizes cash compensation for loss. The government has taken the firm stand that rehabilitation would not be a prime consideration when acquiring land for \u2018public purpose\u2019 (the definition of which has not been made public). The government has even sought to take away the right of appeal by those whose land stands to be confiscated by making the Supreme Court the only appellate forum.<\/span><\/p>\nGlobalization has been another threat to indigenous communities as private conglomerates (including foreign multi-nationals) encroach upon rural lands, hitherto the domain of tribal and other indigenous communities, to build the government\u2019s desired industrial infra-structure. The proposed amendments to the 1894 Act, if carried out, are likely to generate new waves of displacement as the Act will then make it even easier for private interests to acquire land.<\/span><\/p>\n\nNatural disaster-induced displacement<\/strong>:<\/mark> There has been massive and recurrent displacement due to floods, cyclones and landslides. A report by the Centre for Science and Environment (1991) states that India is the most flood- affected country in the world after Bangladesh and that over 30 million people are displaced annually. Flood- affected areas shot up from an average of 6.4 million hectares a year in the 1950s to 9 million hectares in the 1980s. Government flood control measures mainly consist of dams and embankments. Over 400 km of embankments have been built annually since 1954 and 256 large dams with an average height of 15 metres and above had been constructed by 1986; 154 more were under construction. Yet all these have failed to control floods and indeed dams are now cited as an important cause of floods while embankments have disrupted the natural drainage system in the flood plains.<\/span>\n\n\u2018Natural\u2019 disaster-led displacement is never recorded after the initial dose of relief and rehabilitation assistance. One of the most serious aspects of the displacement belonging to this category has been the fact that the displacement has been silent but acute and frequent.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\nDisplacement from Dams and Reservoirs<\/strong>\u00a0:\u00a0<\/strong>V<\/mark>arious dams and reservoirs such as Bhakhra Nangal Dam, Sardar Sarovar Dam, Tehri Dam, Bargi Dam and many others of this nature have been constructed, which have rendered nearly 50 lakh homeless and they are facing the problems of displacement, though government took to rehabilitation work, but displaced people are not satisfied Narmada Bachao Andolan is still on for the rehabilitation of the displaced people.<\/span><\/li>\nIndustrial Development and Displacement:<\/strong>\u00a0<\/mark>Large size industrial plants to boost the national economy were erected and land acquired for the purpose had displaced nearly 50 lakh people so far. These people are not satisfied with the compensation paid to them and efforts are made for their rehabilitation. It may be stressed that some industries produce goods of domestic use in large quantities which has rendered large number of workers, engaged in small and cottage industries jobless. Number of such displaced persons cannot be counted.<\/span><\/li>\nNew Forest Policy and Displacement:<\/strong>\u00a0<\/mark>This policy has banned traditional tribal population from taking herbs and earn their bread thus crores of people feel displaced without proper rehabilitation plans for the good of the people.<\/span><\/li>\nDisplacement caused by Urban Facilities :<\/mark>\u00a0<\/strong>Government is developing Mandi Samiti, transport facilities, educational institutions, sports facilities, etc., in urban areas for which land around urban areas have been acquired by the government and small farmers of those areas have been displaced<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\nInstitutional responses<\/span><\/h5>\n\nIndia has no national policy and legal institutional framework to deal with either refugees or IDPs. India has not ratified the 1951 Convention and 1967 Protocol and does not permit UNHCR access to most refugee groups. In the absence of a permanent institutional structure to oversee refugee issues, the granting of refugee status has been at the discretion of the political authorities. Due to a similar absence of a national policy on resettlement and rehabilitation of IDPs, there has been only piecemeal and ad hoc initiatives at project and state level.<\/span><\/li>\nEven the latest Draft National Policy for Rehabilitation of Persons: Displaced as a Consequence of Acquisition of Land proposed by the Ministry of Rural Development does not deal with any other type of displacement except that arising from land acquisition. This draft also totally disregards the plight and interests of IDPs of other categories, including those fleeing human rights violations, physical violence and communal and other sources of tension.<\/span><\/li>\nCrucially, government accountability for the consequences of state-imposed displacement has been virtually absent While the states have aggressively clamoured for more benefits from development projects, they have consistently haggled over their share of rehabilitation costs and totally disregarded the plight of those displaced The Draft National Policy for Rehabilitation is a multi- dimensional response to displacement with full rehabilitation covering<\/span>\n\nThe entire community (landless labourers, landholders, houseless, householders and even the unemployed and the forest dwellers),<\/span><\/li>\nTheir sociocultural cost of displacement and<\/span><\/li>\nEconomic dimensions such as upgrading of skill levels and the accumulation of physical assets as well as social capital.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\nThere is no international agency to deal with such types of dis- placement UNHCR\u2019s mandate in this regard has been both ad hoc and unsystematic. Only recently has UNHCR redefined its mandate to allow for the inclusion of IDPs in certain situations: when such people are present in or going back to the same areas as returning refugees; when they are living alongside a refugee population and have similar needs for protection and assistance; where the same factors have given rise to both internal and external population movements and where there are good reasons for addressing those problems by means of a single humanitarian operation; where there is a potential for cross-border movement and where the provision of assistance to the internally displaced may enable them to remain in safety in their own country.<\/span><\/li>\nDisplacement is not migration, because migration is on account of individual\u2019s free will for his own good while displacement is forced by the state. Sometimes the government provides some facilities to the displaced person and families and sometime they are asked to make their own arrangements.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\nMeasures to Check Displacement<\/span><\/h5>\nSince the problem of development induced displacement is a question of life and death for a very large population, therefore, we suggest following measures to check the problems<\/span><\/p>\n\nBefore undertaking any development project it must be evaluated by experts so that only minimum numbers of people are displaced<\/span><\/li>\nThe execution of such big projects be handled by honest and efficient persons so that they are completed in due time and proper rehabilitation of displaced is ensured<\/span><\/li>\nPlans must be made for the employment of the displaced people.<\/span><\/li>\nCash compensation to displaced persons does not serve the purpose. Therefore, they should be provided with living space, educational and medical facilities for their children and family members as well as employment to the displaced<\/span><\/li>\nDispersal of industries instead of their concentration in some selected areas will benefit large number of people and reduce the large scale displacement<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/span>
We find that since early days of human civilization human settlements are along rivers and have agricultural landmass around their settlements. When government plans some types of development, such as construction of dam, power generation plant, construction of road or railway and development of industrial area etc., it acquires land for the purpose. After paying some compensation asks the original owners of the land acquired to vacate it If they do not do so willingly they are removed from the acquired land by force. This process is termed as\u00a0development induced displacement.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\nTypes of Displacement:<\/span><\/h4>\nIn India, there are four broad categories of displacement:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\nPolitical causes, including secessionist movements:<\/strong>\u00a0Since independence, north-east India has witnessed two major armed conflicts: the Naga movement primarily led by the National Socialist Council of Nagaland and the Assam movement led by the All Assam Students Union and now largely taken over by the extremist United Liberation Front of Assam. The violence and retaliatory responses from the gov- eminent and other forces opposed to the secessionists continue to generate a steady flow of displaced people. In Kashmir\u2019s \u2018war\u2019 between state forces and militants, the killing of Kashmiri Pandits by fundamentalist secessionist groups, the widespread anarchy created by political instability and the continuous violation of fundamental human rights by both the state and militant groups, have led to large- scale displacement, mainly of Kashmiri Pandits (estimated at 250,000), to Jammu and cities like Delhi. Despite the election and restoration of a popular government in 1996, those displaced have not been able to return due to the continuing reality of sporadic massacres in Kashmir. Although conditions are miserable, the displaced find that camps offer better employment opportunities, education and security.<\/span><\/li>\nIdentity-based autonomy movements, have also led to violence and displacement: <\/strong>This has happened in Punjab and more recently in the Bodo Autonomous Council area of western Assam. \u2018Cleansing\u2019 of non-Bodo communities by the Bodos, through plunder, arson, massacre and persecution, has forced a large number of non-Bodos to flee. They now live in camps.<\/span><\/li>\nLocalized violence:<\/strong>\u00a0Internal displacement has also arisen from caste disputes (as in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh), religious fundamentalism (as in urban riots in Bombay, Coimbatore, Bhagalpur and Aligarh) and aggressive denial of residency and employment rights to non-indigenous groups by supporters of the \u2018son of-the soil policy\u2019 (as in Meghalaya by the Khasi students and in Arunachal Pradesh against the Chakmas).<\/span><\/li>\nEnvironmental and development- induced displacement:<\/strong> In order to achieve rapid economic growth, India has invested in industrial projects, dams, roads, mines, power plants and new cities which have been made possible only through massive acquisition of land and subsequent dis- placement of people. According to the figures provided by the Indian Social Institute, the 21.3 million development- induced IDPs include those displaced by dams (16.4 million), mines (2.55 million), industrial development (1.25 million) and wild life sanctuaries and national parks (0.6 million).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\nDevelopment projects, particularly dams, have always generated serious controversy in India as they have tended to be a major source of displacement-related conflicts. Estimates of national resettlement forced by development a project shows that during1950-90 the number of people affected was18.5 million. According to the Central Water Commission, over 3,300 dams have been built since independence and some1,000 more are under construction. Another study of 54 large dams done by the Indian Institute of Public Administration concluded that the average number of people displaced by a large dam is 44,182.<\/span><\/p>\nOver 21,000 families were uprooted and ousted when the Pong Dam was constructed nearly 25 years ago and they have still not received the benefit of any proper rehabilitation measures. The World Bank\u2019s \u2018Project Completion Report\u2019 for the controversial Sardar Sarovar dam on the Narmada (likely to displace 0.2 million people) has cast a shadow over the project\u2019s future. India\u2019s unimpressive track record in operations and maintenance, says the report, is responsible for the uncertainty. India has borrowed US$151.5 million from the Work!Bank to build the dam. In 1993 the Bank cancelled plans to lend more due to the Indian government\u2019s failure to meet even such basic conditions as identification of the displaced and preparation of resettlement plans.<\/span><\/p>\nThe fact that development projects are usually located in remote villages, hills and forests means that those displaced tend to be the indigenous people who have been the traditional agents of conservation. Here displacement has meant a loss of livelihood habitat and assets, social disruption and disorder and severance from an eco-system which had sustained them. Most critically, these displacements threaten the poor and the weak with even greater impoverishment It is only those cases of \u2018involuntary resettlement\u2019 which come to the attention of social and environmental activists, and are thus highlighted that lead to some measure of state intervention. In most cases total displacement with loss of home and livelihood has resulted.<\/span><\/p>\nRehabilitation primarily the process of reconstruction of the livelihood of displaced persons has never been a guiding principle of the 1894 Land Acquisition Act (still in use) which instead emphasizes cash compensation for loss. The government has taken the firm stand that rehabilitation would not be a prime consideration when acquiring land for \u2018public purpose\u2019 (the definition of which has not been made public). The government has even sought to take away the right of appeal by those whose land stands to be confiscated by making the Supreme Court the only appellate forum.<\/span><\/p>\nGlobalization has been another threat to indigenous communities as private conglomerates (including foreign multi-nationals) encroach upon rural lands, hitherto the domain of tribal and other indigenous communities, to build the government\u2019s desired industrial infra-structure. The proposed amendments to the 1894 Act, if carried out, are likely to generate new waves of displacement as the Act will then make it even easier for private interests to acquire land.<\/span><\/p>\n\nNatural disaster-induced displacement<\/strong>:<\/mark> There has been massive and recurrent displacement due to floods, cyclones and landslides. A report by the Centre for Science and Environment (1991) states that India is the most flood- affected country in the world after Bangladesh and that over 30 million people are displaced annually. Flood- affected areas shot up from an average of 6.4 million hectares a year in the 1950s to 9 million hectares in the 1980s. Government flood control measures mainly consist of dams and embankments. Over 400 km of embankments have been built annually since 1954 and 256 large dams with an average height of 15 metres and above had been constructed by 1986; 154 more were under construction. Yet all these have failed to control floods and indeed dams are now cited as an important cause of floods while embankments have disrupted the natural drainage system in the flood plains.<\/span>\n\n\u2018Natural\u2019 disaster-led displacement is never recorded after the initial dose of relief and rehabilitation assistance. One of the most serious aspects of the displacement belonging to this category has been the fact that the displacement has been silent but acute and frequent.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\nDisplacement from Dams and Reservoirs<\/strong>\u00a0:\u00a0<\/strong>V<\/mark>arious dams and reservoirs such as Bhakhra Nangal Dam, Sardar Sarovar Dam, Tehri Dam, Bargi Dam and many others of this nature have been constructed, which have rendered nearly 50 lakh homeless and they are facing the problems of displacement, though government took to rehabilitation work, but displaced people are not satisfied Narmada Bachao Andolan is still on for the rehabilitation of the displaced people.<\/span><\/li>\nIndustrial Development and Displacement:<\/strong>\u00a0<\/mark>Large size industrial plants to boost the national economy were erected and land acquired for the purpose had displaced nearly 50 lakh people so far. These people are not satisfied with the compensation paid to them and efforts are made for their rehabilitation. It may be stressed that some industries produce goods of domestic use in large quantities which has rendered large number of workers, engaged in small and cottage industries jobless. Number of such displaced persons cannot be counted.<\/span><\/li>\nNew Forest Policy and Displacement:<\/strong>\u00a0<\/mark>This policy has banned traditional tribal population from taking herbs and earn their bread thus crores of people feel displaced without proper rehabilitation plans for the good of the people.<\/span><\/li>\nDisplacement caused by Urban Facilities :<\/mark>\u00a0<\/strong>Government is developing Mandi Samiti, transport facilities, educational institutions, sports facilities, etc., in urban areas for which land around urban areas have been acquired by the government and small farmers of those areas have been displaced<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\nInstitutional responses<\/span><\/h5>\n\nIndia has no national policy and legal institutional framework to deal with either refugees or IDPs. India has not ratified the 1951 Convention and 1967 Protocol and does not permit UNHCR access to most refugee groups. In the absence of a permanent institutional structure to oversee refugee issues, the granting of refugee status has been at the discretion of the political authorities. Due to a similar absence of a national policy on resettlement and rehabilitation of IDPs, there has been only piecemeal and ad hoc initiatives at project and state level.<\/span><\/li>\nEven the latest Draft National Policy for Rehabilitation of Persons: Displaced as a Consequence of Acquisition of Land proposed by the Ministry of Rural Development does not deal with any other type of displacement except that arising from land acquisition. This draft also totally disregards the plight and interests of IDPs of other categories, including those fleeing human rights violations, physical violence and communal and other sources of tension.<\/span><\/li>\nCrucially, government accountability for the consequences of state-imposed displacement has been virtually absent While the states have aggressively clamoured for more benefits from development projects, they have consistently haggled over their share of rehabilitation costs and totally disregarded the plight of those displaced The Draft National Policy for Rehabilitation is a multi- dimensional response to displacement with full rehabilitation covering<\/span>\n\nThe entire community (landless labourers, landholders, houseless, householders and even the unemployed and the forest dwellers),<\/span><\/li>\nTheir sociocultural cost of displacement and<\/span><\/li>\nEconomic dimensions such as upgrading of skill levels and the accumulation of physical assets as well as social capital.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\nThere is no international agency to deal with such types of dis- placement UNHCR\u2019s mandate in this regard has been both ad hoc and unsystematic. Only recently has UNHCR redefined its mandate to allow for the inclusion of IDPs in certain situations: when such people are present in or going back to the same areas as returning refugees; when they are living alongside a refugee population and have similar needs for protection and assistance; where the same factors have given rise to both internal and external population movements and where there are good reasons for addressing those problems by means of a single humanitarian operation; where there is a potential for cross-border movement and where the provision of assistance to the internally displaced may enable them to remain in safety in their own country.<\/span><\/li>\nDisplacement is not migration, because migration is on account of individual\u2019s free will for his own good while displacement is forced by the state. Sometimes the government provides some facilities to the displaced person and families and sometime they are asked to make their own arrangements.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\nMeasures to Check Displacement<\/span><\/h5>\nSince the problem of development induced displacement is a question of life and death for a very large population, therefore, we suggest following measures to check the problems<\/span><\/p>\n\nBefore undertaking any development project it must be evaluated by experts so that only minimum numbers of people are displaced<\/span><\/li>\nThe execution of such big projects be handled by honest and efficient persons so that they are completed in due time and proper rehabilitation of displaced is ensured<\/span><\/li>\nPlans must be made for the employment of the displaced people.<\/span><\/li>\nCash compensation to displaced persons does not serve the purpose. Therefore, they should be provided with living space, educational and medical facilities for their children and family members as well as employment to the displaced<\/span><\/li>\nDispersal of industries instead of their concentration in some selected areas will benefit large number of people and reduce the large scale displacement<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/span>
In India, there are four broad categories of displacement:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\nPolitical causes, including secessionist movements:<\/strong>\u00a0Since independence, north-east India has witnessed two major armed conflicts: the Naga movement primarily led by the National Socialist Council of Nagaland and the Assam movement led by the All Assam Students Union and now largely taken over by the extremist United Liberation Front of Assam. The violence and retaliatory responses from the gov- eminent and other forces opposed to the secessionists continue to generate a steady flow of displaced people. In Kashmir\u2019s \u2018war\u2019 between state forces and militants, the killing of Kashmiri Pandits by fundamentalist secessionist groups, the widespread anarchy created by political instability and the continuous violation of fundamental human rights by both the state and militant groups, have led to large- scale displacement, mainly of Kashmiri Pandits (estimated at 250,000), to Jammu and cities like Delhi. Despite the election and restoration of a popular government in 1996, those displaced have not been able to return due to the continuing reality of sporadic massacres in Kashmir. Although conditions are miserable, the displaced find that camps offer better employment opportunities, education and security.<\/span><\/li>\nIdentity-based autonomy movements, have also led to violence and displacement: <\/strong>This has happened in Punjab and more recently in the Bodo Autonomous Council area of western Assam. \u2018Cleansing\u2019 of non-Bodo communities by the Bodos, through plunder, arson, massacre and persecution, has forced a large number of non-Bodos to flee. They now live in camps.<\/span><\/li>\nLocalized violence:<\/strong>\u00a0Internal displacement has also arisen from caste disputes (as in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh), religious fundamentalism (as in urban riots in Bombay, Coimbatore, Bhagalpur and Aligarh) and aggressive denial of residency and employment rights to non-indigenous groups by supporters of the \u2018son of-the soil policy\u2019 (as in Meghalaya by the Khasi students and in Arunachal Pradesh against the Chakmas).<\/span><\/li>\nEnvironmental and development- induced displacement:<\/strong> In order to achieve rapid economic growth, India has invested in industrial projects, dams, roads, mines, power plants and new cities which have been made possible only through massive acquisition of land and subsequent dis- placement of people. According to the figures provided by the Indian Social Institute, the 21.3 million development- induced IDPs include those displaced by dams (16.4 million), mines (2.55 million), industrial development (1.25 million) and wild life sanctuaries and national parks (0.6 million).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\nDevelopment projects, particularly dams, have always generated serious controversy in India as they have tended to be a major source of displacement-related conflicts. Estimates of national resettlement forced by development a project shows that during1950-90 the number of people affected was18.5 million. According to the Central Water Commission, over 3,300 dams have been built since independence and some1,000 more are under construction. Another study of 54 large dams done by the Indian Institute of Public Administration concluded that the average number of people displaced by a large dam is 44,182.<\/span><\/p>\nOver 21,000 families were uprooted and ousted when the Pong Dam was constructed nearly 25 years ago and they have still not received the benefit of any proper rehabilitation measures. The World Bank\u2019s \u2018Project Completion Report\u2019 for the controversial Sardar Sarovar dam on the Narmada (likely to displace 0.2 million people) has cast a shadow over the project\u2019s future. India\u2019s unimpressive track record in operations and maintenance, says the report, is responsible for the uncertainty. India has borrowed US$151.5 million from the Work!Bank to build the dam. In 1993 the Bank cancelled plans to lend more due to the Indian government\u2019s failure to meet even such basic conditions as identification of the displaced and preparation of resettlement plans.<\/span><\/p>\nThe fact that development projects are usually located in remote villages, hills and forests means that those displaced tend to be the indigenous people who have been the traditional agents of conservation. Here displacement has meant a loss of livelihood habitat and assets, social disruption and disorder and severance from an eco-system which had sustained them. Most critically, these displacements threaten the poor and the weak with even greater impoverishment It is only those cases of \u2018involuntary resettlement\u2019 which come to the attention of social and environmental activists, and are thus highlighted that lead to some measure of state intervention. In most cases total displacement with loss of home and livelihood has resulted.<\/span><\/p>\nRehabilitation primarily the process of reconstruction of the livelihood of displaced persons has never been a guiding principle of the 1894 Land Acquisition Act (still in use) which instead emphasizes cash compensation for loss. The government has taken the firm stand that rehabilitation would not be a prime consideration when acquiring land for \u2018public purpose\u2019 (the definition of which has not been made public). The government has even sought to take away the right of appeal by those whose land stands to be confiscated by making the Supreme Court the only appellate forum.<\/span><\/p>\nGlobalization has been another threat to indigenous communities as private conglomerates (including foreign multi-nationals) encroach upon rural lands, hitherto the domain of tribal and other indigenous communities, to build the government\u2019s desired industrial infra-structure. The proposed amendments to the 1894 Act, if carried out, are likely to generate new waves of displacement as the Act will then make it even easier for private interests to acquire land.<\/span><\/p>\n\nNatural disaster-induced displacement<\/strong>:<\/mark> There has been massive and recurrent displacement due to floods, cyclones and landslides. A report by the Centre for Science and Environment (1991) states that India is the most flood- affected country in the world after Bangladesh and that over 30 million people are displaced annually. Flood- affected areas shot up from an average of 6.4 million hectares a year in the 1950s to 9 million hectares in the 1980s. Government flood control measures mainly consist of dams and embankments. Over 400 km of embankments have been built annually since 1954 and 256 large dams with an average height of 15 metres and above had been constructed by 1986; 154 more were under construction. Yet all these have failed to control floods and indeed dams are now cited as an important cause of floods while embankments have disrupted the natural drainage system in the flood plains.<\/span>\n\n\u2018Natural\u2019 disaster-led displacement is never recorded after the initial dose of relief and rehabilitation assistance. One of the most serious aspects of the displacement belonging to this category has been the fact that the displacement has been silent but acute and frequent.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\nDisplacement from Dams and Reservoirs<\/strong>\u00a0:\u00a0<\/strong>V<\/mark>arious dams and reservoirs such as Bhakhra Nangal Dam, Sardar Sarovar Dam, Tehri Dam, Bargi Dam and many others of this nature have been constructed, which have rendered nearly 50 lakh homeless and they are facing the problems of displacement, though government took to rehabilitation work, but displaced people are not satisfied Narmada Bachao Andolan is still on for the rehabilitation of the displaced people.<\/span><\/li>\nIndustrial Development and Displacement:<\/strong>\u00a0<\/mark>Large size industrial plants to boost the national economy were erected and land acquired for the purpose had displaced nearly 50 lakh people so far. These people are not satisfied with the compensation paid to them and efforts are made for their rehabilitation. It may be stressed that some industries produce goods of domestic use in large quantities which has rendered large number of workers, engaged in small and cottage industries jobless. Number of such displaced persons cannot be counted.<\/span><\/li>\nNew Forest Policy and Displacement:<\/strong>\u00a0<\/mark>This policy has banned traditional tribal population from taking herbs and earn their bread thus crores of people feel displaced without proper rehabilitation plans for the good of the people.<\/span><\/li>\nDisplacement caused by Urban Facilities :<\/mark>\u00a0<\/strong>Government is developing Mandi Samiti, transport facilities, educational institutions, sports facilities, etc., in urban areas for which land around urban areas have been acquired by the government and small farmers of those areas have been displaced<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\nInstitutional responses<\/span><\/h5>\n\nIndia has no national policy and legal institutional framework to deal with either refugees or IDPs. India has not ratified the 1951 Convention and 1967 Protocol and does not permit UNHCR access to most refugee groups. In the absence of a permanent institutional structure to oversee refugee issues, the granting of refugee status has been at the discretion of the political authorities. Due to a similar absence of a national policy on resettlement and rehabilitation of IDPs, there has been only piecemeal and ad hoc initiatives at project and state level.<\/span><\/li>\nEven the latest Draft National Policy for Rehabilitation of Persons: Displaced as a Consequence of Acquisition of Land proposed by the Ministry of Rural Development does not deal with any other type of displacement except that arising from land acquisition. This draft also totally disregards the plight and interests of IDPs of other categories, including those fleeing human rights violations, physical violence and communal and other sources of tension.<\/span><\/li>\nCrucially, government accountability for the consequences of state-imposed displacement has been virtually absent While the states have aggressively clamoured for more benefits from development projects, they have consistently haggled over their share of rehabilitation costs and totally disregarded the plight of those displaced The Draft National Policy for Rehabilitation is a multi- dimensional response to displacement with full rehabilitation covering<\/span>\n\nThe entire community (landless labourers, landholders, houseless, householders and even the unemployed and the forest dwellers),<\/span><\/li>\nTheir sociocultural cost of displacement and<\/span><\/li>\nEconomic dimensions such as upgrading of skill levels and the accumulation of physical assets as well as social capital.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\nThere is no international agency to deal with such types of dis- placement UNHCR\u2019s mandate in this regard has been both ad hoc and unsystematic. Only recently has UNHCR redefined its mandate to allow for the inclusion of IDPs in certain situations: when such people are present in or going back to the same areas as returning refugees; when they are living alongside a refugee population and have similar needs for protection and assistance; where the same factors have given rise to both internal and external population movements and where there are good reasons for addressing those problems by means of a single humanitarian operation; where there is a potential for cross-border movement and where the provision of assistance to the internally displaced may enable them to remain in safety in their own country.<\/span><\/li>\nDisplacement is not migration, because migration is on account of individual\u2019s free will for his own good while displacement is forced by the state. Sometimes the government provides some facilities to the displaced person and families and sometime they are asked to make their own arrangements.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\nMeasures to Check Displacement<\/span><\/h5>\nSince the problem of development induced displacement is a question of life and death for a very large population, therefore, we suggest following measures to check the problems<\/span><\/p>\n\nBefore undertaking any development project it must be evaluated by experts so that only minimum numbers of people are displaced<\/span><\/li>\nThe execution of such big projects be handled by honest and efficient persons so that they are completed in due time and proper rehabilitation of displaced is ensured<\/span><\/li>\nPlans must be made for the employment of the displaced people.<\/span><\/li>\nCash compensation to displaced persons does not serve the purpose. Therefore, they should be provided with living space, educational and medical facilities for their children and family members as well as employment to the displaced<\/span><\/li>\nDispersal of industries instead of their concentration in some selected areas will benefit large number of people and reduce the large scale displacement<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/span>
Development projects, particularly dams, have always generated serious controversy in India as they have tended to be a major source of displacement-related conflicts. Estimates of national resettlement forced by development a project shows that during1950-90 the number of people affected was18.5 million. According to the Central Water Commission, over 3,300 dams have been built since independence and some1,000 more are under construction. Another study of 54 large dams done by the Indian Institute of Public Administration concluded that the average number of people displaced by a large dam is 44,182.<\/span><\/p>\nOver 21,000 families were uprooted and ousted when the Pong Dam was constructed nearly 25 years ago and they have still not received the benefit of any proper rehabilitation measures. The World Bank\u2019s \u2018Project Completion Report\u2019 for the controversial Sardar Sarovar dam on the Narmada (likely to displace 0.2 million people) has cast a shadow over the project\u2019s future. India\u2019s unimpressive track record in operations and maintenance, says the report, is responsible for the uncertainty. India has borrowed US$151.5 million from the Work!Bank to build the dam. In 1993 the Bank cancelled plans to lend more due to the Indian government\u2019s failure to meet even such basic conditions as identification of the displaced and preparation of resettlement plans.<\/span><\/p>\nThe fact that development projects are usually located in remote villages, hills and forests means that those displaced tend to be the indigenous people who have been the traditional agents of conservation. Here displacement has meant a loss of livelihood habitat and assets, social disruption and disorder and severance from an eco-system which had sustained them. Most critically, these displacements threaten the poor and the weak with even greater impoverishment It is only those cases of \u2018involuntary resettlement\u2019 which come to the attention of social and environmental activists, and are thus highlighted that lead to some measure of state intervention. In most cases total displacement with loss of home and livelihood has resulted.<\/span><\/p>\nRehabilitation primarily the process of reconstruction of the livelihood of displaced persons has never been a guiding principle of the 1894 Land Acquisition Act (still in use) which instead emphasizes cash compensation for loss. The government has taken the firm stand that rehabilitation would not be a prime consideration when acquiring land for \u2018public purpose\u2019 (the definition of which has not been made public). The government has even sought to take away the right of appeal by those whose land stands to be confiscated by making the Supreme Court the only appellate forum.<\/span><\/p>\nGlobalization has been another threat to indigenous communities as private conglomerates (including foreign multi-nationals) encroach upon rural lands, hitherto the domain of tribal and other indigenous communities, to build the government\u2019s desired industrial infra-structure. The proposed amendments to the 1894 Act, if carried out, are likely to generate new waves of displacement as the Act will then make it even easier for private interests to acquire land.<\/span><\/p>\n\nNatural disaster-induced displacement<\/strong>:<\/mark> There has been massive and recurrent displacement due to floods, cyclones and landslides. A report by the Centre for Science and Environment (1991) states that India is the most flood- affected country in the world after Bangladesh and that over 30 million people are displaced annually. Flood- affected areas shot up from an average of 6.4 million hectares a year in the 1950s to 9 million hectares in the 1980s. Government flood control measures mainly consist of dams and embankments. Over 400 km of embankments have been built annually since 1954 and 256 large dams with an average height of 15 metres and above had been constructed by 1986; 154 more were under construction. Yet all these have failed to control floods and indeed dams are now cited as an important cause of floods while embankments have disrupted the natural drainage system in the flood plains.<\/span>\n\n\u2018Natural\u2019 disaster-led displacement is never recorded after the initial dose of relief and rehabilitation assistance. One of the most serious aspects of the displacement belonging to this category has been the fact that the displacement has been silent but acute and frequent.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\nDisplacement from Dams and Reservoirs<\/strong>\u00a0:\u00a0<\/strong>V<\/mark>arious dams and reservoirs such as Bhakhra Nangal Dam, Sardar Sarovar Dam, Tehri Dam, Bargi Dam and many others of this nature have been constructed, which have rendered nearly 50 lakh homeless and they are facing the problems of displacement, though government took to rehabilitation work, but displaced people are not satisfied Narmada Bachao Andolan is still on for the rehabilitation of the displaced people.<\/span><\/li>\nIndustrial Development and Displacement:<\/strong>\u00a0<\/mark>Large size industrial plants to boost the national economy were erected and land acquired for the purpose had displaced nearly 50 lakh people so far. These people are not satisfied with the compensation paid to them and efforts are made for their rehabilitation. It may be stressed that some industries produce goods of domestic use in large quantities which has rendered large number of workers, engaged in small and cottage industries jobless. Number of such displaced persons cannot be counted.<\/span><\/li>\nNew Forest Policy and Displacement:<\/strong>\u00a0<\/mark>This policy has banned traditional tribal population from taking herbs and earn their bread thus crores of people feel displaced without proper rehabilitation plans for the good of the people.<\/span><\/li>\nDisplacement caused by Urban Facilities :<\/mark>\u00a0<\/strong>Government is developing Mandi Samiti, transport facilities, educational institutions, sports facilities, etc., in urban areas for which land around urban areas have been acquired by the government and small farmers of those areas have been displaced<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\nInstitutional responses<\/span><\/h5>\n\nIndia has no national policy and legal institutional framework to deal with either refugees or IDPs. India has not ratified the 1951 Convention and 1967 Protocol and does not permit UNHCR access to most refugee groups. In the absence of a permanent institutional structure to oversee refugee issues, the granting of refugee status has been at the discretion of the political authorities. Due to a similar absence of a national policy on resettlement and rehabilitation of IDPs, there has been only piecemeal and ad hoc initiatives at project and state level.<\/span><\/li>\nEven the latest Draft National Policy for Rehabilitation of Persons: Displaced as a Consequence of Acquisition of Land proposed by the Ministry of Rural Development does not deal with any other type of displacement except that arising from land acquisition. This draft also totally disregards the plight and interests of IDPs of other categories, including those fleeing human rights violations, physical violence and communal and other sources of tension.<\/span><\/li>\nCrucially, government accountability for the consequences of state-imposed displacement has been virtually absent While the states have aggressively clamoured for more benefits from development projects, they have consistently haggled over their share of rehabilitation costs and totally disregarded the plight of those displaced The Draft National Policy for Rehabilitation is a multi- dimensional response to displacement with full rehabilitation covering<\/span>\n\nThe entire community (landless labourers, landholders, houseless, householders and even the unemployed and the forest dwellers),<\/span><\/li>\nTheir sociocultural cost of displacement and<\/span><\/li>\nEconomic dimensions such as upgrading of skill levels and the accumulation of physical assets as well as social capital.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\nThere is no international agency to deal with such types of dis- placement UNHCR\u2019s mandate in this regard has been both ad hoc and unsystematic. Only recently has UNHCR redefined its mandate to allow for the inclusion of IDPs in certain situations: when such people are present in or going back to the same areas as returning refugees; when they are living alongside a refugee population and have similar needs for protection and assistance; where the same factors have given rise to both internal and external population movements and where there are good reasons for addressing those problems by means of a single humanitarian operation; where there is a potential for cross-border movement and where the provision of assistance to the internally displaced may enable them to remain in safety in their own country.<\/span><\/li>\nDisplacement is not migration, because migration is on account of individual\u2019s free will for his own good while displacement is forced by the state. Sometimes the government provides some facilities to the displaced person and families and sometime they are asked to make their own arrangements.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\nMeasures to Check Displacement<\/span><\/h5>\nSince the problem of development induced displacement is a question of life and death for a very large population, therefore, we suggest following measures to check the problems<\/span><\/p>\n\nBefore undertaking any development project it must be evaluated by experts so that only minimum numbers of people are displaced<\/span><\/li>\nThe execution of such big projects be handled by honest and efficient persons so that they are completed in due time and proper rehabilitation of displaced is ensured<\/span><\/li>\nPlans must be made for the employment of the displaced people.<\/span><\/li>\nCash compensation to displaced persons does not serve the purpose. Therefore, they should be provided with living space, educational and medical facilities for their children and family members as well as employment to the displaced<\/span><\/li>\nDispersal of industries instead of their concentration in some selected areas will benefit large number of people and reduce the large scale displacement<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/span>
Over 21,000 families were uprooted and ousted when the Pong Dam was constructed nearly 25 years ago and they have still not received the benefit of any proper rehabilitation measures. The World Bank\u2019s \u2018Project Completion Report\u2019 for the controversial Sardar Sarovar dam on the Narmada (likely to displace 0.2 million people) has cast a shadow over the project\u2019s future. India\u2019s unimpressive track record in operations and maintenance, says the report, is responsible for the uncertainty. India has borrowed US$151.5 million from the Work!Bank to build the dam. In 1993 the Bank cancelled plans to lend more due to the Indian government\u2019s failure to meet even such basic conditions as identification of the displaced and preparation of resettlement plans.<\/span><\/p>\nThe fact that development projects are usually located in remote villages, hills and forests means that those displaced tend to be the indigenous people who have been the traditional agents of conservation. Here displacement has meant a loss of livelihood habitat and assets, social disruption and disorder and severance from an eco-system which had sustained them. Most critically, these displacements threaten the poor and the weak with even greater impoverishment It is only those cases of \u2018involuntary resettlement\u2019 which come to the attention of social and environmental activists, and are thus highlighted that lead to some measure of state intervention. In most cases total displacement with loss of home and livelihood has resulted.<\/span><\/p>\nRehabilitation primarily the process of reconstruction of the livelihood of displaced persons has never been a guiding principle of the 1894 Land Acquisition Act (still in use) which instead emphasizes cash compensation for loss. The government has taken the firm stand that rehabilitation would not be a prime consideration when acquiring land for \u2018public purpose\u2019 (the definition of which has not been made public). The government has even sought to take away the right of appeal by those whose land stands to be confiscated by making the Supreme Court the only appellate forum.<\/span><\/p>\nGlobalization has been another threat to indigenous communities as private conglomerates (including foreign multi-nationals) encroach upon rural lands, hitherto the domain of tribal and other indigenous communities, to build the government\u2019s desired industrial infra-structure. The proposed amendments to the 1894 Act, if carried out, are likely to generate new waves of displacement as the Act will then make it even easier for private interests to acquire land.<\/span><\/p>\n\nNatural disaster-induced displacement<\/strong>:<\/mark> There has been massive and recurrent displacement due to floods, cyclones and landslides. A report by the Centre for Science and Environment (1991) states that India is the most flood- affected country in the world after Bangladesh and that over 30 million people are displaced annually. Flood- affected areas shot up from an average of 6.4 million hectares a year in the 1950s to 9 million hectares in the 1980s. Government flood control measures mainly consist of dams and embankments. Over 400 km of embankments have been built annually since 1954 and 256 large dams with an average height of 15 metres and above had been constructed by 1986; 154 more were under construction. Yet all these have failed to control floods and indeed dams are now cited as an important cause of floods while embankments have disrupted the natural drainage system in the flood plains.<\/span>\n\n\u2018Natural\u2019 disaster-led displacement is never recorded after the initial dose of relief and rehabilitation assistance. One of the most serious aspects of the displacement belonging to this category has been the fact that the displacement has been silent but acute and frequent.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\nDisplacement from Dams and Reservoirs<\/strong>\u00a0:\u00a0<\/strong>V<\/mark>arious dams and reservoirs such as Bhakhra Nangal Dam, Sardar Sarovar Dam, Tehri Dam, Bargi Dam and many others of this nature have been constructed, which have rendered nearly 50 lakh homeless and they are facing the problems of displacement, though government took to rehabilitation work, but displaced people are not satisfied Narmada Bachao Andolan is still on for the rehabilitation of the displaced people.<\/span><\/li>\nIndustrial Development and Displacement:<\/strong>\u00a0<\/mark>Large size industrial plants to boost the national economy were erected and land acquired for the purpose had displaced nearly 50 lakh people so far. These people are not satisfied with the compensation paid to them and efforts are made for their rehabilitation. It may be stressed that some industries produce goods of domestic use in large quantities which has rendered large number of workers, engaged in small and cottage industries jobless. Number of such displaced persons cannot be counted.<\/span><\/li>\nNew Forest Policy and Displacement:<\/strong>\u00a0<\/mark>This policy has banned traditional tribal population from taking herbs and earn their bread thus crores of people feel displaced without proper rehabilitation plans for the good of the people.<\/span><\/li>\nDisplacement caused by Urban Facilities :<\/mark>\u00a0<\/strong>Government is developing Mandi Samiti, transport facilities, educational institutions, sports facilities, etc., in urban areas for which land around urban areas have been acquired by the government and small farmers of those areas have been displaced<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\nInstitutional responses<\/span><\/h5>\n\nIndia has no national policy and legal institutional framework to deal with either refugees or IDPs. India has not ratified the 1951 Convention and 1967 Protocol and does not permit UNHCR access to most refugee groups. In the absence of a permanent institutional structure to oversee refugee issues, the granting of refugee status has been at the discretion of the political authorities. Due to a similar absence of a national policy on resettlement and rehabilitation of IDPs, there has been only piecemeal and ad hoc initiatives at project and state level.<\/span><\/li>\nEven the latest Draft National Policy for Rehabilitation of Persons: Displaced as a Consequence of Acquisition of Land proposed by the Ministry of Rural Development does not deal with any other type of displacement except that arising from land acquisition. This draft also totally disregards the plight and interests of IDPs of other categories, including those fleeing human rights violations, physical violence and communal and other sources of tension.<\/span><\/li>\nCrucially, government accountability for the consequences of state-imposed displacement has been virtually absent While the states have aggressively clamoured for more benefits from development projects, they have consistently haggled over their share of rehabilitation costs and totally disregarded the plight of those displaced The Draft National Policy for Rehabilitation is a multi- dimensional response to displacement with full rehabilitation covering<\/span>\n\nThe entire community (landless labourers, landholders, houseless, householders and even the unemployed and the forest dwellers),<\/span><\/li>\nTheir sociocultural cost of displacement and<\/span><\/li>\nEconomic dimensions such as upgrading of skill levels and the accumulation of physical assets as well as social capital.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\nThere is no international agency to deal with such types of dis- placement UNHCR\u2019s mandate in this regard has been both ad hoc and unsystematic. Only recently has UNHCR redefined its mandate to allow for the inclusion of IDPs in certain situations: when such people are present in or going back to the same areas as returning refugees; when they are living alongside a refugee population and have similar needs for protection and assistance; where the same factors have given rise to both internal and external population movements and where there are good reasons for addressing those problems by means of a single humanitarian operation; where there is a potential for cross-border movement and where the provision of assistance to the internally displaced may enable them to remain in safety in their own country.<\/span><\/li>\nDisplacement is not migration, because migration is on account of individual\u2019s free will for his own good while displacement is forced by the state. Sometimes the government provides some facilities to the displaced person and families and sometime they are asked to make their own arrangements.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\nMeasures to Check Displacement<\/span><\/h5>\nSince the problem of development induced displacement is a question of life and death for a very large population, therefore, we suggest following measures to check the problems<\/span><\/p>\n\nBefore undertaking any development project it must be evaluated by experts so that only minimum numbers of people are displaced<\/span><\/li>\nThe execution of such big projects be handled by honest and efficient persons so that they are completed in due time and proper rehabilitation of displaced is ensured<\/span><\/li>\nPlans must be made for the employment of the displaced people.<\/span><\/li>\nCash compensation to displaced persons does not serve the purpose. Therefore, they should be provided with living space, educational and medical facilities for their children and family members as well as employment to the displaced<\/span><\/li>\nDispersal of industries instead of their concentration in some selected areas will benefit large number of people and reduce the large scale displacement<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/span>
The fact that development projects are usually located in remote villages, hills and forests means that those displaced tend to be the indigenous people who have been the traditional agents of conservation. Here displacement has meant a loss of livelihood habitat and assets, social disruption and disorder and severance from an eco-system which had sustained them. Most critically, these displacements threaten the poor and the weak with even greater impoverishment It is only those cases of \u2018involuntary resettlement\u2019 which come to the attention of social and environmental activists, and are thus highlighted that lead to some measure of state intervention. In most cases total displacement with loss of home and livelihood has resulted.<\/span><\/p>\nRehabilitation primarily the process of reconstruction of the livelihood of displaced persons has never been a guiding principle of the 1894 Land Acquisition Act (still in use) which instead emphasizes cash compensation for loss. The government has taken the firm stand that rehabilitation would not be a prime consideration when acquiring land for \u2018public purpose\u2019 (the definition of which has not been made public). The government has even sought to take away the right of appeal by those whose land stands to be confiscated by making the Supreme Court the only appellate forum.<\/span><\/p>\nGlobalization has been another threat to indigenous communities as private conglomerates (including foreign multi-nationals) encroach upon rural lands, hitherto the domain of tribal and other indigenous communities, to build the government\u2019s desired industrial infra-structure. The proposed amendments to the 1894 Act, if carried out, are likely to generate new waves of displacement as the Act will then make it even easier for private interests to acquire land.<\/span><\/p>\n\nNatural disaster-induced displacement<\/strong>:<\/mark> There has been massive and recurrent displacement due to floods, cyclones and landslides. A report by the Centre for Science and Environment (1991) states that India is the most flood- affected country in the world after Bangladesh and that over 30 million people are displaced annually. Flood- affected areas shot up from an average of 6.4 million hectares a year in the 1950s to 9 million hectares in the 1980s. Government flood control measures mainly consist of dams and embankments. Over 400 km of embankments have been built annually since 1954 and 256 large dams with an average height of 15 metres and above had been constructed by 1986; 154 more were under construction. Yet all these have failed to control floods and indeed dams are now cited as an important cause of floods while embankments have disrupted the natural drainage system in the flood plains.<\/span>\n\n\u2018Natural\u2019 disaster-led displacement is never recorded after the initial dose of relief and rehabilitation assistance. One of the most serious aspects of the displacement belonging to this category has been the fact that the displacement has been silent but acute and frequent.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\nDisplacement from Dams and Reservoirs<\/strong>\u00a0:\u00a0<\/strong>V<\/mark>arious dams and reservoirs such as Bhakhra Nangal Dam, Sardar Sarovar Dam, Tehri Dam, Bargi Dam and many others of this nature have been constructed, which have rendered nearly 50 lakh homeless and they are facing the problems of displacement, though government took to rehabilitation work, but displaced people are not satisfied Narmada Bachao Andolan is still on for the rehabilitation of the displaced people.<\/span><\/li>\nIndustrial Development and Displacement:<\/strong>\u00a0<\/mark>Large size industrial plants to boost the national economy were erected and land acquired for the purpose had displaced nearly 50 lakh people so far. These people are not satisfied with the compensation paid to them and efforts are made for their rehabilitation. It may be stressed that some industries produce goods of domestic use in large quantities which has rendered large number of workers, engaged in small and cottage industries jobless. Number of such displaced persons cannot be counted.<\/span><\/li>\nNew Forest Policy and Displacement:<\/strong>\u00a0<\/mark>This policy has banned traditional tribal population from taking herbs and earn their bread thus crores of people feel displaced without proper rehabilitation plans for the good of the people.<\/span><\/li>\nDisplacement caused by Urban Facilities :<\/mark>\u00a0<\/strong>Government is developing Mandi Samiti, transport facilities, educational institutions, sports facilities, etc., in urban areas for which land around urban areas have been acquired by the government and small farmers of those areas have been displaced<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\nInstitutional responses<\/span><\/h5>\n\nIndia has no national policy and legal institutional framework to deal with either refugees or IDPs. India has not ratified the 1951 Convention and 1967 Protocol and does not permit UNHCR access to most refugee groups. In the absence of a permanent institutional structure to oversee refugee issues, the granting of refugee status has been at the discretion of the political authorities. Due to a similar absence of a national policy on resettlement and rehabilitation of IDPs, there has been only piecemeal and ad hoc initiatives at project and state level.<\/span><\/li>\nEven the latest Draft National Policy for Rehabilitation of Persons: Displaced as a Consequence of Acquisition of Land proposed by the Ministry of Rural Development does not deal with any other type of displacement except that arising from land acquisition. This draft also totally disregards the plight and interests of IDPs of other categories, including those fleeing human rights violations, physical violence and communal and other sources of tension.<\/span><\/li>\nCrucially, government accountability for the consequences of state-imposed displacement has been virtually absent While the states have aggressively clamoured for more benefits from development projects, they have consistently haggled over their share of rehabilitation costs and totally disregarded the plight of those displaced The Draft National Policy for Rehabilitation is a multi- dimensional response to displacement with full rehabilitation covering<\/span>\n\nThe entire community (landless labourers, landholders, houseless, householders and even the unemployed and the forest dwellers),<\/span><\/li>\nTheir sociocultural cost of displacement and<\/span><\/li>\nEconomic dimensions such as upgrading of skill levels and the accumulation of physical assets as well as social capital.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\nThere is no international agency to deal with such types of dis- placement UNHCR\u2019s mandate in this regard has been both ad hoc and unsystematic. Only recently has UNHCR redefined its mandate to allow for the inclusion of IDPs in certain situations: when such people are present in or going back to the same areas as returning refugees; when they are living alongside a refugee population and have similar needs for protection and assistance; where the same factors have given rise to both internal and external population movements and where there are good reasons for addressing those problems by means of a single humanitarian operation; where there is a potential for cross-border movement and where the provision of assistance to the internally displaced may enable them to remain in safety in their own country.<\/span><\/li>\nDisplacement is not migration, because migration is on account of individual\u2019s free will for his own good while displacement is forced by the state. Sometimes the government provides some facilities to the displaced person and families and sometime they are asked to make their own arrangements.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\nMeasures to Check Displacement<\/span><\/h5>\nSince the problem of development induced displacement is a question of life and death for a very large population, therefore, we suggest following measures to check the problems<\/span><\/p>\n\nBefore undertaking any development project it must be evaluated by experts so that only minimum numbers of people are displaced<\/span><\/li>\nThe execution of such big projects be handled by honest and efficient persons so that they are completed in due time and proper rehabilitation of displaced is ensured<\/span><\/li>\nPlans must be made for the employment of the displaced people.<\/span><\/li>\nCash compensation to displaced persons does not serve the purpose. Therefore, they should be provided with living space, educational and medical facilities for their children and family members as well as employment to the displaced<\/span><\/li>\nDispersal of industries instead of their concentration in some selected areas will benefit large number of people and reduce the large scale displacement<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/span>
Rehabilitation primarily the process of reconstruction of the livelihood of displaced persons has never been a guiding principle of the 1894 Land Acquisition Act (still in use) which instead emphasizes cash compensation for loss. The government has taken the firm stand that rehabilitation would not be a prime consideration when acquiring land for \u2018public purpose\u2019 (the definition of which has not been made public). The government has even sought to take away the right of appeal by those whose land stands to be confiscated by making the Supreme Court the only appellate forum.<\/span><\/p>\nGlobalization has been another threat to indigenous communities as private conglomerates (including foreign multi-nationals) encroach upon rural lands, hitherto the domain of tribal and other indigenous communities, to build the government\u2019s desired industrial infra-structure. The proposed amendments to the 1894 Act, if carried out, are likely to generate new waves of displacement as the Act will then make it even easier for private interests to acquire land.<\/span><\/p>\n\nNatural disaster-induced displacement<\/strong>:<\/mark> There has been massive and recurrent displacement due to floods, cyclones and landslides. A report by the Centre for Science and Environment (1991) states that India is the most flood- affected country in the world after Bangladesh and that over 30 million people are displaced annually. Flood- affected areas shot up from an average of 6.4 million hectares a year in the 1950s to 9 million hectares in the 1980s. Government flood control measures mainly consist of dams and embankments. Over 400 km of embankments have been built annually since 1954 and 256 large dams with an average height of 15 metres and above had been constructed by 1986; 154 more were under construction. Yet all these have failed to control floods and indeed dams are now cited as an important cause of floods while embankments have disrupted the natural drainage system in the flood plains.<\/span>\n\n\u2018Natural\u2019 disaster-led displacement is never recorded after the initial dose of relief and rehabilitation assistance. One of the most serious aspects of the displacement belonging to this category has been the fact that the displacement has been silent but acute and frequent.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\nDisplacement from Dams and Reservoirs<\/strong>\u00a0:\u00a0<\/strong>V<\/mark>arious dams and reservoirs such as Bhakhra Nangal Dam, Sardar Sarovar Dam, Tehri Dam, Bargi Dam and many others of this nature have been constructed, which have rendered nearly 50 lakh homeless and they are facing the problems of displacement, though government took to rehabilitation work, but displaced people are not satisfied Narmada Bachao Andolan is still on for the rehabilitation of the displaced people.<\/span><\/li>\nIndustrial Development and Displacement:<\/strong>\u00a0<\/mark>Large size industrial plants to boost the national economy were erected and land acquired for the purpose had displaced nearly 50 lakh people so far. These people are not satisfied with the compensation paid to them and efforts are made for their rehabilitation. It may be stressed that some industries produce goods of domestic use in large quantities which has rendered large number of workers, engaged in small and cottage industries jobless. Number of such displaced persons cannot be counted.<\/span><\/li>\nNew Forest Policy and Displacement:<\/strong>\u00a0<\/mark>This policy has banned traditional tribal population from taking herbs and earn their bread thus crores of people feel displaced without proper rehabilitation plans for the good of the people.<\/span><\/li>\nDisplacement caused by Urban Facilities :<\/mark>\u00a0<\/strong>Government is developing Mandi Samiti, transport facilities, educational institutions, sports facilities, etc., in urban areas for which land around urban areas have been acquired by the government and small farmers of those areas have been displaced<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\nInstitutional responses<\/span><\/h5>\n\nIndia has no national policy and legal institutional framework to deal with either refugees or IDPs. India has not ratified the 1951 Convention and 1967 Protocol and does not permit UNHCR access to most refugee groups. In the absence of a permanent institutional structure to oversee refugee issues, the granting of refugee status has been at the discretion of the political authorities. Due to a similar absence of a national policy on resettlement and rehabilitation of IDPs, there has been only piecemeal and ad hoc initiatives at project and state level.<\/span><\/li>\nEven the latest Draft National Policy for Rehabilitation of Persons: Displaced as a Consequence of Acquisition of Land proposed by the Ministry of Rural Development does not deal with any other type of displacement except that arising from land acquisition. This draft also totally disregards the plight and interests of IDPs of other categories, including those fleeing human rights violations, physical violence and communal and other sources of tension.<\/span><\/li>\nCrucially, government accountability for the consequences of state-imposed displacement has been virtually absent While the states have aggressively clamoured for more benefits from development projects, they have consistently haggled over their share of rehabilitation costs and totally disregarded the plight of those displaced The Draft National Policy for Rehabilitation is a multi- dimensional response to displacement with full rehabilitation covering<\/span>\n\nThe entire community (landless labourers, landholders, houseless, householders and even the unemployed and the forest dwellers),<\/span><\/li>\nTheir sociocultural cost of displacement and<\/span><\/li>\nEconomic dimensions such as upgrading of skill levels and the accumulation of physical assets as well as social capital.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\nThere is no international agency to deal with such types of dis- placement UNHCR\u2019s mandate in this regard has been both ad hoc and unsystematic. Only recently has UNHCR redefined its mandate to allow for the inclusion of IDPs in certain situations: when such people are present in or going back to the same areas as returning refugees; when they are living alongside a refugee population and have similar needs for protection and assistance; where the same factors have given rise to both internal and external population movements and where there are good reasons for addressing those problems by means of a single humanitarian operation; where there is a potential for cross-border movement and where the provision of assistance to the internally displaced may enable them to remain in safety in their own country.<\/span><\/li>\nDisplacement is not migration, because migration is on account of individual\u2019s free will for his own good while displacement is forced by the state. Sometimes the government provides some facilities to the displaced person and families and sometime they are asked to make their own arrangements.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\nMeasures to Check Displacement<\/span><\/h5>\nSince the problem of development induced displacement is a question of life and death for a very large population, therefore, we suggest following measures to check the problems<\/span><\/p>\n\nBefore undertaking any development project it must be evaluated by experts so that only minimum numbers of people are displaced<\/span><\/li>\nThe execution of such big projects be handled by honest and efficient persons so that they are completed in due time and proper rehabilitation of displaced is ensured<\/span><\/li>\nPlans must be made for the employment of the displaced people.<\/span><\/li>\nCash compensation to displaced persons does not serve the purpose. Therefore, they should be provided with living space, educational and medical facilities for their children and family members as well as employment to the displaced<\/span><\/li>\nDispersal of industries instead of their concentration in some selected areas will benefit large number of people and reduce the large scale displacement<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/span>
Globalization has been another threat to indigenous communities as private conglomerates (including foreign multi-nationals) encroach upon rural lands, hitherto the domain of tribal and other indigenous communities, to build the government\u2019s desired industrial infra-structure. The proposed amendments to the 1894 Act, if carried out, are likely to generate new waves of displacement as the Act will then make it even easier for private interests to acquire land.<\/span><\/p>\n\nNatural disaster-induced displacement<\/strong>:<\/mark> There has been massive and recurrent displacement due to floods, cyclones and landslides. A report by the Centre for Science and Environment (1991) states that India is the most flood- affected country in the world after Bangladesh and that over 30 million people are displaced annually. Flood- affected areas shot up from an average of 6.4 million hectares a year in the 1950s to 9 million hectares in the 1980s. Government flood control measures mainly consist of dams and embankments. Over 400 km of embankments have been built annually since 1954 and 256 large dams with an average height of 15 metres and above had been constructed by 1986; 154 more were under construction. Yet all these have failed to control floods and indeed dams are now cited as an important cause of floods while embankments have disrupted the natural drainage system in the flood plains.<\/span>\n\n\u2018Natural\u2019 disaster-led displacement is never recorded after the initial dose of relief and rehabilitation assistance. One of the most serious aspects of the displacement belonging to this category has been the fact that the displacement has been silent but acute and frequent.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\nDisplacement from Dams and Reservoirs<\/strong>\u00a0:\u00a0<\/strong>V<\/mark>arious dams and reservoirs such as Bhakhra Nangal Dam, Sardar Sarovar Dam, Tehri Dam, Bargi Dam and many others of this nature have been constructed, which have rendered nearly 50 lakh homeless and they are facing the problems of displacement, though government took to rehabilitation work, but displaced people are not satisfied Narmada Bachao Andolan is still on for the rehabilitation of the displaced people.<\/span><\/li>\nIndustrial Development and Displacement:<\/strong>\u00a0<\/mark>Large size industrial plants to boost the national economy were erected and land acquired for the purpose had displaced nearly 50 lakh people so far. These people are not satisfied with the compensation paid to them and efforts are made for their rehabilitation. It may be stressed that some industries produce goods of domestic use in large quantities which has rendered large number of workers, engaged in small and cottage industries jobless. Number of such displaced persons cannot be counted.<\/span><\/li>\nNew Forest Policy and Displacement:<\/strong>\u00a0<\/mark>This policy has banned traditional tribal population from taking herbs and earn their bread thus crores of people feel displaced without proper rehabilitation plans for the good of the people.<\/span><\/li>\nDisplacement caused by Urban Facilities :<\/mark>\u00a0<\/strong>Government is developing Mandi Samiti, transport facilities, educational institutions, sports facilities, etc., in urban areas for which land around urban areas have been acquired by the government and small farmers of those areas have been displaced<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\nInstitutional responses<\/span><\/h5>\n\nIndia has no national policy and legal institutional framework to deal with either refugees or IDPs. India has not ratified the 1951 Convention and 1967 Protocol and does not permit UNHCR access to most refugee groups. In the absence of a permanent institutional structure to oversee refugee issues, the granting of refugee status has been at the discretion of the political authorities. Due to a similar absence of a national policy on resettlement and rehabilitation of IDPs, there has been only piecemeal and ad hoc initiatives at project and state level.<\/span><\/li>\nEven the latest Draft National Policy for Rehabilitation of Persons: Displaced as a Consequence of Acquisition of Land proposed by the Ministry of Rural Development does not deal with any other type of displacement except that arising from land acquisition. This draft also totally disregards the plight and interests of IDPs of other categories, including those fleeing human rights violations, physical violence and communal and other sources of tension.<\/span><\/li>\nCrucially, government accountability for the consequences of state-imposed displacement has been virtually absent While the states have aggressively clamoured for more benefits from development projects, they have consistently haggled over their share of rehabilitation costs and totally disregarded the plight of those displaced The Draft National Policy for Rehabilitation is a multi- dimensional response to displacement with full rehabilitation covering<\/span>\n\nThe entire community (landless labourers, landholders, houseless, householders and even the unemployed and the forest dwellers),<\/span><\/li>\nTheir sociocultural cost of displacement and<\/span><\/li>\nEconomic dimensions such as upgrading of skill levels and the accumulation of physical assets as well as social capital.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\nThere is no international agency to deal with such types of dis- placement UNHCR\u2019s mandate in this regard has been both ad hoc and unsystematic. Only recently has UNHCR redefined its mandate to allow for the inclusion of IDPs in certain situations: when such people are present in or going back to the same areas as returning refugees; when they are living alongside a refugee population and have similar needs for protection and assistance; where the same factors have given rise to both internal and external population movements and where there are good reasons for addressing those problems by means of a single humanitarian operation; where there is a potential for cross-border movement and where the provision of assistance to the internally displaced may enable them to remain in safety in their own country.<\/span><\/li>\nDisplacement is not migration, because migration is on account of individual\u2019s free will for his own good while displacement is forced by the state. Sometimes the government provides some facilities to the displaced person and families and sometime they are asked to make their own arrangements.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\nMeasures to Check Displacement<\/span><\/h5>\nSince the problem of development induced displacement is a question of life and death for a very large population, therefore, we suggest following measures to check the problems<\/span><\/p>\n\nBefore undertaking any development project it must be evaluated by experts so that only minimum numbers of people are displaced<\/span><\/li>\nThe execution of such big projects be handled by honest and efficient persons so that they are completed in due time and proper rehabilitation of displaced is ensured<\/span><\/li>\nPlans must be made for the employment of the displaced people.<\/span><\/li>\nCash compensation to displaced persons does not serve the purpose. Therefore, they should be provided with living space, educational and medical facilities for their children and family members as well as employment to the displaced<\/span><\/li>\nDispersal of industries instead of their concentration in some selected areas will benefit large number of people and reduce the large scale displacement<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/span>
Since the problem of development induced displacement is a question of life and death for a very large population, therefore, we suggest following measures to check the problems<\/span><\/p>\n\nBefore undertaking any development project it must be evaluated by experts so that only minimum numbers of people are displaced<\/span><\/li>\nThe execution of such big projects be handled by honest and efficient persons so that they are completed in due time and proper rehabilitation of displaced is ensured<\/span><\/li>\nPlans must be made for the employment of the displaced people.<\/span><\/li>\nCash compensation to displaced persons does not serve the purpose. Therefore, they should be provided with living space, educational and medical facilities for their children and family members as well as employment to the displaced<\/span><\/li>\nDispersal of industries instead of their concentration in some selected areas will benefit large number of people and reduce the large scale displacement<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/span>
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