{"id":21410,"date":"2024-03-21T13:47:01","date_gmt":"2024-03-21T08:17:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/?p=21410"},"modified":"2024-05-30T16:21:05","modified_gmt":"2024-05-30T10:51:05","slug":"protest-agitation-social-movements-collective-action-revolution-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/protest-agitation-social-movements-collective-action-revolution-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Protest, Agitation, Social movements, Collective action, Revolution | Sociology Optional Coaching | Vikash Ranjan Classes | Triumph IAS | UPSC Sociology Optional"},"content":{"rendered":"<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 100%; text-align: justify;\">When considering the array of 51 optional subjects for the\u00a0<strong>UPSC Mains Examination<\/strong>, Sociology consistently stands out as a top choice. Its inherent appeal lies in its accessibility and intriguing exploration of humanity and society, catering even to students from Science and Commerce backgrounds. With a well-defined\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.in\/?page_id=758\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>UPSC sociology syllabus<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0comprising only 13 units, Sociology can be comprehensively covered within 3 to 4 months, as exemplified by Commerce Graduate\u00a0<a class=\"ari-fancybox\" href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/_MJcgrqEIEY?si=LrEjAqsumhcsqzg0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>IAS Pradeep Singh<\/strong><\/a>, who achieved 307 marks in his first attempt. Notably,\u00a0<strong>Sociology for UPSC<\/strong>\u00a0has garnered a reputation as one of the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Highest scoring optional subjects<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0in the UPSC Main Examination, with numerous candidates consistently achieving 300+. Its popularity is evident in the fact that a significant proportion of top 100 rankers opt for Sociology as their optional subject, showcasing its high scoring potential, particularly for those not from sociology backgrounds. Moreover, relevance of\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.in\/?page_id=758\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Sociology Optional Syllabus for UPSC<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0extends beyond the examination hall, enriching understanding across various aspects of life, from social and economic to political and cultural domains. In recent times, Sociology Optional has gained traction, aligning with the evolving trend of the UPSC Mains towards conceptual analysis. Unlike other optional subjects with unpredictable question patterns, Sociology offers stability and predictability, making it an attractive choice. This adaptability, coupled with its concise syllabus and relevance to both academic and social spheres, positions Sociology as the ideal\u00a0<strong>optional subject for engineers<\/strong>\u00a0as well as\u00a0<strong>optional subject for commerce graduates<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0<strong>optional subject for science graduates<\/strong>\u00a0seeking success in the\u00a0<strong>Civil Services Examination<\/strong>. For those pursuing Sociology as an optional subject, accessing comprehensive\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.in\/?page_id=758\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Sociology optional notes<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0and few good\u00a0<strong>Sociology optional books<\/strong>, and previous years\u2019\u00a0<strong>UPSC sociology optional question papers<\/strong>\u00a0is pivotal for thorough preparation. Additionally, for aspirants seeking guidance, renowned educator Vikash Ranjan at\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>TRIUMPH IAS<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0coaching institutes in Delhi, offer valuable support and resources.\u00a0<strong>Vikash Ranjan Sir<\/strong>\u00a0is the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/pages-about-vikash-ranjan-triumphias.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Best Sociology Teacher<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0and Triumph IAS is the<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>best<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>sociology coaching in Delhi<\/strong><\/a>. If you are away from Old Rajendra Nagar, Delhi, you can still complete Journey of UPSC civil service preparation through\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Online Sociology class<\/strong>\u00a0<\/a>The scientific nature of Sociology, coupled with its direct applicability to daily social interactions, renders it a subject that can be comprehended without extensive reference materials, distinguishing it from other optional subjects requiring extensive reading and research.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_68 ez-toc-wrap-center counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-light-blue ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >What's Inside this Blog!<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span 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ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/protest-agitation-social-movements-collective-action-revolution-2\/#Protest_Agitation_Social_movements_Collective_action_Revolution\" title=\"Protest, Agitation, Social movements, Collective action, Revolution\">Protest, Agitation, Social movements, Collective action, Revolution<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-2' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/protest-agitation-social-movements-collective-action-revolution-2\/#Protest_Agitation_Social_movements_Collective_action_Revolution-2\" title=\"Protest, Agitation, Social movements, Collective action, Revolution\">Protest, Agitation, Social movements, Collective action, Revolution<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/protest-agitation-social-movements-collective-action-revolution-2\/#Key_processes_lie_behind_the_history_of_social_movements\" title=\"Key processes lie behind the history of social movements:\">Key processes lie behind the history of social movements:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/protest-agitation-social-movements-collective-action-revolution-2\/#Ideology\" title=\"Ideology:\">Ideology:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/protest-agitation-social-movements-collective-action-revolution-2\/#Revolution\" title=\"Revolution:\">Revolution:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/protest-agitation-social-movements-collective-action-revolution-2\/#The_End_of_the_Blog_Protest_Agitation_Social_movements_Collective_action_Revolution\" title=\"The End of the Blog : Protest, Agitation, Social movements, Collective action, Revolution\">The End of the Blog : Protest, Agitation, Social movements, Collective action, Revolution<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/protest-agitation-social-movements-collective-action-revolution-2\/#After_Class_Doubts_Session_of_Students_with_Vikash_Ranjan_Sir\" title=\"After Class Doubts Session of Students \nwith Vikash Ranjan Sir\">After Class Doubts Session of Students \nwith Vikash Ranjan Sir<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-2' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/protest-agitation-social-movements-collective-action-revolution-2\/#Frequently_Asked_Questions_by_UPSC_Sociology_Optional_Students\" title=\"Frequently Asked Questions by \nUPSC Sociology Optional Students\">Frequently Asked Questions by \nUPSC Sociology Optional Students<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/protest-agitation-social-movements-collective-action-revolution-2\/#Fill_the_Google_form_to_stay_updated_about_Sociology_Optional_New_Offline_and_Online_Batches\" title=\"Fill the Google form to stay updated about \nSociology Optional New Offline and Online Batches\">Fill the Google form to stay updated about \nSociology Optional New Offline and Online Batches<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h1 class=\"entry-title\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Protest_Agitation_Social_movements_Collective_action_Revolution\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000; font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Protest, Agitation, Social movements, Collective action, Revolution<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><em><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Article by Triumph IAS<\/span><\/em><\/h3>\n<table style=\"width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; border-style: dotted; border-color: #4f3232; background-color: #fcffe8;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 809.091px;\">\n<h2 class=\"entry-title\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Protest_Agitation_Social_movements_Collective_action_Revolution-2\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/triumphiasblogs.com\/protest-agitation-social-movements-collective-action-revolution\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff; font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Protest, Agitation, Social movements, Collective action, Revolution<\/span><\/a><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<article id=\"post-23371\" class=\"entry content-bg single-entry post-23371 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-fundamentals-of-sociology\">\n<div class=\"entry-content-wrap\">\n<div class=\"entry-content single-content\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">An<strong>\u00a0Element of dissatisfaction<\/strong>\u00a0with the existing system can be found in every society. Dissatisfaction may be caused by\u00a0<strong>Poverty, social discrimination, exploitation or lack of privilege.<\/strong>\u00a0People may develop a<strong>\u00a0Strong desire to change the situation<\/strong>\u00a0by raising their voices against the existing order. They may start questioning established practices of society. This difference of opinion actually reflects a desire for change.\u00a0<strong>Social movements emerge under this situation<\/strong>. However, a movement does not occur suddenly. It begins with<strong>\u00a0Dissent<\/strong>, moves towards\u00a0<strong>Protests and agitation<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>and finally takes the form of a Social movement.<\/strong>\u00a0This\u00a0<strong>Sequence-dissent, protest and agitation and social movements\u00a0<\/strong>\u2013 represents different phases of social change. But in some cases all these may be in operation at the same time.<\/span><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong><strong>Dissent<\/strong>:\u00a0<\/strong>The term\u00a0<strong><strong>Dissent<\/strong><\/strong>\u00a0refers to ideas and activities which are different from those prevailing in a society at a given point of time.\u00a0<strong>Differences of opinion and disagreement<\/strong>\u00a0on certain issues are bases of dissent. Dissent is thus the beginning of a movement for change.<strong>\u00a0<strong>For example<\/strong><\/strong>, the struggle against the inhuman practice of untouchability in India was initiated only when the people who were suffering from this cruel practice raised their voices against it (Expressed their Dissent).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong><strong>Protest and agitation<\/strong><\/strong>\u00a0is generally\u00a0<strong>Specific in nature. When dissent is expressed openly it assumes the form of protest and agitation.<\/strong>\u00a0When a dissenting opinion crystallizes further the situation of\u00a0<strong>protest and agitation<\/strong>\u00a0is created. Thus\u00a0<strong>protest and agitation,<\/strong>\u00a0in order to be meaningful, has to be supported by dissent in respect of the institutional arrangements prevailing in society at a given point of time. In fact, a<strong>\u00a0Consciousness of injustice and deprivation takes place at this stage.<\/strong>\u00a0Accordingly, we may say that\u00a0<strong>the social sharing of discrimination and deprivation is the starting point of protest and agitation.\u00a0<\/strong>Thus, we may say that DISSENT expresses dissatisfaction with the existing situation and registers disagreement.<strong>\u00a0protest and agitation,<\/strong>\u00a0on the other hand, is a formal declaration of dissent and represents a more crystallized state of opposition and conflict.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong><strong>Social movement<\/strong>:\u00a0<\/strong>The term \u201csocial movements\u201d was introduced in 1850 by the German Sociologist Lorenz von Steinin his book \u201cHistory of the French Social Movement from 1789 to the Present\u201d. A social movement is\u00a0<strong><strong>A sustained collective effort that focuses on some aspect of social change<\/strong><\/strong>.<strong>\u00a0M.S.A Rao\u00a0<\/strong>says that a social movement essentially involves<strong>\u00a0Sustained collective mobilization through either informal or formal organization and is generally oriented<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>towards bringing about change in the existing system.<\/strong>\u00a0Rao considers ideology as an important component of a social movement.\u00a0<strong>Social movements<\/strong>\u00a0are of great sociological interest because they are a major source of social change. All societies undergo changes. It may be radical i.e. some social institutions may be replaced by new ones. There may be major changes in the existing social institutions. Social movements are<strong>\u00a0<strong>a type of group action to bring or resist change.<\/strong><\/strong>\u00a0They are large informal groupings of individuals and\/or organizations focused on specific political or social issues, in other words, on carrying out, resisting or undoing a social change.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2 id=\"key-processes-lie-behind-the-history-of-social-movements\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Key_processes_lie_behind_the_history_of_social_movements\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Key processes lie behind the history of social movements:<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Several key processes lie behind the history of social movements<strong>.\u00a0<strong>Urbanization<\/strong><\/strong>\u00a0led to larger settlements, where people of similar goals could find each other, gather and organize. This facilitated social interaction between scores of people, and it was in urban areas that those early social movements first appeared.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Similarly, the process of\u00a0<strong><strong>Industrialization<\/strong><\/strong>\u00a0which gathered large masses of workers in the same region explains why many of those early social movements addressed matters such as economic wellbeing, important to the worker class.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong><strong>Universalization of education<\/strong>:<\/strong>\u00a0Many other social movements were created at universities, where the process of mass education brought many people together.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Scientific revolution:<\/strong>\u00a0With the development of communication technologies, creation and activities of social movements became easier \u2013 from printed pamphlets circulating in the 18th century coffeehouses to newspapers and Internet, all those tools became important factors in the growth of the social movements.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong><strong>Democratization<\/strong>:<\/strong>\u00a0Finally, the spread of democracy and political rights like the freedom of speech made the creation and functioning of social movements much easier.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3 id=\"nature-of-social-movements\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Nature of social movements:<\/span><\/h3>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Turner &amp; Kilian<\/strong>\u00a0define a social movement as a<strong>\u00a0\u201ccollectivity<\/strong>\u00a0which acts with some continuity to promote or resist change in the society or group of which it is a part\u201d. Toch emphasizes that a\u00a0<strong>social movement is an effort by a large number of people to solve collectively a problem they feel they share in common.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Although\u00a0<strong>social movement<\/strong>\u00a0involves\u00a0<strong>collective action<\/strong>\u00a0by the people. However,\u00a0<strong>any form of collective action cannot be labelled as a social movement<\/strong>, even if it is directed towards changing the existing, social values. It should be\u00a0<strong>sustained and not sporadic.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>A social movement differs from a crowd<\/strong>\u00a0by being a long-term collectivity, not a quick spontaneous grouping.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Social movements<\/strong>\u00a0are also different from other movements like<strong>\u00a0cooperative movement or the trade union movement. These movements are institutionalized movements i<\/strong>.e. they function under a given set of rules. The membership of these organizations is not open to all. Members function with a fixed structure and a hierarchy. This type of a hierarchy is necessary for any institutionalized movement.<strong>\u00a0Social movements<\/strong>\u00a0on the other hand, will not have any of the above features. The two features of social movements, namely,<strong>\u00a0sustained action and spontaneity operate simultaneously.<\/strong>\u00a0These together distinguish a social movement from other movements.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Social movements in the beginning<\/strong>\u00a0do not follow a fixed pattern of hierarchy. They are thus able to innovate new features of organisation. Institutionalization would prevent any form of innovation because of its fixed structures.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>A social movement<\/strong>\u00a0constitutes a collective attempt not only to promote change but also to resist change e.g. Sati movement.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3 id=\"types-of-social-movements\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Types of social movements:<\/span><\/h3>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Reform movements:\u00a0<\/strong>Collective attempt to change some parts of a society without completely transforming it. It accepts the basic pattern of the social order of that society and orients itself around an ideal. It makes use of those institutions such as the press, the government, the school, the church and so on to support its programme. These usually rise on behalf of some distressed or exploited group. Reform movements are almost impossible in an authoritarian society. Such movements are mainly possible in democratic societies where people tolerate criticism.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Revolutionary movements:\u00a0<\/strong>Such a movement seeks to overthrow the existing system and replace it with a totally different one. Revolutionary movements aim at reconstructing the entire social order. They Challenge the existing norms and propose a new scheme of values.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Resistance of reactionary movements:<\/strong>\u00a0These arise among people who are dissatisfied with certain aspects of change. The movement seeks to recapture or reinstate old values.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Migratory movements:\u00a0<\/strong>When a large number of people migrate due to discontent and or due to shared hope for a better future in some other land.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Revitalization movement:<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3 id=\"functions-of-social-movements\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Functions of social movements:<\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-theme-palette-2-color\">According to<strong>\u00a0<strong>Touraine<\/strong><\/strong>\u00a0social movements have three important functions:<\/mark><\/span><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong><strong>Mediation<\/strong>:\u00a0<\/strong>Help to relate the individual to the larger society. Give each person a chance to participate, to express his ideas and to play a role in the process of social change.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong><strong>Pressure<\/strong>:<\/strong>\u00a0Social movements stimulate the formation of organized group that work systematically to see that their plans and policies are implemented.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong><strong>Clarification of collective consciousness<\/strong>:<\/strong>\u00a0Social movements generate and develop ideas which spread throughout society. As a result group consciousness arises and grows.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h4 id=\"theoretical-strands-for-origins-of-social-movements\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Theoretical strands for origins of social movements:<\/span><\/h4>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong><strong>Deprivation theory<\/strong>:\u00a0<\/strong>Deprivation theory argues that<strong>\u00a0<strong>Social movements<\/strong><\/strong>\u00a0have their foundations among people who feel deprived of some good(s) or resource(s). According to this approach, individuals who are lacking some good, service, or comfort are more likely to organize a social movement to improve (or defend) their conditions. There are two significant problems with this theory.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong><strong>First<\/strong>,\u00a0<\/strong>since most people feel deprived at one level or another almost all the time, the theory has a hard time explaining why the groups that form social movements do when other people are also deprived.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong><strong>Second<\/strong><\/strong>, the reasoning behind this theory is circular \u2013 often the only evidence for deprivation is the social movement. If deprivation is claimed to be the cause but the only evidence for such is the movement, the reasoning is circular.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong><strong>Marxist theory: (for detail refer thinkers)<\/strong>\u00a0Derived<\/strong>\u00a0from Karl Marx, Marxism as an ideology and theory of social change has had an immense impact on the practice and the analysis of social movements. Marxism arose from an analysis of movements structured by conflicts between industrial workers and their capitalist employers in the 19th century. In the twentieth century a variety of neo Marxist theories have been developed that have opened themselves to adding questions of race, gender, environment, and other issues to an analysis centered in (shifting) political economic conditions. Class based movements, both revolutionary and labor-reformist, have always been stronger in Europe than in the US and so has Marxist theory as a tool for understanding social movements, but important Marxist movements and theories have also evolved in the US. Marxist approaches have been and remain influential ways of understanding the role of political economy and class differences as key forces in many historical and current social movements, and they continue to challenge approaches that are limited by their inability to imagine serious alternatives to consumer capitalist social structures.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong><strong>Mass society theory<\/strong>:<\/strong>\u00a0Mass society theory argues that\u00a0<strong><strong>Social movements<\/strong><\/strong>\u00a0are made up of individuals in large societies who feel their identity insignificant or socially detached.\u00a0<strong><strong>Social movements<\/strong>, according to this theory, Provide a sense of empowerment and belonging that the members would otherwise not have felt.<\/strong>\u00a0However, Very little support has been found for this theory.\u00a0<strong>AHO (1990), in<\/strong>\u00a0his study of Idaho Christian Patriotism, did not find that members of that movement were more likely to have been socially detached. In fact, the key to joining the movement was having a friend or associate who was a member of the movement.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong><strong>Social strain theory<\/strong>:<\/strong>\u00a0Social strain theory, also known as\u00a0<strong>\u201cvalue-added theory\u201d<\/strong>, proposes six factors that encourage social movement:<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">structural conduciveness \u2013<strong>\u00a0people come to believe their society has problems<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">structural strain \u2013\u00a0<strong>people experience deprivation<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">growth and spread of a solution \u2013\u00a0<strong>a solution to the problems people are experiencing is proposed and spreads<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">precipitating factors \u2013\u00a0<strong>discontent usually requires a catalyst (often a specific event) to turn it into a\u00a0<\/strong>social movement<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">lack of social control \u2013\u00a0<strong>the entity that is to be changed must be at least somewhat open to the change; if the social movement is quickly and powerfully repressed, it may never materialize<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">mobilization \u2013<strong>\u00a0this is the actual organizing and active component of the movement; people do what needs to be done<\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>This theory is also subject to circular reasoning as it incorporates, at least in part, deprivation theory and relies upon it<\/strong>, and social\/structural strain for the underlying motivation of social movement activism. However, social movement activism is, like in the case of deprivation theory, often the only indication that there was strain or deprivation.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Resource mobilization theory<\/strong>: Resource mobilization theory emphasizes the importance of resources in\u00a0<strong>Social movement<\/strong>\u00a0and it\u2019s success. Resources are understood here to include:\u00a0<strong>Knowledge, money, media, labour, solidarity, legitimacy, and internal and external support from power elite.. The theory argues that\u00a0<strong>Social movement<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>develop when individuals with grievances are able to mobilize sufficient resources to take action. The emphasis on resources offers an explanation why some discontented\/deprived individuals are able to organize while others are not.\u00a0<strong>Some of the assumptions of the theory include:<\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>there will always be grounds for protest in modern, politically pluralistic societies because there is constant discontent among members of society<\/strong>\u00a0(i.e., grievances or deprivation);<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Members weigh the costs and benefits from movement\u2019s participation; members are recruited through networks; commitment is maintained by building a collective identity and continuing to nurture interpersonal relationships<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">movement organization is contingent upon the aggregation of resources<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">social movement organizations require resources and continuity of leadership<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">social movement entrepreneurs and protest organisers are the catalysts which transform<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">collective discontent into social movements;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">the form of the resources shapes the activities of the movement (e.g., access to a TV<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">station will result in the extensive use TV media)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">movements develop in contingent opportunity structures that influence their efforts to<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">mobilize; as each movement\u2019s response to the opportunity structures depends on the<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">movement\u2019s organization and resources, there is no clear pattern of movement<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">development nor are specific movement techniques or methods universal<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Critics of this theory argue that there is too much of an emphasize on resources, especially financial resources.\u00a0<\/strong>Some movements are effective without an influx of money and are more dependent upon the movement members for time and labor (e.g., the civil rights movement in the U.S.).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-theme-palette-2-color\">M.S.A. RAO had done a great deal of research on\u00a0<strong>Social movement<\/strong>\u00a0and he\u00a0<strong>Identified three factors<\/strong>\u00a0relating to the origins of\u00a0<strong>Social movement<\/strong><\/mark><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Relative deprivation:\u00a0<\/strong>People feel that they are deprived of something. The Naxalite movement would have this as a cause. Deprivation is relative and not absolute. Social movements can arise out of relative expectations and not necessarily out of extreme or absolute conditions.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Structural strain:\u00a0<\/strong>When the prevailing value system and the normative structure do not meet the aspirations of the people, the society faces strain.\u00a0<strong>A new value system is sought so as to replace the old leads to conflicts and tension causing social movement.<\/strong>\u00a0Usually individuals in such a situation violate the social norms.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Revitalization:<\/strong>\u00a0Offer a positive alternative.<strong>\u00a0Movements are started for revitalizing the existing system which is undergoing structural strain.<\/strong>\u00a0Urge for revitalization can generate a movement which promotes patriotism and national pride could be caused by youth movements which encourage young people to help and organize the oppressed or the literacy movements are other examples. Movements are started in order to solve a problem collectively. Not merely protest against what they define as wrong but also try to provide an alternative.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h4 id=\"conditions-for-origin-of-social-movements\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Conditions for origin of social movements:<\/span><\/h4>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Social movement represents an\u00a0<strong>effort by a large number of people to solve collectively a problem or problems.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">The people must\u00a0<strong>understand the problem.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">The<strong>\u00a0problem must<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>be observable.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Problem must be objective<\/strong>\u00a0i.e. it exists even if people are not aware of it.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Consciousness of the problem: When people become aware of the problem it means that their consciousness of the problem is real.\u00a0<strong>They are now subjectively aware of the objective situation.<\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Problems are not created by people out of nothing.\u00a0<strong>Problems exist in reality but it is only when people actually understand a problem that they try to find out means to overcome it.<\/strong>\u2022<strong>\u00a0Social movements are not eternal.\u00a0<\/strong>They have a life cycle: they are created, they grow, they achieve successes or failures and eventually, they dissolve and cease to exist.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Social movements are more likely to evolve in the time and place which is friendly to the social movements:\u00a0<\/strong>hence their evident symbiosis with the 19th century proliferation of ideas like individual rights, freedom of speech and civil disobedience.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Social movements<\/strong>\u00a0occur in both liberal and authoritarian societies but in different forms. However, there must always be\u00a0<strong>polarizing differences<\/strong>\u00a0between groups of people,\u00a0<strong>for example<\/strong>\u00a0in case of \u2018old movements\u2019, they were the poverty and wealth gaps. In case of the \u2018new movements\u2019, they are more likely to be the differences in customs, ethics and values.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Finally, the birth of a social movement needs what sociologist Neil Smelser calls an initiating event:\u00a0<\/strong>a particular, individual event that will begin a chain reaction of events in the given society leading to the creation of a social movement. For example, American Civil Rights movement grew on the reaction to black woman, Rosa Parks, riding in the whites only section of the bus (although she was not acting alone or spontaneously\u2014typically activist Leaders lay the groundwork behind the scenes of interventions designed to spark a movement). The Polish Solidarity movement, which eventually toppled the communist regimes of Eastern Europe, developed after trade union activist\u00a0<strong>Anna Walentynowicz<\/strong>\u00a0was fired from work. The South African shack dwellers\u2019 movement grew out of a road blockade in response to the sudden selling off of a small piece of land promised for housing to a developer. Such an event is also described as a \u201cvolcanic model\u201d \u2013 a social movement is often created after a large number of people realize that there are others sharing the same value and desire for a particular social change.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3 id=\"sources-of-problems-in-social-movement\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Sources of problems in social movement:<\/span><\/h3>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>One of the main difficulties facing the emerging social movement is \u2018spreading the very knowledge that it exists\u2019.<\/strong>\u00a0Second is overcoming the \u2018free rider problem\u2019 \u2013 convincing people to join it, instead of following the mentality \u2018why should I trouble myself when others can do it and I can just reap the benefits after their hard work\u2019.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Many social movements are created around some charismatic leader, i.e. one possessing charismatic authority.<\/strong>\u00a0After the social movement is created, there are two likely phases of recruitment.\u00a0<strong>The first phase\u00a0<\/strong>will gather the people deeply interested in the<strong>\u00a0\u2018primary goal\u2019<\/strong>\u00a0and ideal of the movement.\u00a0<strong>The second phase,<\/strong>\u00a0which will usually come after the given movement had some successes and is trendy; it would look good on a r\u00e9sum\u00e9. People who join in this second phase will likely be the first to leave when the movement suffers any setbacks and failures.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Eventually, the social crisis can be encouraged by outside elements, like opposition from government or other movements. However, many movements had survived a failure crisis, being revived by some hardcore activists even after several decades.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h4 id=\"role-of-leadership-and-ideology-in-social-movements\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Role of leadership and ideology in social movements:<\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Social movements constitute people\u2019s efforts to organize themselves to light against inequalities, discrimination and deprivation. Widespread collective mobilization has led to organized movements with defined<strong>\u00a0ideologies and leaders\u00a0<\/strong>who have brought important changes in the societies from which they originate.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Leaders are important for movements because They help clarify the issues and thus shape the movement.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Provide guidance to a movement.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Prevent it from becoming a desperate, unruly collection of people.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Leadership is expected to Reflect the views of the people..<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Leaders Articulate the views of the participants.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">They Present peoples view in an organized manner.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>How the participant attempt to achieve the stated objectives will be largely determined by the leadership the movement can throw up.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"ideology\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Ideology\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Ideology:<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>People follow the leader because of what he represents<\/strong>\u00a0i.e.<strong>\u00a0the ideas that he places before the people.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Ideology plays a role in\u00a0<strong>Sustaining the movement<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">It helps in\u00a0<strong>Understanding a situation<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">It\u00a0<strong><strong>legitimizes actions<\/strong><\/strong>\u00a0perused by the people.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Ideology makes people\u00a0<strong>Understand and justify the implications of their action.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Ideology indicates\u00a0<strong><strong>The goals, means and forms of practical activities<\/strong><\/strong>\u00a0of social groups and of individuals.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">It supplies the<strong>\u00a0<strong>Justification for various social, political and moral ideals<\/strong>.<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Ideology\u00a0<strong><strong>Distinguishes a social movement from mere instances<\/strong><\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Leaders operate within ideological framework.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3 id=\"life-cycle-of-social-movements\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Life cycle of social movements:<\/span><\/h3>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Stage one<\/strong>\u00a0reflects the\u00a0<strong>social unrest<\/strong>\u00a0present in society.\u00a0<strong>Collective tension<\/strong>\u00a0builds up as a result of this.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Stage two<\/strong>\u00a0in which\u00a0<strong>collective excitement<\/strong>\u00a0can be witnessed in the society, where people feel they have a problem in common.<strong>\u00a0Certain social conditions are identified<\/strong>\u00a0as the root cause of the misery and excitement sets in. The movement gains support and a guiding ideology.<strong>\u00a0Agitation<\/strong>\u00a0rise everywhere. This period is generally brief and leads quickly to action.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Stage three<\/strong>\u00a0is the\u00a0<strong>formalization s<\/strong>tage though some movements like migratory movements may be able to operate without formal organisation<strong>. Division of work<\/strong>\u00a0among leaders and followers.<strong>\u00a0Fund raising\u00a0<\/strong>is systematized and<strong>\u00a0ideology becomes clearer<\/strong>\u00a0than before.<strong>\u00a0The strategy and tactics for protest and for action\u00a0<\/strong>are drawn and\u00a0<strong>a moral justification<\/strong>\u00a0for having adopted a particular course of action is established.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>The fourth stage<\/strong>\u00a0is one of\u00a0<strong>institutionalization<\/strong>. The movement\u00a0<strong>crystallizes into a definite pattern.\u00a0<\/strong>Efficient bureaucrats replace agitators; buildings, offices are established.\u00a0<strong>The aims of the movement<\/strong>\u00a0become accepted in that society. This period may last indefinitely.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>The fifth stage<\/strong>\u00a0is one of<strong>\u00a0dissolution. Only\u00a0<\/strong>some movements achieve full institutionalization. Some movements\u2019 ends early while some dissolve after the objective has been achieved.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>All social movements: Play a major part in social change. Help in quickening the pace of change. Influence many aspects of the people\u2019s lives: moral, political, social and cultural.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"revolution\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Revolution\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Revolution:<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>A revolution is a mass social movement. A revolution\u00a0<\/strong>(from the Latin revolutio, \u201ca turn around\u201d) is a fundamental change in political power or organizational structures that takes place in a relatively short period of time when the population rises up in revolt against the current authorities.\u00a0<strong>A revolution leads to major process of reform or change (Skocpol 1979).<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>John Dunn\u00a0<\/strong>has pointed out that this means that\u00a0<strong>those who take power must genuinely be more capable of governing the society over which they assume control than those who have been over-thrown; the leadership must be capable of achieving at least some its targets.<\/strong>\u00a0A society in which a movement succeeds in gaining the formal trappings of power but is then unable to rule effectively cannot be said to have experienced a revolution; it is likely rather to be a society in chaos or threatened with disintegration.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Revolution involves the threat or use of violence on the part of those participating.<\/strong>\u00a0Revolutions are political changes brought about in the face of opposition from the pre-existing authorities who cannot be persuaded to relinquish their power without the threatened or actual use of violence means.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Combining these three criteria, we can define a revolution as the seizure, often involving the use of violence, of political power by the leaders of a mass movement, where that power is subsequently used to initiate major processes of social reform.<\/strong>\u00a0In these terms, the events of 1989 in Eastern Europe were definitely revolutions. Mass social movements were involved. Violence was threatened and sometimes (in Romania, for example) used against the government authorities. And the events certainly led to major processes of social reform.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">The revolutions, however, are only the most recent in a history of revolutionary change in modern societies that goes as far back as the eighteenth century<strong>. The American and French revolutions, of 1776 and 1789 respectively, were the most important examples during the eighteenth.\u00a0<\/strong>The ideals of freedom, citizenship and equality in the name of which those revolutions were fought, have become fundamental political values. Indeed, these were the value that guided the movements of 1989 in Eastern Europe.\u00a0<strong>Eighteenth-century revolutions in fact played a major role in establishing the political system of most<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Western societies, not just the United States and France.\u00a0<\/strong>But most of the revolutions occurring across the world in the twentieth century, up to the events of 1989, took place in developing societies such as Russia, China, Mexico, Turkey, Egypt Vietnam, Cuba and other Third World countries.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3 id=\"theories-of-revolution\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Theories of revolution:<\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Since revolution have been so important in world history over the past two centuries, it is not surprising that a diversity of theories exist to try to account for them. Some theories were formulated early in the history of the social sciences; the most important was that of Karl Marx. Marx, who lived well before any of the revolutions undertaken in the name of his ideas. He intended his views to be taken not just as an analysis of the conditions of revolutionary change, but as a means of furthering such change. Whatever is their intrinsic validity, Marx\u2019s ideas have had an immense practical impact on twentieth-century social change.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 id=\"karl-marxs-theory\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Karl Marx\u2019s theory:<\/span><\/h4>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Marx\u2019s view of revolution is based on his interpretation of human history in general. According to Marx,\u00a0<strong>the development of societies is marked by periodic class conflicts that, when they become acute, tend to end in a process of revolutionary change<\/strong>. Class struggles derive from the contradictions \u2013 unresolvable tensions \u2013 in societies.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">The main source of contradiction can be traced to economic changes, or changes in the forces of production. In beginning was stability in society, there was a balance between the economic structure, social relationship and the political system\u00a0<strong>(primitive capitalist stage)<\/strong>. As the forces of production altered, contradiction appeared in society because of inequality between\u00a0<strong>have and have not<\/strong>\u00a0in respect to their relation with \u201cMeans of Production\u201d. In Capitalist stage contradictions further intensified, leading to open clashes between classes \u2013 and ultimately to revolution.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Marx applied this model both to the past development of feudalism and to what he saw as the probable future evolution of industrial capitalism.\u00a0<\/strong>The traditional, feudal societies of Europe were based on peasant production; the producers were SERFS ruled by a class of\u00a0<strong>landed aristocrats and gentry.<\/strong>\u00a0Economic changes within these societies gave rise to towns and cities, where trade and manufacture developed. This new economic system, created within feudal society, threatened its very basis. Rather than being founded on the traditional lord-serf relationship, the emerging economic order encouraged industrialists to produce goods for sale in open markets. The contradictions between the old feudal economy and the newly emerging capitalist one eventually became acute, taking the form of\u00a0<strong>violent conflict<\/strong>\u00a0between\u00a0<strong>the rising capitalist class and the feudal landowners. Revolution was the outcome of this process, the most important example being the French revolution 1789.\u00a0<\/strong>Through such revolution and revolutionary change occurring in other European societies, Marx argued, the capitalist class managed to achieve dominance.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">But the coming of industrial capitalism, according to Marx, set up new contradictions, which would eventually lead to a further series of revolutions prompted by ideals of communism<strong>. Marx meant by communism the ownership of industry by society as a whole, rather than by individuals.\u00a0<\/strong>Industrial capitalism is an economic order based on the private pursuit of profit and on competition between firms to sell their products creates a gulf between a rich minority who control the industrial resources and an impoverished majority of wage workers.\u00a0<strong>Workers and capitalist<\/strong>\u00a0come into more and more intense conflict with one another. Labour movements and political parties representing the mass of the working population eventually mount a challenge to the rule of the capitalist class and overthrow the existing political system. When the position of a dominant class is particularly entrenched, Marx believed, violent Revolution is necessary to bring about the required-transition.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h4 id=\"james-davies-theory\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">James Davies theory:<\/span><\/h4>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Criticizing Marx, sociologist James Davies pointed out that there are many periods of history when people have lived in dire poverty but have not risen up in protest.<\/strong>\u00a0Constant poverty or deprivation does not make people into revolutionaries; rather, they usually endure such conditions with resignation or mute despair.\u00a0<strong>According to Davies, social protest, and ultimately revolution, is more likely to occur when there is an improvement in people\u2019s living conditions. Once standards of living have started to rise, people\u2019s levels of expectations also go up. If improvement in actual conditions subsequently slows down, propensities to revolt are created because rising expectations are frustrated.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Thus,\u00a0<strong>it is not absolute deprivation that leads to protest but relative deprivation \u2013 the discrepancy between the lives people are forced to lead and what they think could realistically be achieved.<\/strong>\u00a0Davis\u2019s theory is useful in understanding the connections between revolution and modern social and economic development. The influence of ideals of progress, together with expectations of economic growth, tend to induce rising expectations, which, it then frustrated spark protest Such protest gains further strength from the spread of ideas of equality and democratic political participation.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">As Charles Tilly has pointed out, however, Davies\u2019s theory does not show how and why different groups mobilize to seek revolutionary change. Protest might well often occur against a backdrop of rising expectations; to understand how it is transformed into revolutionary action; we need to identify how groups become collectively organized to make effective political challenges.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h4 id=\"charles-tillys-theory\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Charles tilly\u2019s theory:<\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">In From\u00a0<strong>Mobilization<\/strong>\u00a0to Revolution, Charles Tilly analysed process of revolutionary change in the context of broader forms of protest and violence. He distinguished\u00a0<strong>Four main components of collective action<\/strong>, action taken to contest or overthrows an existing social order<strong>\u00a0<strong>Leading to revolution<\/strong><\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>The organization of the group or groups involved<\/strong>. Protest movements are organized in many ways, varying from the spontaneous formation of crowds to tightly disciplined revolutionary groups.\u00a0<strong>For example<\/strong>, The movement Lenin led in Russia began as a small group of activists.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Mobilization<\/strong>, the ways in which a group acquires\u00a0<strong>sufficient resources<\/strong>\u00a0to make collective action possible. Such resources may include supplies of material goods, political support and weaponry.\u00a0<strong>For example<\/strong>, Lenin was able to acquire material and moral support from a sympathetic peasantry, together with many townspeople.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>The common interests<\/strong>\u00a0of these engaging in collective action, what they see as the gains and losses likely to be achieved by their policies. Some common goals always underlie mobilization to collective action.\u00a0<strong>For example,<\/strong>\u00a0Lenin managed to weld together a broad coalition of support because many people had a common interest in removing the existing government.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Opportunity, chance<\/strong>; events may occur that provide opportunities to pursue revolutionary aims. Numerous forms of collective action, including revolution, are greatly influenced by such incidental events.\u00a0<strong>There was not inevitability to Lenin\u2019s success, which depended on a number of contingent factors \u2013 including success in battle. If Lenin had been killed, would there have been a revolution?<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-theme-palette-2-color\">Collective action<\/mark><\/strong>\u00a0itself can simply be defined as people acting together in pursuit of interests they share \u2013 for example, gathering to demonstrate in support of their cause. Some of these people may be intensely involved; others may lend more passive or irregular support. Effective collective action, such as action that culminates in revolution, usually moves through stages 1 to 4.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Social movements,<\/strong>\u00a0in Tilly\u2019s view, tend to develop as means of mobilizing group resources either when people have no institutionalized means of making their voices heard or when their needs are directly repressed by the state authorities. Although collective action at some point. involves open confrontation with the political authorities \u2013 \u2018taking to the streets\u2019 \u2013 only when such activity is backed by groups who are systematically organized is confrontation likely to have much impact on established patterns of power.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Typical models of collective action and protest vary with historical and cultural circumstances.\u00a0<\/strong>In today\u2019s society, for example, most people are familiar with forms of demonstration such as mass marches, large assemblies and street riots, whether or not they have participated in such activities. Other types of collective protest, however, have become less common or have disappeared altogether in most modern societies (such as fights between villages, machine breaking or lynching). Protesters can also build on examples taken from other countries; for instance, guerrilla movements proliferated in various parts of the world once disaffected groups learned how successful guerrilla actions can be against regular armies.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>When and why does collective action become violent?\u00a0<\/strong>After studying a large number of incidents that have occurred in Western Europe since 1800, Tilly concludes that most collective violence occurs depends not so much on the nature of the activity as on other factors \u2013 in particular, how the authorities respond. A good instance is the street demonstration. The vast majority of such demonstrations take place without damage either to people or to property. A minority lead to violence, and are then labeled as riots. Sometimes the authorities step in when violence has already occurred; more often, the historical record shows, they are the originators of violence. In Tilly\u2019s words, \u2018In the modern European experience repressive forces are themselves the most consistent initiator and performers of collective violence\u2019 (1978). Moreover, when violent confrontations do occur, the agents of authority are responsible for the largest share of deaths and injuries; This is not surprising given their special access to arms and military discipline. The groups they are attempting to control, conversely, do greater damage to object or property.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Revolutionary movements, according to Tilly, are type of collective action that occurs in situations what he calls multiple sovereignty \u2013 these occur when a government for some reason lacks full control over the areas it is supposed administer.<\/strong>\u00a0Multiple sovereignty can arise as a result of external war, internal political clashes, or these two combined. Whether a revolutionary takeover of power is accomplished depends on how far the ruling authorities maintain control over the armed forces, the extent of conflicts within ruling groups and the level of organization of the protest movements trying to seize power.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Tilly\u2019s work represents one of the most sophisticated attempts to analyse collective violence and revolutionary struggle<\/strong>. The concepts he develops seem to have wide application, and his use of them is sensitive to the variabilities of historical time and place. How social movements are organized, the resources they are able to mobilize, the common interests of groups contending for power, and change opportunities are all important aspects of revolutionary<strong>\u00a0transformation.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Tilly says little, however, about the circumstances that lead to multiple sovereignty. This is such a fundamental part of explaining revolution that it represents a serious omission.<\/strong>\u00a0According to Theda Skocpol, Tilly assumes that revolutionary movements are guided by the conscious and deliberate pursuit of interests, and successful processes of revolutionary change occur when people manage to realize these interest. Skocpol, by contrast, sees revolutionary movements as more ambiguous and indecisive in their objectives. Revolutions, she emphasizes, largely emerge as unintended consequences of more partial aims: In fact, in historical revolutions, differently situated and motivated groups have become participants in complex unfolding of multiple conflicts. These conflicts have been powerfully shaped and limited by existing social, economic and international conditions. And they have proceeded in different ways depending upon how each revolutionary situation emerged in the first place.<\/span><\/p>\n<h5 id=\"political-socialization\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Political Socialization<\/span><\/h5>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Political socialization can be defined as a process of socializing in a political system through information on political symbols, institutions and procedures and internalizing the value system and ideology supporting the system. It is also a process of acquisition of political culture. This process works at individual as well as at community level through cultural transmission. It is one of the most important functions of the political system. It is also part of the general socialization which starts at the later life.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">The two important components are 1.Inculcation of general values and norms regarding political behavior and political matters and 2. The induction of an individual or some people into a particular party and learning its ideology and action programmes.The role played by massmedia is equally important in educating the masses and clearing their views for making informed decisions regarding political affairs. It plays a very crucial role during elections.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h5 id=\"political-modernization\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Political Modernization:<\/span><\/h5>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">It is the transformation of political culture in response to changes in social and physical environment. According to Huntington political modernization is a multifaceted process involving change in all areas of human thought and activity. Benjamin Schwartz views political modernization as the systematic, sustained and powerful application of human energies to control man\u2019s social and physical environment. Claude Welch describes political modernization as the process based on the rational utilization of resources and aimed at the establishment of modern society.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">The process of modernization of the polity leads to the emergence of some crucial problems and challenges faced by the political system. It is rooted in the changing sources of legitimation of authority.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_End_of_the_Blog_Protest_Agitation_Social_movements_Collective_action_Revolution\"><\/span>The End of the Blog : Protest, Agitation, Social movements, Collective action, Revolution<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"entry-meta entry-meta-divider-dot\"><\/div>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forms.gle\/JMABLisy4zaJuGG79\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-20858\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/FAQ-150x75.png\" alt=\"Sociology optional coaching online , Discover effective strategies on how to prepare for sociology optional without coaching, including insights on the best coaching for sociology optional in Delhi. 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Uncover the top-rated sociology optional coaching through Quora discussions and enhance your preparation for sociology optional with expert advice.\" width=\"846\" height=\"423\" srcset=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/FAQ-150x75.png 150w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/FAQ-300x150.png 300w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/FAQ-1024x512.png 1024w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/FAQ-768x384.png 768w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/FAQ-1536x768.png 1536w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/FAQ-2048x1024.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 846px) 100vw, 846px\" \/><\/a><\/h2>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 809.091px;\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"After_Class_Doubts_Session_of_Students_with_Vikash_Ranjan_Sir\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><span class=\"OYPEnA text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">After Class Doubts Session of Students<\/span><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><span class=\"OYPEnA text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">with Vikash Ranjan Sir<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forms.gle\/JMABLisy4zaJuGG79\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-20822\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/5-150x150.png\" alt=\"Discover effective strategies on how to prepare for sociology optional without coaching, including insights on the best coaching for sociology optional in Delhi. 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Explore options for sociology optional coaching, both online and offline. Learn how to do sociology optional without coaching and find the best sociology optional coaching institutes in Delhi and Chennai. Get answers on whether one can prepare sociology optional without coaching and access valuable information on sociology optional coaching for UPSC and UPPSC exams. Uncover the top-rated sociology optional coaching through Quora discussions and enhance your preparation for sociology optional with expert advice. \" width=\"432\" height=\"432\" srcset=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/14-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/14-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/14.png 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 432px) 100vw, 432px\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forms.gle\/JMABLisy4zaJuGG79\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-20832\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/15-150x150.png\" alt=\"Discover effective strategies on how to prepare for sociology optional without coaching, including insights on the best coaching for sociology optional in Delhi. Explore options for sociology optional coaching, both online and offline. Learn how to do sociology optional without coaching and find the best sociology optional coaching institutes in Delhi and Chennai. Get answers on whether one can prepare sociology optional without coaching and access valuable information on sociology optional coaching for UPSC and UPPSC exams. Uncover the top-rated sociology optional coaching through Quora discussions and enhance your preparation for sociology optional with expert advice. \" width=\"468\" height=\"468\" srcset=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/15-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/15-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/15.png 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 468px) 100vw, 468px\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forms.gle\/JMABLisy4zaJuGG79\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-20833\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/16-150x150.png\" alt=\"Discover effective strategies on how to prepare for sociology optional without coaching, including insights on the best coaching for sociology optional in Delhi. Explore options for sociology optional coaching, both online and offline. Learn how to do sociology optional without coaching and find the best sociology optional coaching institutes in Delhi and Chennai. Get answers on whether one can prepare sociology optional without coaching and access valuable information on sociology optional coaching for UPSC and UPPSC exams. Uncover the top-rated sociology optional coaching through Quora discussions and enhance your preparation for sociology optional with expert advice. \" width=\"625\" height=\"625\" srcset=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/16-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/16-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/16.png 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 625px) 100vw, 625px\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<hr \/>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Frequently_Asked_Questions_by_UPSC_Sociology_Optional_Students\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Frequently Asked Questions by<br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">UPSC Sociology Optional Students<\/span><\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong> How to prepare for the Sociology Optional without coaching?<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Understand the syllabus thoroughly:<\/strong>\u00a0Familiarize yourself with the entire syllabus for both Paper I and Paper II.\u00a0Download the official UPSC syllabus and use it as your roadmap. You can attend <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Sociology Orientation Lectors<\/strong><\/span> by Vikash Ranjan sir\u00a0 on YouTube<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Build a strong foundation:<\/strong>\u00a0Start with introductory textbooks and NCERT books to grasp core sociological concepts. You can start with Introduction to Sociology books<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Choose reliable study materials:<\/strong>\u00a0Select high-quality textbooks,\u00a0reference books,\u00a0and online resources recommended by experts.\u00a0You can opt for Vikash Ranjan Sir Notes too.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Develop a study schedule:<\/strong>\u00a0Create a realistic and consistent study schedule that allocates dedicated time for each topic.\u00a0Stick to it and track your progress.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Take notes effectively:<\/strong>\u00a0Don&#8217;t just passively read.\u00a0Summarize key points,\u00a0create mind maps,\u00a0or use other note-taking techniques to aid understanding and revision.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Practice answer writing:<\/strong>\u00a0Regularly write answers to past year question papers and model questions.\u00a0Focus on clarity,\u00a0structure,\u00a0and critical thinking.\u00a0Evaluate your answers for improvement.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Seek guidance:<\/strong>\u00a0You can take free Mentorship on Sociology Optional preparation by Vikash Ranjan sir.\u00a0Connect with Vikash Ranjan sir (7303615329) to share strategies,\u00a0ask questions,\u00a0and stay motivated. \u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\" start=\"2\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong> Can I prepare for Sociology Optional without coaching?<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Absolutely! Many aspirants successfully clear the exam through self-study. However coaching can provide structure and guidance, for time bound preparation.<\/span><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\" start=\"3\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong> What are the benefits of preparing without coaching?<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Cost-effective:<\/strong>\u00a0Coaching can be expensive,\u00a0and self-study allows you to manage your resources efficiently.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Flexibility:<\/strong>\u00a0You can tailor your study plan to your individual needs and pace.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Independence:<\/strong>\u00a0You develop critical thinking and research skills,\u00a0valuable assets for your career.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\" start=\"4\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong> What are the challenges of preparing without coaching?<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Discipline and motivation:<\/strong>\u00a0You need self-discipline to stay on track and motivated without external guidance. Coaching and Teacher keeps you motivated.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Access to resources:<\/strong>\u00a0You may need to do extra research to find quality study materials and answer-writing practice opportunities. Teacher help you on this respect.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Doubt clearing:<\/strong>\u00a0You might lack immediate access to someone to address your doubts and questions. Teacher like Vikash Ranjan sir is accessible to his students 24\u00d77 \u00a0\u00a0Mo- 7303615329<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\" start=\"5\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong> What additional resources can help me?<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Vikash Ranjan Sir&#8217;s YouTube channel and website:<\/strong>\u00a0Offers free Sociology lectures,\u00a0study materials,\u00a0and guidance.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Triumph IAS website:<\/strong>\u00a0Provides past year question papers,\u00a0model answers,\u00a0and other helpful resources.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Public libraries and online databases:<\/strong>\u00a0Utilize these resources for access to relevant books,\u00a0journals, and academic articles.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Fill_the_Google_form_to_stay_updated_about_Sociology_Optional_New_Offline_and_Online_Batches\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 28px; font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Fill the Google form to stay updated about<br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">Sociology Optional <\/span>New Offline and Online Batches<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/forms\/d\/e\/1FAIpQLScsjvlChw79DhUUiOXyWS4NOFI4-KzTlcwkCMH8QECMkDiyCw\/viewform?embedded=true\" width=\"1080\" height=\"4510\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\"><span data-mce-type=\"bookmark\" style=\"display: inline-block; width: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 0;\" class=\"mce_SELRES_start\">\ufeff<\/span>Loading\u2026<\/iframe><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>Follow Triumph IAS:<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/triumphias\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\ud83d\udd0e\u00a0https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/triumphias<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/anurag-chopra-a-remarkable-journey-to-upsc\/%F0%9F%94%8E%20www.triumphias.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\ud83d\udd0e\u00a0www.triumphias.com<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/c\/TriumphIAS\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\ud83d\udd0e https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/c\/TriumphIAS<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/c\/TriumphIAS\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\ud83d\udd0e<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/t.me\/VikashRanjanSociology\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u00a0https:\/\/t.me\/VikashRanjanSociology\u00a0<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>When considering the array of 51 optional subjects for the\u00a0UPSC Mains Examination, Sociology consistently stands out as a top choice.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":21422,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[9351],"tags":[9441,1511,9647,9440,4754,4157],"class_list":["post-21410","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-fundamentals-of-sociology-vikash-ranjan","tag-agitation","tag-collective-action","tag-fundamental-of-sociology","tag-protest","tag-revolution","tag-social-movements"],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21410","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=21410"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21410\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":22136,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21410\/revisions\/22136"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/21422"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=21410"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=21410"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=21410"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}