\n\n<\/span>Case Study<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n\n- Case study is an intensive study of a case which may be an individual, an institution, a system, a community, an organization, an event, or even the entire culture.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n
- Yin has defined case study as \u201can empirical inquiry that investigates a contemporary phenomenon within its real-life context, when the boundaries between phenomenon and context are not clearly evident, and in which multiple sources of evidence are used\u201d.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n
- Kromrey holds that \u201ccase study involves studying individual cases, often in their natural environment and for a long period of time\u201d<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n
- Case study is not a method of data collection; rather it is a research strategy, or an empirical inquiry that investigates a contemporary phenomenon by using multiple sources of evidence.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n
- Mitchell has also maintained that a case study is not just a narrative account of an event or a series of events but it involves analysis against an appropriate theoretical framework or in support of theoretical conclusions.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n
- Case study can be simple and specific, such as \u201cRam, the delinquent boy\u201d, or complex and abstract, such as \u201cdecision making in a university\u201d. But whatever the subject, to qualify as a case study, it must be a bounded system\/unit, an entity in itself.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Characteristics of Case Study;<\/span><\/h3>\n\n- Hartfield\u00a0<\/strong>has referred to the following distinguishing characteristics of case study:<\/span>\n
\n- It studies whole units in their totality and not some selected aspects or variables of these units.<\/span><\/li>\n
- It employs several methods in data collection to prevent errors and distortions.<\/span><\/li>\n
- If often studies a single unit: one unit is one study.<\/span><\/li>\n
- It perceives the respondent as a knowledgeable person, not just as a source of data.<\/span><\/li>\n
- It studies a typical case..<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Purposes of Case Study;<\/span><\/h3>\n\n- Following are the purposes of a case study :<\/strong><\/span>\n
\n- To use it as a preliminary to major investigation as it may bring to light variables, processes and relationships that deserve more intensive investigation.<\/span><\/li>\n
- To probe the phenomenon deeply and analyse it intensively with a view to establishing generalizations about the wider population to which the unit belongs.<\/span><\/li>\n
- To get anecdotal evidence that illustrates more general findings.<\/span><\/li>\n
- To refute a universal generalization. A single case can represent a significant contribution to theory building and assist in focusing the direction of future investigations in the area.<\/span><\/li>\n
- To use it as a unique, typical and an interesting case in its own right.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
- According to Berger et. al. reasons for employing case study method can be :<\/strong><\/span>\n
\n- To get intimate and detailed information about the structure, process and complexity of the research object,<\/span><\/li>\n
- To formulate hypotheses,<\/span><\/li>\n
- To conceptualise,<\/span><\/li>\n
- To operationalize variables,<\/span><\/li>\n
- To expand quantitative findings, and<\/span><\/li>\n
- To test the feasibility of the quantitative study.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Types of Case Studies:<\/span>
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\n<\/span><\/h3>\n\n- Burns has stated six types of case studies:<\/strong><\/span>\n
\n- Descriptive case studies<\/strong>:<\/strong><\/mark><\/span>\n
\n- These studies trace the development of an organization\/system over time.<\/span><\/li>\n
- The study of an adult criminal right from his childhood through adolescence and youth is an example of this type of case study.<\/span><\/li>\n
- This type depends more on interviews, recording and documents.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
- Explanatory case studies:<\/strong><\/mark><\/span>\n
\n- These focus on observing a drunkard, a teacher, a student, a union leader, some activity, events, or a specific group of people.<\/span><\/li>\n
- However, the researchers in this type of study are rarely total participants or total observers.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
- Exploratory case reports:<\/strong><\/mark><\/span>\n
\n- These are usually first person narratives that the researcher collects using extensive interviewing of a single individual.<\/span><\/li>\n
- For example, the case of a drug addict or an alcoholic, or a prostitute or a retired person who fails to adjust himself in son\u2019s family.<\/span><\/li>\n
- The use of this approach depends more on the nature and cooperation of the respondent.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
- Intrinsic case studies:<\/strong><\/mark><\/span>\n
\n- This form studies particular events. The views of all participants in the event are sought. For example, a communal riot: how it started with conflict between two persons of two different religious groups, how each person sought support of persons of his own religion present at the spot, how police was informed, how police arrested persons of one particular religious group, how power elite interfered and pressurized the police department, how did public and the media react, and so on.<\/span><\/li>\n
- Pulling all these views together, a depth is provided that contributes significantly to the understanding of the event.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
- Instrumental case studies:<\/strong><\/mark><\/span>\n
\n- This approach aims at understanding in depth a particular individual such as a patient in the hospital, a prisoner in the jail, a woman in a rescue home, a problem child in a school, etc.<\/span><\/li>\n
- These studies involve detailed interviews, observation, going through records and reports, and so on.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
- Collective case reports:<\/strong><\/mark><\/span>\n
\n- It is a collection of case studies or a form of replication, i.e., multiple experiments. For example, we can take three case studies and analyse them on replication logic.<\/span><\/li>\n
- This logic is that each case will either produce contrary results or similar results. The outcome will demonstrate either support for the initial propositions or a need to revise and retest with another set of cases.<\/span><\/li>\n
- The advantage of multi-case design is that the evidence can be more compelling. However, this approach requires more time and effort.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
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